Brains in Bahrain

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Brains in Bahrain was an eight-game chess competition between the then reigning world chess champion Wladimir Kramnik and the chess program Deep Fritz . It took place in Manama from October 4th to 15th, 2002 and ended in a draw 4: 4.

prehistory

In 1997, Garry Kasparov lost a contest against the mainframe Deep Blue, which received much media attention . There was no revenge. Hence the question arose whether this was just a coincidence or whether it was the end of human superiority in chess. Since the computing speed of personal computers had steadily increased since then, a competition against a PC program was proposed. In April 2001 a competition between two of the strongest computer programs took place in Cadaqués , which Deep Fritz won with 14:12 against Deep Junior . Vladimir Kramnik, who had taken the title from Kasparov at the 2000 World Chess Championship , was chosen as the opponent . Hamad bin Isa Al Chalifa offered prize money of 1 million US dollars for a Kramnik victory. If there was a tie, he should get $ 800,000, and if he lost, he should get $ 600,000. The competition was planned for October 2001, but was postponed for a year as a result of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 .

Counterparties

Vladimir Kramnik

At that time, Kramnik had an Elo rating of 2807, making it number 2 in the world rankings behind Kasparov. As a solid position player, he was given good chances against a computer program. Among other things, he prepared for the competition together with the German grandmaster Christopher Lutz . He had contractually stipulated that a copy of the program, which could no longer be changed, had to be given to him for training purposes six months in advance. In order to avoid disadvantages due to fatigue, there was a day of rest after each game. In addition, Kramnik could have requested a hanging game after 60 moves , but this did not happen because no game lasted that long.

At that time, Deep Fritz was listed on the ranking list recognized by the International Computer Chess Association with an Elo rating of 2763. The program used eight Intel Pentium IIIs , each clocked at 900 MHz, and was able to evaluate a total of around 3 million positions per second.

Match history

After an unspectacular draw in the first game, Kramnik won the second and third game. In both cases, Kramnik was able to swap women early and play to his final strength. After another draw in the fourth game, Kramnik led 3-1 at halftime. Kramnik lost the fifth game unnecessarily by overlooking a single loss of pieces. In the sixth game he then played, contrary to his previous match strategy, uncompromisingly on attack and sacrificed a piece for it. After Deep Fritz defended himself well and gained an advantage, Kramnik gave up the game after move 34. Analysts found out afterwards that the position was by no means hopeless for him at this point and that he gave up too soon. The match was balanced again. In the last two games Kramnik did not take any more risks and made two draws to the final score of 4: 4.

Lots

1st game

Deep Fritz – Kramnik, Part 1
  a b c d e f G H  
8th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess kdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 8th
7th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 7th
6th Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 6th
5 Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 5
4th Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 4th
3 Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 3
2 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess klt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 2
1 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 1
  a b c d e f G H  
End position after 28. Kg2

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Deep Fritz – Kramnik ½: ½
Manama, October 4, 2002
Spanish Part ( Berlin Defense ), C67
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Nf6 4. 0–0 Nxe4 5. d4 Nd6 6. Bxc6 dxc6 7. dxe5 Nf5 8. Qxd8 + Kxd8 9. Nc3 h6 10. b3 Ke8 11. Bb2 Be7 12. Rad1 a5 13. a4 h5 14. Ne2 Be6 15. c4 Td8 16. h3 b6 17. Nfd4 Nxd4 18. Nxd4 c5 19. Nxe6 fxe6 20. Rxd8 + Kxd8 21. Bc1 Kc8 22. Rd1 Rd8 23.Rxd8 + Kxd8 24. g4 g6 25. h4 hxg4 26. Bg5 Bxg5 27. hxg5 Ke8 28. Kg2 ½: ½

2nd game

Kramnik – Deep Fritz, Part 2
  a b c d e f G H  
8th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 8th
7th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess kdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 7th
6th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg 6th
5 Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess rlt45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg 5
4th Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 4th
3 Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess klt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 3
2 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 2
1 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess rdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 1
  a b c d e f G H  
Final position after 57. Rd5 +

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Kramnik – Deep Fritz 1-0
Manama, October 6, 2002
Queen's Gambit accepted , D27
1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. e3 e6 5. Bxc4 c5 6. 0–0 a6 7. dxc5 Qxd1 8. Rxd1 Bxc5 9. Kf1 b5 10. Be2 Bb7 11. Nbd2 Nbd7 12. Nb3 Bf8 13. a4 b4 14. Nfd2 Bd5 15. f3 Bd6 16. g3 e5 17. e4 Be6 18.Nc4 Bc7 19. Be3 a5 20.Nc5 Nxc5 21. Bxc5 Nd7 22.Nd6 + Kf8 23.Bf2 Bxd6 24.Rxd6 Ke7 25. Rad1 Thc8 26. Bb5 Nc5 27. Bc6 Bc4 + 28. Ke1 Nd3 + 29. T1xd3 Bxd3 30. Bc5 Bc4 31. Rd4 + Kf6 32. Rxc4 Rxc6 33. Be7 + Kxe7 34. Rxc6 Kd7 35. Rc5 f6 36. Kd2 Kd6 37. Rd 38. Kd3 g6 39. Kc4 g5 40. h3 h6 41. h4 gxh4 42. gxh4 Ra7 43. h5 Ra8 44. Rc5 + Kb6 45. Rb5 + Kc6 46. Rd5 Kc7 47. Kb5 b3 48. Rd3 Ra7 49. Rxb3 Rb7 + 50. Kc4 Ra7 51. Rb5 Ra8 52. Kd5 Ra6 53. Rc5 + Kd7 54. b3 Rd6 + 55. Kc4 Rd4 + 56. Kc3 Rd1 57. Rd5 + 1: 0

3rd game

Deep Fritz – Kramnik, game 3
  a b c d e f G H  
8th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 8th
7th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg 7th
6th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess bdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 6th
5 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess kdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 5
4th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 4th
3 Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess klt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 3
2 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess blt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 2
1 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 1
  a b c d e f G H  
End position after 51.Be2

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Deep Fritz – Kramnik 0: 1
Manama, October 8, 2002
Scottish part , C45
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4 4. Nxd4 Bc5 5. Nxc6 Qf6 6. Qd2 dxc6 7. Nc3 Ne7 8. Qf4 Be6 9. Qxf6 gxf6 10. Sa4 Bb4 + 11. c3 Bd6 12. Be3 b6 13. f4 0–0–0 14. Kf2 c5 15. c4 Sc6 16. Nc3 f5 17. e5 Bf8 18. b3 Nb4 19. a3 Nc2 20. Rc1 Nxe3 21. Kxe3 Bg7 22. Nd5 c6 23. Nf6 Bxf6 24. exf6 The8 25.Kf3 Rd2 26.h3 Bd7 27.g3 Re6 28.Rb1 Rxf6 29. Be2 Re6 30. The1 Kc7 31. Bf1 b5 32. Tec1 Kb6 33. b4 cxb4 34. axb4 Re4 35. Rd1 Rxd1 36.Rxd1 Be6 37. Bd3 Rd4 38.Be2 Rxd1 39. c5 + Kb7 40. Bxd1 a5 41. bxa5 Ka6 42. Ke3 Kxa5 43. Kd4 b4 44. g4 fxg4 45. hxg4 b3 46. Kc3 Ka4 47. Kb2 f6 48. Bf3 Kb5 49. g5 f5 50. Kc3 Kxc5 51.Be2 0: 1

4th game

Kramnik – Deep Fritz, Part 4
  a b c d e f G H  
8th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 8th
7th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 7th
6th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 6th
5 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess kdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 5
4th Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess rlt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 4th
3 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 3
2 Chess rdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 2
1 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess klt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 1
  a b c d e f G H  
End position after 41. Rc4

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Kramnik – Deep Fritz ½: ½
Manama, October 10, 2002
Queen's Gambit rejected ( Tarrasch Defense ), D34
1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 c5 4. cxd5 exd5 5. g3 Nc6 6. Bg2 Nf6 7. 0–0 Be7 8. Nc3 0–0 9. Bg5 cxd4 10. Nxd4 h6 11. Bf4 Bg4 12. h3 Be6 13.Rc1 Re8 14.Nxe6 fxe6 15. e4 d4 16. e5 dxc3 17. exf6 Bxf6 18.bxc3 Qxd1 19.Rfxd1 Rad8 20. Be3 Rxd1 + 21.Rxd1 Lxc3 22.Rd7 Rb8 23.Bxc6 bxc6 24.Rxa7 Rb2 25.Ra6 Bd2 26.Rxc6 Bxe3 27.fxe3 Kf7 28. a4 Ta2 29.Rc4 Kf6 30. Kf1 g5 31. h4 h5 32. hxg5 + Kxg5 33. Ke1 e5 34. Kf1 Kf5 35.Rh4 Kg6 36.Re4 Kf5 37. Rh4 Kg5 38. Kg1 Kg6 39. g4 hxg4 40. Rxg4 + Kf5 41. Rc4 ½: ½

5th game

Deep Fritz – Kramnik, Part 5
  a b c d e f G H  
8th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess nlt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess kdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 8th
7th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 7th
6th Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess pdt45.svg 6th
5 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess ndt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 5
4th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess qlt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 4th
3 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 3
2 Chess qdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess klt45.svg Chess plt45.svg 2
1 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 1
  a b c d e f G H  
End position after 34 ... Qc4 ?? 35. Ne7 +

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Deep Fritz – Kramnik 1-0
Manama, October 13, 2002
Queen's Gambit declined, D57
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 d5 4. Nc3 Be7 5. Bg5 h6 6. Bh4 0–0 7. e3 Ne4 8. Bxe7 Qxe7 9. cxd5 Nxc3 10. bxc3 exd5 11. Qb3 Rd8 12. c4 dxc4 13. Bxc4 Nc6 14. Be2 b6 15. 0–0 Bb7 16. Rfc1 Tac8 17. Qa4 Sa5 18. Rc3 c5 19. Tac1 cxd4 20. Nxd4 Rxc3 21. Rxc3 Rc8 22. Rxc8 + Bxc8 23. h3 g6 24. Bf3 Bd7 25. Qc2 Qc5 26. De4 Qc1 + 27. Kh2 Qc7 + 28. g3 Nc4 29. Be2 Ne5 30. Bb5 Bxb5 31. Nxb5 Qc5 32.Nxa7 Qa5 33. Kg2 Qxa2 34.Nc8 Qc4 ?? 35. Ne7 + 1: 0

6th game

Kramnik – Deep Fritz, Part 6
  a b c d e f G H  
8th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess rdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 8th
7th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess kdt45.svg Chess pdt45.svg 7th
6th Chess bdt45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 6th
5 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess ndt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 5
4th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 4th
3 Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 3
2 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 2
1 Chess rlt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess rlt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess klt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 1
  a b c d e f G H  
End position after 34 ... axb6

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Kramnik – Deep Fritz 0: 1
Manama, October 15, 2002
Queen's Indian Defense , E15
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 b6 4. g3 Ba6 5. b3 Bb4 + 6. Bd2 Be7 7. Bg2 c6 8. Bc3 d5 9. Ne5 Nfd7 10. Nxd7 Nxd7 11. Nd2 0–0 12. 0– 0 Rc8 13. a4 Bf6 14. e4 c5 15. exd5 cxd4 16. Bb4 Re8 17. Ne4 exd5 18. Nd6 dxc4 19. Nxf7 Kxf7 20. Bd5 + Kg6 21. Qg4 + Bg5 22. Be4 + Rxe4 23. Qxe4 + Kh6 24. h4 Bf6 25. Bd2 + g5 26.hxg5 + Bxg5 27. Qh4 + Kg6 28. Qe4 + Kg7 29.Bxg5 Qxg5 30.Rfe1 cxb3 31. Qxd4 + Nf6 32. a5 Qd5 33. Qxd5 Nxd5 34. axb6 axb6 0: 1

7th game

Deep Fritz – Kramnik, Part 7
  a b c d e f G H  
8th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess qdt45.svg Chess rdt45.svg Chess rdt45.svg Chess kdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 8th
7th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg 7th
6th Chess bdt45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess bdt45.svg 6th
5 Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 5
4th Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 4th
3 Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess qlt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess blt45.svg 3
2 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess nlt45.svg Chess rlt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg 2
1 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess rlt45.svg Chess klt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 1
  a b c d e f G H  
Final position after 28.… Ba6

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Deep Fritz – Kramnik ½: ½
Manama, October 17, 2002
Queen's Indian Defense, E19
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 b6 4. g3 Bb7 5. Bg2 Be7 6. 0–0 0–0 7. Nc3 Ne4 8. Dc2 Nxc3 9. Qxc3 c5 10. Rd1 d6 11. b3 Bf6 12. Bb2 De7 13. Qc2 Nc6 14. e4 e5 15. d5 Nd4 16. Bxd4 cxd4 17. Bh3 g6 18. a4 a5 19. Tab1 La6 20. Re1 Kh8 21. Kg2 Bg7 22. Qd3 Tae8 23. Nd2 Bh6 24. f4 Qc7 25. Rf1 Kg8 26. Rbe1 Qd8 27. Kg1 Bb7 28. Re2 Ba6 ½: ½

8th game

Kramnik – Deep Fritz, Part 8
  a b c d e f G H  
8th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess qdt45.svg Chess ndt45.svg Chess rdt45.svg Chess kdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 8th
7th Chess pdt45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess pdt45.svg 7th
6th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess pdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess bdt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 6th
5 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 5
4th Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg 4th
3 Chess plt45.svg Chess blt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess nlt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg 3
2 Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess qlt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess plt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 2
1 Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess rlt45.svg Chess --t45.svg Chess klt45.svg Chess --t45.svg 1
  a b c d e f G H  
End position after 21. Qd2

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Kramnik – Deep Fritz ½: ½
Manama, October 19, 2002
Queen's gambit declined, D68
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 d5 4. Nc3 c6 5. Bg5 Be7 6. e3 0–0 7. Bd3 Nbd7 8. 0–0 dxc4 9. Bxc4 Nd5 10. Bxe7 Qxe7 11. Rc1 Nxc3 12. Rxc3 e5 13. Bb3 exd4 14. exd4 Nf6 15. Re1 Qd6 16. h3 Bf5 17. Rce3 Tae8 18. Re5 Bg6 19. a3 Qd8 20. Rxe8 Nxe8 21. Qd2 ½: ½

consequences

After the competition, which was reported in the media around the world, it was clear that commercial chess programs are roughly on par with the world's best players. This was confirmed in early 2003 when Garry Kasparov drew 3: 3 in a match against Deep Junior in New York City . At the end of 2006, Kramnik competed again against Deep Fritz in Bonn and lost 2: 4 against an improved version that could calculate around 10 million positions per second on Intel Core 2 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Analysis by Mig Greengard

literature

Web links