Breakthrough of the Year
The Breakthrough of the Year is a title awarded by Science magazine since 1996 for the scientific breakthrough of the year, based on the award of the Man of the Year by Time Magazine and similar awards.
Before 1996, there was already an award for Molecule of the Year at Science from 1989 (the awards were given in chronological order to PCR and DNA polymerase , synthetic diamonds in 1990, Buckminster fullerenes in 1991 , nitrogen monoxide in 1992 , p53 in 1993 , DNA repair enzyme in 1994) .
Award winners
- 1996: Understanding of HIV with new therapeutic approaches to inhibitors for proteases (the first of which were approved in the USA from the end of 1995), which are necessary for the assembly of the virus proteins produced by the host cell, and the discovery (1995) of further receptors (except CD4), which are necessary for coupling to the host cell surface, the receptors of chemokines Chemokines thus form a further starting point for anti-AIDS drugs. Previously, AIDS drugs such as AZT had started to suppress reverse transcriptase , although resistance to this often developed.
- 1997 clone sheep Dolly
- 1998 Accelerated expansion of the universe , dark matter
- 1999 stem cells
- 2000 Full DNA Sequence Analysis of the Human Genome ( Human Genome Project )
- 2001 molecular electronics
- 2002 microRNA
- 2003 dark energy
- 2004 Spirit Rover on Mars
- 2005 Mechanisms of speciation, highlighted on the one hand individual biological studies, on the other hand progress made in the wake of the completed Human Genome Project, such as the investigation of the genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans and the role played by non-coding DNA or the genetic differences of the influenza virus from 1918 to today's flu viruses
- 2006 Proof of the Poincaré conjecture
- 2007 Human Genetic Variability: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and International HapMap Project
- 2008 Cellular reprogramming in pluripotent stem cells
- 2009 extinct primate genus Ardipithecus
- 2010 first quantum machine (Aaron D. O'Connel 2009)
- 2011 HPTN 052, a clinical study showing that early, highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) greatly reduced the risk of HIV infection.
- 2012 Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider
- 2013 cancer immunotherapy
- 2014 The Philae space probe lands on the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet .
- 2015 Genome manipulation with the CRISPR / Cas method
- 2016 Detection of gravitational waves
- 2017 Observation of the merging of two neutron stars
- 2018 Observation of cell-by-cell ontogenesis ( single cell analysis )
- 2019 First recordings of a black hole
Individual evidence
- ↑ Michael Balter Breakthrough of the year. New Hope in HIV Disease , Science, 274, 1996, p. 1988, abstract
- ↑ Gretchen Vogel Capturing the promise of youth
- ↑ Elizabeth Culotta, Elizabeth Pennisi Evolution in action , Science December 23, 2005
- ↑ Elizabeth Pennisi Human Genetic Variation , Science December 21, 2007
- ↑ Gretchen Vogel Reprogramming Cells , Science December 19, 2008
- ↑ MS Cohen, YO Chen, M. McCauley et al. a. (August 2011): Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 365 (6): pp. 493-505
- ↑ Breakthrough of the Year: Landing on a comet. sciencemag.org; Retrieved December 18, 2014.
- ↑ Email Science: And Science's Breakthrough of the Year is… In: news.sciencemag.org. December 17, 2015, accessed December 17, 2015 .
- ↑ Gretchen Vogel: Ripples in spacetime: Science's 2016 Breakthrough of the Year. In: sciencemag.org. December 22, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016 .
- ↑ Jia You: 2017's scientific Breakthrough of the Year: Colliding neutron stars. In: vis.sciencemag.org. December 21, 2017, accessed December 21, 2017 .
- ↑ Elizabeth Pennisi: Science's 2018 Breakthrough of the Year: tracking development cell by cell. Retrieved December 20, 2018 .
- ^ Daniel Clery: Breakthrough of the year: Darkness made visible. In: sciencemag.org. December 19, 2019, accessed December 20, 2019 .