Bilûr
Bilûr ( Kurdish “flute”), also blur, blûr, bulûr, belwêr , is a lengthwise wooden flute played by Kurds mainly in southeastern Turkey . It is the traditional melody instrument of the semi-nomadic cattle herders and corresponds to the construction and function of the Turkish flute kaval in Kurdish folk music .
The bilûr is one-piece, over 50 centimeters, usually about 80 centimeters long and has seven to eight finger holes at the top and a thumb hole at the bottom. Both ends are open, there is no molded mouthpiece. The cylindrical tube, which is slightly wider at the lower end, is made from the branch of a mulberry or walnut tree . The player holds the flute steeply downwards and at a slight angle to one side. The lips do not completely enclose the pipe, a soft tone with a high proportion of noise is created.
In several Aramaic languages there are modifications of the Semitic consonant spelling blr and brl with the word environment "shine, radiate light". Both Syriac bĕrūlā and bĕlūrā are translated as “crystal, precious stone”. Mandaean bilur, bilura, billur mean the same thing, and bilura also stands for a "wind instrument in which the sound is produced by breathing air." The Armenian flute blul and the Kurdish blur are linguistically related. In the province of Muş , bülür means a certain flute melody. A rural name for the shepherd's flute in Bitlis is bilor . The name bilûr is limited to the northern part of Kurdistan in Turkey . In the Kurdish part of Iran a similar long iron flute is common, which is called bilûlê asin ("iron flute") or şimşal .
The bilûr is used to accompany old folk songs called stran or Sorani goranî in the central Kurdish dialect . Other instruments for these songs and to accompany folk dances are the cylinder drum dehol ( davul in Turkish ), the frame drum def or the same with a bell ring erbane, the short oboe dûdûk (Turkish mey ), the long-necked tembûr (a form of tanbur ), the simple string kemânçe and the wooden cone oboe zurna . According to tradition, every Kurdish shepherd should carry a bilûr with him.
The epic singer dengbêj is often accompanied by a bilûr . Alongside the tembûr and the dûdûk, the flute is a typical accompanying instrument for the sustained, drawn out melodies of Şivan Perwers , one of the most famous Kurdish singers.
Further wind instruments of Kurdish folk music are the duzale (different spellings juzale, dazale, doozela, düzale ), an approximately 25 centimeter long double clarinet ( zemāre ) made of two reeds or bird bones each with six finger holes and single reeds , and the şimşal (also shimshal ) , a long reed flute in the south and east of Kurdistan, similar to the ney played in classical Turkish music . The şimşal and the frame drum def belong to the ceremonial music of the Kurdish Sufi orders.
Web links
- dengbêj û bilûrvan sezo keya ömer abdulkadir. Youtube video
Individual evidence
- ↑ Kjell Aartun: Studies on Ugaritic Lexicography. With parallels in the history of culture and religion. Part II: Officials, god names, god epithets, cult terms, metals, animals, verbal terms. New comparable inscriptions: A. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2006, p. 60
- ↑ Laurence Picken : Folk Musical Instruments of Turkey. Oxford University Press, London 1975, pp. 412, 418
- ^ Dieter Christensen: Kurdistan. In: Virginia Danielson, Scott Marius, Dwight Reynolds (Eds.): The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Volume 6: The Middle East. Routledge, New York / London 2002, p. 746
- ^ Thomas Bois: The Kurds. (PDF; 3.0 MB) Khayat Book, Beirut 1966, p. 62
- ↑ Siwan Perwer-Megri. Youtube video
- ^ Thomas Bois: Kurds, Kurdistan - Dances and music. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition , Volume 5. Brill, Leiden 1986, p. 478
- ^ Kurdish Folk Songs and Dances. LP, recordings by Ralph S. Solecki (Ethnic Folkways Library FE 4469) Folkways Records, New York 1955, supplement p. 5f