Dolly (sheep)

Dolly the sheep was the first animal cloned from adult cells (on display here at the Royal Museum of Scotland )

Scheme of the procreation of Dolly

The sheep Dolly (born July 5, 1996 in Roslin (Midlothian) , † February 14, 2003 ) was the first mammal to be cloned from a differentiated somatic cell .

origin

Dolly was the first animal to be created by a cloning process in which differentiated, adult cells serve as donors of the genetic information . When Dolly was “cloned” on February 8, 1996 at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh in Scotland , 277 egg cells from donor animals of the Scottish Blackface breed were inoculated with nuclei from the udder cells of the donor animal of the Finn Dorset breed . This resulted in 29 embryos, one of which, Dolly, survived. The surrogate mother carrying the lamb was also a Scottish blackface sheep. The British embryologist Ian Wilmut , whose research results were first presented in the journal Nature on February 27, 1997, was initially considered to be the spiritual father of Dolly . In fact, Keith Campbell is the producer of Dolly sheep, which Ian Wilmut admitted in 2006. The cell biologist and former employee in the clone project should have been named as the first author and should have received the financial resources and prizes for the prominent publication.

Unsolicited namesake is Dolly Parton . The scientists who chose the country singer because of her lush bust size wanted to allude to the origin of the donor cells from a sheep udder.

Strictly speaking, Dolly is not a real clone , as the genes of the mitochondria ( endosymbiotic theory ) were not taken over from the donor animal but from the egg cells. Thus, no one hundred percent genetic match with the parent animal was achieved. In the course of its life Dolly the sheep had several lambs, all of which were born naturally.

death

Death mask Dollys

On February 14, 2003, at the age of six, Dolly had to be euthanized as a result of a serious lung disease, pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep. The trigger was the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus . Dolly was showing signs of aging such as arthritis at this point . Sheep have a natural life expectancy of an average of ten to twelve and a maximum of 20 years. It is therefore being discussed whether the early signs of aging are the result of cloning, because the implanted cell nuclei came from an adult animal and were therefore older.

The stuffed hide of the animal is on display at the Royal Museum in Edinburgh .

Use as a clone symbol

Dolly is used as a logo for the graphic representation of "cloning" in the copy programs CloneDVD , CloneCD , in FreeCAD when cloning bodies and shapes and in the virtualization software VirtualBox when copying machines.

literature

• Ian Wilmut , Keith Campbell and Colin Tudge : Dolly. The dawn of the biotechnological age . Translated by Hainer Kober. Hanser, Munich / Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-446-19999-3 (original title: The Second Creation ).

Web links

Commons : Dolly (Sheep)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Nancy Touchette: A superstar exits the stage. Genome News Network, February 21, 2003, accessed January 13, 2012 . 
• Ian Sample: Who really made Dolly? Tale of British triumph descends into scientists' squabble. The Guardian , March 11, 2006, accessed January 13, 2012 . 
• Ian Sample: Scientists dispute credit for Dolly. The Guardian , March 11, 2006, accessed January 13, 2012 . 
• Peter Knauth: Wilmut: I'm not the "father" of the cloned sheep Dolly. Deutsches Ärzteblatt , March 8, 2006, accessed January 13, 2012 . 

Individual evidence

1. ↑ E. Callaway: Dolly at 20: The inside story on the world's most famous sheep. In: Nature. Volume 534, number 7609, 06 2016, pp. 604-608, doi : 10.1038 / 534604a , PMID 27357776 .
2. ^ Ian Wilmut, AE Schnieke, J. McWhir, AJ Kind, Keith HS Campbell: Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. In: Nature . Volume 385, No. 6619, 1997, pp. 810-813 (English) PMID 9039911 doi : 10.1038 / 385810a0
3. ↑ Auslan Cramb: I didn't clone Dolly the sheep, says prof. The Daily Telegraph , March 8, 2006, accessed January 13, 2012 . 
4. ↑ Dolly Parton . In: Der Spiegel . No. 11 , 1997 ( online ).
5. ↑ Thomas Macho: Genetic Engineering: Fear of the doppelganger. In: zeit.de . January 31, 2008, accessed December 31, 2016 . 
6. ↑ Ten years of clone sheep Dolly - "A dogma had fallen". In: sueddeutsche.de . May 17, 2010, accessed December 31, 2016 . 
7. ↑ AP: Museum in Edinburgh shows stuffed clone sheep Dolly. In: FAZ.net . April 9, 2003, accessed December 31, 2016 . 
8. ↑ Hilmar Schmundt: SOFTWARE: The expulsion of the sheep . In: Der Spiegel . No. 40 , 2003 ( online ).
9. ↑ Documentation of the tool "Draft Clone" in the FreeCAD Wiki. Retrieved May 27, 2019 . 
10. ↑ Documentation of the tool "PartDesign Clone" in the FreeCAD Wiki. Retrieved May 27, 2019 . 
11. ↑ Software dialog when cloning. Retrieved September 30, 2017 .