Burgus Máriakálnok-Országúti-dűlő

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Máriakálnok-Országúti-dűlő
(Burgus Ad Flexum 4)
limes Pannonian Limes
section 1
Dating (occupancy) 4th century AD
Type Landeburgus?
Construction stone
State of preservation A two-meter-long section of the western wall has been preserved on the western bank of a fish pond.
place Máriakálnok -Országúti-dűlő
Geographical location 47 ° 52 '1.7 "  N , 17 ° 17' 16.4"  E
height 119  m
Previous Fort Ad Flexum (northwest)
Subsequently Quadrata Fort (southeast)
The location of the Burgus in relation to the Ad Flexum fort

The burgus Máriakálnok-Országúti-dűlő (burgus Gahling-Straßenäcker) may have been a late antique Roman Ländeburgus at Limes Pannonicus that the border security on the Danube was built. The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. The partially excavated and in very small remains preserved building structures are today in Hungary near the Little Danube (also: Wieselburger Donauarm) at a fish pond in the Országúti-dűlő district in the municipality of Máriakálnok (Gahling) southeast of the city of Mosonmagyaróvár (Wieselburg), the location of the Ad Flexum fort .

Location and research history

The landscape at Burgus Ad Flexum south of Mosonmagyaróvár has changed steadily since ancient times. The reason for this is the Danube, which has repeatedly looked for new paths through the country and, with its debris and floods, has influenced the flora and fauna by creating new river bends. Later on, humans strongly influenced the natural topography . The remains of the building are located at a fish pond near the left bank of the Little Danube. The Little Danube is a largely natural branch of the main stream to the northeast. It forms wide meanders and, with the main stream, borders a large river island with numerous oxbow lakes. The pond, now surrounded by private houses, was created by gravel mining. This gravel pit was not closed until the late 20th century. Immediately north of the site, the Leitha, coming from the northwest, flows into the Little Danube.

In the 1930s, the building remains were first discovered while working in the gravel pit. In 1970, during the period of gravel mining by the Dózsa Agricultural Production Cooperative, the archaeologist Rezsõ Pusztai (1926–2004) examined the area. His staff included Péter Tomka and Eszter Szőny. Géza Szabó later undertook an underwater archaeological exploration. The site was in the historic corridor of street fields (today: Országút corridor).

A mighty section of the wall about two meters long can be viewed on the west bank of the fish pond. Further remains of the wall can be seen in the clear water.

Building history

According to Pusztai, the Burgus of Máriakálnok could have looked similar to the Burgus contra Florentiam .

The remains of three Roman wall segments excavated by Pusztai were at least partially strongly relocated and no longer stood in their original place. In 1937 it was reported that the Danube had already washed away most of the structure. Only the strongest tower - probably the core of the facility - was preserved and was covered by a three-meter-thick layer of gravel and sand. Obviously, the course of the river has shifted to the west since late antiquity, as the remains of the building are now around 150 meters from the bank. A wall stump was seven meters long, 2.90 to 3.30 meters wide and another 3.20 to 3.50 meters high. Parallel to this and only 0.35 meters away ran another, 0.80 meters wide and five meters long section of the wall. A third wall branched off from the southeast corner of the longer wall section. It was already under water and was four meters long and 1.10 meters wide. In 1970, further wall foundations appeared under water. An interpretation of the monumental building remains is difficult. However, clues could be found for the time and use. During the dives through Szabó, for example, gravestones that were reused as spolia and building material typical of the late Roman period were found in the foundations . He also brought a fragment of a stele from the ground to the surface. The particular wall thickness indicates a military installation. One hypothesis speaks in favor of seeing a late antique Ländeburgus in the remains of the building, which could have stood here on the Little Danube. Pusztai assumed that the rectangular system could have covered around 130 to 140 meters. Towers with a size of around 6 × 5 meters could have stood at their corners .

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The mentioned Roman buildings as well as all other Limes facilities belong to the nationally valuable cultural property as archaeological sites according to § 3.1. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Dénes Gabler : Máriakálnok - Országút corridor. In: Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary . Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 17.
  • Rezső Pusztai: Római kori épületmaradványok a máriakálnoki kavicsbányában ( remains of Roman buildings in the Máriakálnok gravel pit). In: A Hansági Múzeum Évkönyve , 3 (2001-2002), pp. 45-55.
  • Rezső Pusztai: Máriakálnok-Országúti-dűlő. In: Archaeologiai Értesítő , 98, 1971, p. 272.
  • Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 . P. 18.
  • Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 . P. 42.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Fort Ad Flexum at 47 ° 52 ′ 10 ″  N , 17 ° 16 ′ 33.56 ″  E
  2. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 . P. 42.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 18.
  4. ↑ a b Róbert Lóki, Máté Szabó, Zsolt Visy: A PTE kutatócsoportja által felmért lelőhelyek katalógusa. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): A Danube Limes program régészeti kutatásai 2008–2011 között. University of Péc, Péc 2011, ISBN 978-963-642-447-3 , pp. 53-100; here: p. 54.
  5. ↑ a b c d Rezső Pusztai: Máriakálnok-Országúti-dűlő. In: Archaeologiai Értesítő , 98, 1971, p. 272.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 395.
  7. ^ Dénes Gabler: Máriakálnok - Országút corridor. In: Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary . Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 17.
  8. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 . P. 42 and p. 43 (photo of the building remains).
  9. ^ Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 18, footnote 35.
  10. ^ Zsolt Visy: Mosonmagyaróvár . In: Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis , 30, 1995, p. 26.