Bogdan III.
Bogdan III. cel Orb și Grozav (born June 16, 1479 in Suceava , † April 20, 1517 in Huși ) was voivode of the Principality of Moldova between 1504 and 1517 and the only surviving legitimate son and since 1497 co-regent of Prince Ștefan cel Mare .
Origin and family
Bogdan was born from the marriage of Stephen the Great in 1478 to Maria Voichița, daughter of the Wallachian ruler Radu cel Frumos , granddaughter of Vlad II Dracul and great-granddaughter of Mircea cel Bătrân . He married three times, first a Nastasia († 1512), then a Stana († 1518) and finally Ruxandra, daughter of the Prince of Wallachia Mihnea I. cel Rău . He only had children from his illegitimate connections. Three of his sons were also princes of Moldova: Ștefăniță Vodă (government from 1517 to 1527), Alexandru Cornea (government from 1540 to 1541) and Alexandru Lăpuşneanu .
biography
During the victorious battle of his father in 1497 against the Jagiellonian king Johann I Albrecht in Codrul Cosminului (Forest of Cosmin, located about 100 km north of Suceava in today's Hlyboka Rajon , Ukraine ) Bogdan probably lost his right eye, hence his nickname “cel Orb ”(the blind man). The term from the Turkish cel chior for cel orb , which is sometimes used today , was not known at the time.
The young prince's accession to the throne is officially dated July 2, 1504, the anniversary of his father's death. In fact, however, the terminally ill Stefan forced the Moldovan boyars, who had not always been loyal to him, to appoint him as his successor on June 30th. He continued the policy of his father, who had always pursued the maintenance of Moldova's independence, although he felt compelled to deal with a number of pretenders to the throne, supported by Poland , Hungary and the Ottoman Empire , who hoped for their installation to subordinate the Moldovan state to their own interests.
In the first part of his reign, Bogdan III. constant fighting with the Poles for control of Pokutien . With the aim of reaching an agreement with Poland, he tried to establish a marital connection with the royal family and asked for the hand of Elizabeth, the daughter of the Polish sovereign Alexander . To this end, in 1505 he declared himself ready to protect the Poles from the Tatars , to support Catholicism in Moldova and even to formally renounce Pokutien, which he hoped to receive again as a dowry after the marriage. An official marriage contract was signed on March 16, 1506 in Lublin . But Alexander died shortly afterwards. His son and successor Sigismund I suddenly refused to marry his sister. He justified this with the disfigurement of the prince's face. In fact, Bogdan was also called "cel Grozav", according to the chronicler Grigore Ureche, which translates here as "the fearsome" and perhaps not only related to his height and his demeanor during the fighting. As a result, there were a number of mutual incursions until the Moldovans were defeated on October 4, 1509 in a battle on the Dniester near Hotin . However, this was without major consequences, in an agreement of January 17, 1510 Bogdan on the one hand renounced his marriage to Elisabeth and on the other hand received political and economic advantages.
Because of the above-mentioned attempted influence of the three states, especially because of the conflict over the spheres of influence between Poland and the Kingdom of Hungary , tensions were built up between the two Romanian principalities. Some Moldovan boyars, who had left the country in anger at the time of Stephen, agitated on behalf of the Polish king until the Wallachian voivode Radu cel Mare marched into the Vltava in 1507, led by a crown pretender Roman von Coşeşti left to usurp power. Bogdan not only stopped him at Putna , but also attacked Râmnicu Sărat , plundered and pillaged it. Only through the intervention of the metropolitan Maxim of Wallachia, who was related to the two opponents , could a major armed conflict be avoided, with reference to their degree of relationship and the use of a common language.
A few months later, the Tatars invaded Moldova and took 74,000 people as slaves. In November 1510 the prince prevented a new Tatar invasion, but he was unable to prevent the devastating attack and the occupation of large parts of the country in 1511. But in May 1512, with the help of Polish troops, he achieved an important victory over the usurpers and their expulsion. Nevertheless, in order to protect his people from further attacks by the Tatars, Bogdan signed a treaty with the Sublime Porte in 1514 . On behalf of the Principality, the Grand Chancellor Ioan Tăutu confirmed the recognition of Ottoman suzerainty and the payment of an annual tribute, but with simultaneous autonomy in all areas; The Ottomans were not allowed to pass through Moldovan territory without permission. Instead, the Ottoman Empire was given military protection against any attacker.
Finally, he finally made peace with the Poles in the Treaty of Cameniţa (Kamieniec Podolski) on January 22, 1522. Bogdan, who also had his own coins minted, was born in Huși im after his sudden death, which has not yet been clarified, at the age of 38 Putna monastery buried.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ioan Bogdan: Cronicile slavo-române din secolele XIV-XVI. Bucharest 1959, p. 34
- ^ Iulian Marinescu: Bogdan al III-lea cel Orb, 1504-1517. Bucharest 1910, p. 23
- ↑ a b c d Academia Română: Istoria Românilor. Volume IV, Editura Enciclopedică, Bucharest 2001, p. 427 f.
- ↑ Ştefan S. Gorovei: MUSATINII. Editura Columna, Chişinău 1991, p. 71
- ^ Iulian Marinescu: Bogdan al III-lea cel Orb, 1504-1517. Bucharest 1910, p. 24
- ↑ PP Panaitescu (Ed.): Grigore Ureche, Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei. 2nd edition, Bucharest 1958, p. 143
- ↑ Ion Țurcanu: Istoria românilor; Cu o privire mai largă asupra culturii române. Editura Istoros, Brăila 2007, Chapter VIII / 2
literature
- Alexandru D. Xenopol: Istoria românilor din Dacia Traiană. Editura Cartea Românească, Bucureşti 1925
Web links
See also
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Bogdan III. |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Bogdan III the One-Eyed; Bogdan III. cel Orb și Grozav (full name); Bogdan al III-lea cel Chior |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Voivode of the Principality of Moldova |
| DATE OF BIRTH | June 16, 1479 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Suceava |
| DATE OF DEATH | April 20, 1517 |
| Place of death | Huși |