Arrabona Castle

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Arrabona Castle
Alternative name a) Arrabona
b) Arrabo
c) Arrabonae
d) Anon
limes Upper Pannonia
section 1
Dating (occupancy) Claudian,
1st century to
4th century AD
Type Equestrian and naval fort
unit a) Ala I Augusta Ituraeorum
b) Ala I Ulpia Contariorum milliaria
c) Cuneus equitum Stablesianorum
d) Equites promoti
e) Liburnari Legio X and XIIII
size a) Stone Fort I: 3.45 hectares,
b) Stone Fort II: 150 m²
Construction a) wood-earth
b) stone
State of preservation multi-phase, square system
place Győr
Geographical location 47 ° 41 ′ 0 ″  N , 17 ° 38 ′ 0 ″  E hf
Previous Quadrata Fort (northwest)
Subsequently Fort Ad Statuas (Ács-Vaspuszta) (southeast)
Location of Arrabona on the Upper Pannonian Limes
Excerpt from the Tabula Peutingeriana with details of the Arrabo stage station , Carnuntum-Brigetio section
Coin portrait of Claudius
Aerial view of Győr, Kaptalan Hill, area of ​​the former fort on the banks of the Raab and the Vicus at Szecheny Square (lower edge of the picture)
Sketch of the location of the stone fort I and II
Findings sketch of the late antique fort
Arrabona (above) in the Notitia Dignitatum, castles of Dux Pannoniae Primae et Norici Ripensis
Findings sketch of barracks and praetorium on the south wall
Attempt to reconstruct a late antique horseshoe tower based on the model of the western U-tower in Fort Favianis / Austria
Fragment of a military diploma, issued around 133 AD, mentioning the ala IU [lpia co] ntar (iorum), found in Győr, ( Museum Carnuntinum )
Brick temple of ala I Ulpia contarorium
Findings sketch of the vicus (excavations at Szechenyi Square)

The Arrabona fort was a Roman military camp whose crew was responsible for security and surveillance tasks along the central Danube . The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. The remains of the fort are today in the city of Győr in Győr-Moson-Sopron County in Hungary .

The fort was one of the earliest Roman fortifications on the Pannonian Limes, a base for the auxiliary cavalry ( auxiliaries ) and, alongside the Klosterneuburg fort, the second auxiliary camp in Upper Pannonia with a 1,000-strong crew. It was probably occupied continuously with Roman troops from the 1st to the 4th century AD. In late antiquity, marines from the legions stationed in Vindobona and Carnuntum were also located in the fort . The finds from the fort and its surroundings testify to post-military use by the civilian population from the 5th century AD. The finds from the burial grounds gave a good impression of the decline of Roman culture and the increasing appearance of barbaric elements in a Limes fort at the time of the Great Migration .

Location and function

Arrabona is located in western Pannonia , the Little Hungarian Plain . There the Raab and Rabnitz flow into the Mosoni Duna ( Moson-Danube or Little Danube), a right-hand branch of the main stream. East of today's city of Győr, the lowland narrows to a narrow strip, at Almásneszmély the mountain ranges reach up to the banks of the Danube. Due to these topographical conditions, only a less strongly fortified line of defense was necessary to secure the Roman border. There were mostly forts only at the mouth of streams and at the point where the southern branch reunited with the main river of the Danube. The camp itself was located on an elevation that was safe from flooding at the mouth of the Raab and Moson Danube, known today as the Káptalan Hill. In the Middle Ages, a new fortification, the Püspökvár (bishop's castle), was built on it above the castle ruins. In terms of administrative law, the place was initially part of the province of Pannonia Superior and, after the imperial reform of Diocletian, became part of the newly founded Pannonia Prima .

The crew secured a heavily frequented river crossing on the Limes road (via iuxta Danuvium) , on the section between Carnuntum and the Brigetio legionary camp and the end point of an important diagonal road that connects the Danube with the cities of Savaria ( Szombathely ), Mursella, Sopianae ( Pécs ) and Tricciana linked far in the interior of the province. There was a ferry connection between the town of Vének and the southern bank of the Danube until the Middle Ages.

Surname

The ancient place name probably originates from the Celtic language area. It was used for over eight centuries and still exists today in a more rounded form in the German city of Raab.

In ancient sources, Arrabona is mentioned in

mentioned.

Research history

The location of the Roman camp on Káptalan Hill has been known since the early 20th century. Readings and probes here indicated the core area of ​​the Roman base. The earliest traces of Roman settlement were found at a depth of about 7 meters. The Roman period area could only be examined very superficially because of the dense overbuilding.

The earliest reports of finds from the area of ​​Széchenyi Square date from 1949, when Sandor Mihany was able to observe some Roman wall structures there for the first time. In 1954 László Barkóczi came across a Roman road, probably one of the arterial roads of the fort, while exploring the inner courtyard of the museum. The first more precise information about the fort was obtained through excavations in 1956 (including clarification of the stratigraphy ). Between 1968 and 1970 a small part of the vicus area on Széchenyi Square was systematically explored by Dénes Gabler , Eszter Szönyi and Peter Tomka to a depth of three to five and a half meters. Based on these results, a chronology of the settlement sequence could be drawn up. From 1998 to 1999 Ezter Szöny and Peter Tomka were able to examine another 200 square meters of the square. From 2008 to 2009, the redesign of the square and the renovation of the so-called Lloyd building on its east side made it possible to carry out some emergency excavations, but due to the building specifications, the archaeological layer sequence could not be penetrated very deeply. During these excavations, finds from the Roman era were therefore mainly made in the basement of the Lloyd building. But some ancient findings also came to light on the west side of the square. The number of scientifically documented burials on the burial ground of the 5th century could be increased to 70.

A small part of the late antique south wall of the fort was conserved in the Bishop's Park and made accessible to the public as part of an archaeological showground.

development

In the area around Győr and along the central Danube, traces of settlement from a wide variety of cultures (for example Bronze Age urn graves under the Lloyd building and in the courtyard of Xantus János Múzeum) could be detected early on. The first larger Celtic settlement on the Káptalan hill emerged in the 5th century BC. Activities of Roman traders are in Arrabona for the first time for the 1st century BC. Demonstrable. At 10 BC The Romans also occupied the northern part of what is now western Hungary and incorporated it into their sphere of influence. After the suppression of the great Pannonian-Dalmatian uprising in 9 AD, Illyricum was divided. Its northern part fell to the newly established province of Pannonia.

Judging by the pottery finds, the Romans built the first army bases of various sizes along the entire southern bank of the Danube from the first quarter of the 1st century. The early wood and earth fort of Arrabona is one of these military installations and was probably built around the middle of the 1st century AD as part of a new concept for the comprehensive surveillance of the new imperial border. For this purpose, Emperor Vespasian dissolved the last military camps in the interior of Pannonia and relocated their crews to the new forts on the Danube. At the same time the prerequisites for the emergence of the Upper Pannonian Limes were created. According to an inscription, the fort became the residence of a praefectus ripae Danuuii et civitatum duarum Boiorum et Azaliorum during this time . In the early 2nd century, the wood and earth fort was removed from the ala I contarorium milliaria and rebuilt in stone. After the fort in Klosterneuburg, it was the second auxiliary troop camp of the Pannonia superior , in which a garrison of over 1000 men was placed; Such units represented a significant fighting and power potential for their respective commander. 166 to 167 AD marcomanni and quadruped again over the Danube and pillaged the Pannonian areas. It was possible to repel the attack with the help of the cavalry troops from Arrabona, but these fighting were only a foretaste of the much more devastating incursions of the Transdanubian barbarian peoples to come.

During the reign of Constantine I , the camp was made smaller, but fortified much more strongly. Rome was able to maintain its rule over the region until the late 4th century. The regular Roman military finally withdrew from Arrabona for good - probably around 380 - whereupon the fort turned into a civilian oppidum , in which mainly the residents of the fort vicus and the surrounding area found protection from the turmoil of the migrations . The last Roman coin finds in the fort date from the time of Valentinian I and his brother and regent of the east, Valens . With the contractual handover of Pannonia to the Huns between 406 and 433 AD, the Roman administrative structures in Upper Pannonia also dissolved. Despite the constant threat from newly immigrating tribes from the east, the fort remained inhabited throughout.

Around 500, Slavs and Lombards immigrated to the region. From 547 or 568 the Avars ruled the area around Arrabona until around 800. Later it came under Frankish and especially Slavic influence. Between 880 and 894 the place was a part of the Great Moravian Empire and then fell again for a short time under East Franconian dominance. Around 900 the Magyars occupied Arrabona and included the walls of the Constantinian fort in the city fortifications. Stephan I , the founder of the Kingdom of Hungary, raised the emerging city to the seat of a bishopric. Since then she has been known by her Hungarian name Győr.

Fort

At the Arrabona equestrian camp , several construction phases could be distinguished:

Wood and earth fort

Its exact extent is not known. Remains from the Tiberian era have not yet been discovered. Only from the Claudian period of the camp could traces of the crew barracks, which had obviously been rebuilt several times, be observed on the left side of the retentura (rear part of the camp) of the fort. Their dimensions were 3 × 3.5 meters. South of the porta decumana (south gate) one came across the remains of granary buildings ( horreum ).

Stone fort I

In the early 2nd century, the old wood-earth warehouse was removed and replaced by a new stone building (3.45 hectares) measuring approx. 230 × 150 meters. At the same time, the storage area was obviously being expanded a little further south. A mound of earth was piled up behind the wall, which served as a battlement. The team barracks were also rebuilt in stone and were based exactly on their wooden predecessor buildings, an indication that the latter were used until the conversion into a stone fort. Between the buildings was u. a. a six-meter-wide paved road has also been laid out. Since partitions and floors were renewed several times, it is assumed that these barracks were also used over a long period of time. One of these walls still had traces of fresco painting, perhaps the building once served as the camp commandant's accommodation (praetorium) . The stone period I buildings were probably used until the 4th century. However, no remains of the fortifications from this period could be uncovered. Southwest of the fort, the ruins of the camp bath were found, which were probably built by members of the ala I Ulpia contarorium milliaria . The fresh water for operating the pool was taken from the Raab.

Stone fort II

In the 4th century the fort was again reduced to an estimated 150 × 150 meters; the fortifications were adapted to the innovations in late Roman fortification by installing projecting, horseshoe-shaped intermediate towers and probably fan-shaped or round corner towers. The completely newly erected section of the enclosing wall in the south was up to 3.2 meters thick, 2.8 meters wide and consisted in the core of cast masonry made of rubble stones. In places it was still three meters high and the archaeologists could trace it to a length of 40 meters. The outer cladding consisted of hewn ashlar stones. The remains of one of the horseshoe-shaped intermediate towers were also found on the south wall. Only short passages of the wall could be exposed of the late Roman interior. At the end of the 4th or beginning of the 5th century the fort lost its military importance and was left to the civilian population. The inner earth wall was then removed or partially built over. Some of the buildings that were built during this period stood on stone foundations made of dry stone masonry. Their partition walls were built in log or half-timbered construction and the floors had been refilled several times. Other structures were built in the simplest wooden construction with walls made of mud-covered rod netting, including a warehouse for grain that was later destroyed by a fire. Towards the end of the 5th century, the appearance of the fort looked more like a village from the migration period than a late Roman fortress.

garrison

The following occupation units are known or likely for Arrabona :

Time position Troop name comment
1st century Ala I Pannoniorum
(the first squadron of the Pannonians) 		A few gravestones of cavalrymen of this unit show that a Roman cavalry unit had been there since the reign of Tiberius .
1st century Ala prima Augusta Ituraeorum Sagittariorum
(the first Augustan cavalry squadron of archers from Ituraea ) 		This unit, originally recruited in the Orient ( Palestine ), may have occupied the early wood and earth fort under Emperor Claudius .
1st century Ala prima Hispanorum Aravacorum
(the first Hispanic squadron of Arevacians ) 		At the time of Nero, the unit replaced the ala I Augusta Ituraeorum as the castle garrison. This roughly 500-strong unit, originally from Hispania (Moncloa-Aravaca is now a district of Madrid ), has been in the Upper Pannonian border area since pre-Flavian times. Their first Pannonian bases were probably Carnuntum and then Arrabona . A grave inscription from one of their soldiers came to light in both places. It is very likely that the troops were later used in Trajan's Dacer wars . As a military diploma found in Regensburg shows, she was back in Upper Pannonia on December 16, 113. After being replaced by Ala I Ulpia contariorum milliaria , ala moved to a different, previously unsecured location.
2nd to 3rd century Ala prima Ulpia contariorum milliaria civium romanorum
(the first squadron of Ulpius' lancers, 1000 strong, Roman citizens) 		This lance rider unit ( contus = lance) moved into Arrabona at the beginning of the 2nd century, during the reign of Emperor Tajan . Their soldiers were stationed there until the 3rd century. The names of three of their prefects are also passed down through inscriptions: Gaius Aelius Brocchus , Titus Flavius ​​Flaccus and Titus Flavius ​​Italicus . Between 166 and 167 the unit was commanded by Marcus Valerius Maximianus .
3rd to 5th century
  • Cuneus equitum Stablesianorum
    ("a group of guard riders ") and
  • Equites promoti
    ("selected or     detached riders")
  • Praefectus legionis decimae et quartae decimae geminae geminarum militum liburnariorum (a prefect of the Marines of the Tenth Legion and the Fourteenth Twin Legion )
 From late antiquity, according to the Notitia Dignitatum, a mixed cavalry unit and two legionary vexillations of marines under the command of a Dux Pannoniae Primae et Norici Ripensis provided the fort garrison.

Vicus

The camp was surrounded by a multiphase vicus on its east and south sides . Towards the end of the 20th century, extensive excavations took place in the camp villages of Arrabona, Budapest-Albertfalva , Matrica and Intercisa , which showed that they had reached an area of ​​20 to 30 hectares in their heyday. Their settlement structure was based on the Limesstrasse and the other roads leading to the camps. The buildings developed in several phases along these access roads. In the marcomannic wars of Vicus was largely destroyed, but under the Severans again spicatum opus rebuilt technique. In most cases, the houses were built exactly on top of their predecessors. The interiors with terrazzo floors were plastered and the roofs were covered with tiles (tegulae, imprex) . The settlement activity ebbed again significantly from the middle of the 4th century. The vicus was finally completely abandoned and its population withdrew behind the walls of the fort, as was often the case in other places in the Pannonian Limes. Parts of the fallow land were used as burial grounds from late antiquity .

The earliest buildings from the 1st century were found on Széchenyi Square. The remains of the vicus could still be seen at a distance of 300 to 400 meters from the square . It was a question of post stand structures on sill beams. In the 2nd century these were replaced by mud houses on horizontally layered stone foundations approx. 20 cm deep. The houses were close to each other, which suggests a uniform construction ( strip house ) and central planning for the dimensioning of the building plots. They were gradually replaced by buildings built entirely of stone for the first time from the reign of Hadrian . Their alignment was no longer based exactly on the foundations of the previous buildings. Several floor levels could be determined inside, which means that the building must have been constructed in several phases. The gable ends of the buildings on Széchenyi Square lined up along the north side of a paved street running from east to west and they must have been residential buildings with small workshops and shops in the basement. Some of them, such as B. a building on the northeast side of the square, had a portico facing the street . In 2009, a Roman house with a wooden floor and a 3.2 m × 5 m stone cellar with a window or a filling opening came to light under the Lloyd building. It is the only Roman stone cellar that has so far been excavated in Pannonia. To the west of the Lloyd building one suspects the market place (forum) of the Vicus. The buildings examined so far in this construction phase were very carefully crafted. Some quarters of the settlement even had buildings that were almost city-like. Finds of ceramics and fragments of everyday items testify to a certain wealth of their inhabitants.

Burial grounds

The deceased from the fort and the civil settlement were buried in grave fields and in a necropolis along the two great Roman roads that crossed at Arrabona . East of the civil settlement, the first ancient burials were found on the road towards Brigetio around the middle of the 19th century. It is the oldest known cemetery in Arrabona . During emergency excavations between 2005 and 2006, further graves (cremations and body burials) were examined. The majority of them came from the 1st and 2nd centuries. On the road to Savaria (so-called Calvary burial ground) they reached right up to the fort. Some of the dead were buried in sarcophagi . These graves were dug at the turn of the 3rd and 4th centuries. In the 3rd century the burial ground was only used occasionally and was finally abandoned completely in the 4th century. In the destroyed vicus another burial ground was created by the Huns in the 2nd third of the 5th century . a. some artificially deformed skulls came to light (grave 9).

Temporary wood-earth warehouse (warehouse Arrabona 1)

To the east of the fort on the Káptalan hill, parts of another wood-earth store were discovered in an aerial photo from 1999 outside of today's urban area. The structures located on agricultural land showed the southern and eastern parts of the northeast-southwest oriented system. The rounded corners of the fortifications indicate that it was built in the middle of the imperial period. As possible building traces can be made out inside, this warehouse may have been occupied longer. Field inspections brought several Roman pottery shards to light.

Lost property

The finds from Arrabona and from sites in the vicinity of Győr are in the collection of the Xántus János Múzeum. Stone monuments and inscriptions were placed in the western casemates of the bishop's castle.

Limes course between Fort Arrabona and Fort Ad Statuas

Traces of the Limes structures between Győr and Ács-Vaspuszta
route Name / place Description / condition
1 Győr-Likócs (Burgus Arrabona 1) The archaeologist Dénes Gabler suspected the existence of this tower site and a Roman settlement . The site is now located on a large elevation on Pest Street (Pesti út) west of Highway 1. In the mid-1960s, part of the hill was removed during safety work that had become necessary after a major Danube flood. At that time, emergency excavations took place, during which Roman ceramics and coins were recovered. On the Roman road (Romai út) three late antique body graves could also be examined.
1 Győrszentiván-Esztergető (Burgus Arrabona 2) On a wooded hill along the north side of Landstrasse 1, which in this area runs along the banks of the Danube, Gabler came across limestone, fragments of roof tiles and plastering walls. The archaeologist speculated there an approximately 10 x 10 meter burgus he because of Samian ware -Funden that during field surveys , dated came to light in the 2nd to 3rd century. According to the dimensions, the building could also have belonged to late antiquity and the finds indicate an older, wooden watchtower. The tower's moat could be detected for the first time on an aerial photo taken in winter 2010.
1 Győrszentiván (Burgus Arrabona 8) To the north of Győrszentiván and around 190 meters north of highway 1, the remains of a watchtower site protected from flooding may be found on an agricultural area near an oxbow lake. The place is about 800 meters northwest of the crossing to Győrszentiván-Újmajor. An aerial photo from 1955 reveals a square structure surrounded by two speculative, rectangular trenches. The outer trench-like structure, which runs parallel to today's Landstrasse 1, is around 56 meters long. The road there could coincide with the ancient Limes road. The ditch axes that start at right angles to the possible ditch and run towards the Danube are around 57 to 58 meters long. The inner trench-like structure could cover an area of ​​around 27 × 27 meters. The speculative double trench could have been seven to eight meters wide. A field inspection initiated by the archaeologist Zsolt Visy remained without findings that could suggest a watchtower.
1 Győrszentiván-Újmajor (Burgus Arrabona 3) In the corner south of the road 1 to the Győrszentiván-Újmajor approach, human and animal bones, limestone and Roman brick fragments were observed on a small hill from Gabler. The archaeologist concluded that the finds indicate the existence of a Roman watchtower and a medieval church.
1 Győrszentiván-Károlyháza - Véneki csárda (Burgus Arrabona 4) The site, which is located on a 15 × 15 meter large and 1.50 meter high tower hill, was first recognized as such on the above-mentioned aerial photo from 1955. Since no excavations have taken place on site to this day, more detailed information on this burgus is not possible. The actual building appears to have been 25 meters in diameter. A slightly diamond-shaped enclosure trench measures around 74 × 74 meters. The trench width could be twelve meters. During a field inspection on May 25, 1985, many fragments of Roman roof tiles and limestone were found. Different types of roof tile fragments suggest that the Burgus - or at least its roof - was renewed at least once. A brick stamp of the Legio XIIII Gemina (LEG XIIII GMV) belongs to the finds at this point . The age of the system cannot be precisely determined. In this area, the Roman Limes Road ran a little more south than today's country road, but almost parallel to it. Today, this ancient stretch of road has been largely destroyed by the construction of a railway line to the Danube port Győr-Gönyű and an industrial train station, which began in 2007, as well as an industrial building built in 2012.
1 Győr-Gönyű (Burgus Arrabona 5) An aerial photo taken in 1952 shows, in faint outlines, for the first time another previously archaeologically unconfirmed tower site in an abandoned gravel pit. The presumed location is about two kilometers east of Arrabona 4 and about 140 meters north of highway 1. In the middle of the almost square structures, the actual Burgus can possibly be made out as a dark discoloration. The coloring has an approximate size of 30 × 30 meters. The north-south trenching is shifted slightly to the east, while the west-east oriented trenches incline to the north. Double trenches can only be seen in the aerial photo on the east and north sides. To the other cardinal directions only one single ditch can be seen. The maximum size of the trenches is around 100 × 100 meters. Thus the system would be larger than the usual well-known Burgi. The forester tells that people found many old coins during the crushing of gravel. During two field inspections on May 25, 1985 and November 1, 1990 Visy was unable to find any reading, nor were there any signs that could have indicated a Burgus. But it is also possible that the gravel mining could have destroyed these traces.
1 Gönyű, Irányi Dániel utca (Burgus Arrabona 6) The above-mentioned aerial photo from 1952 shows another possible tower location on agricultural land. Today the area is built over and is located in the middle of the community of Gönyű . The aerial photo also shows traces of the Limes Road, which was still in use in the Middle Ages and which led 45 meters north past the tower point towards the east. The modern street layout of the settlement takes no account of the old route, which has now also been built over. The historical photo shows the actual watchtower as a bright, square structure. This is surrounded by two darker stripes - possibly a double ditch. A lighter border can be seen between these two strips. The outer circumference of the facility is around 68 × 68 meters, the inner dark stripe encloses an area of ​​43 × 43 meters. Due to the modern overbuilding, it is no longer possible to check by field inspections whether Roman finds are to be expected at this point. Since the possible tower with its trenches aligns itself with the course of the Limes road, there is a high probability that a Roman station will be found here.
1 Bakonyérbach / Gönyű proletarian field (Burgus Arrabona 9) Eszter T. Szőnyi dug a watchtower (Burgus Arrabona 7) in 1975 on a hill east of Göny an, at the mouth of the Bakonyerbach, the Proletarian field corridor. The corridor is on the edge of a chain of hills with a view of the Danube north of today's Landstrasse 1. It is possible that there was another watchtower near the excavation site, as an aerial photo shows weak but regular rectangular structures that match those of a Roman tower. The discoloration of the soil is located around 120 meters from the right bank of the Bakonyérbach. The dark outer boundary - possibly a rectangular trench - is around 50 × 50 meters on the outside. There is a light color on the inside. The orientation of the alleged trench is west-east and north-south. Field inspections yielded no findings. Hence, the existence of Arrabona 9 remains speculative.
1 Bakonyérbach / Gönyű-proletarian field (Burgus Arrabona 7)
The findings on Burgus Arrabona 7 established in 1975

In 1975 Eszter T. Szőnyi uncovered the Arrabona 7 watchtower, which had already been badly damaged by the plow. Since only the remains of the foundation made of dry masonry or their rolling remained , the floor plan of the tower could no longer be precisely reconstructed. The dimensions of the poor quality foundation area were around 15 × 15 meters. The tower was surrounded by an irregular oval trench, the distance from the foundation of which varies greatly. The two meter wide and 1.40 meter deep trench was measured at 23 × 27 meters. Typical Roman finds had already been recovered from this site before the excavation, including a brick temple of the Legio XIIII Gemina. Corresponding Roman finds also came to light in 1975, including early Roman pottery shards and another brick fragment with the stamp of the Legio XIIII Gemina. In addition, two beehive-shaped ovens were examined near the tower, of which a third was still preserved. The tower area is still used for agriculture.

1 Nagyszentjános (Burgus Arrabona 10) The tower was first known through an aerial photo from 1952. An aerial photo survey in winter 2010 showed that the place in the undergrowth still exists. The site is characterized by a darker spot in the center, around which a double moat is located. The trench is based on the Roman Limes Road 70 meters to the south, which divides in this area. The Limes Road itself leads directly to the northeastern fort Ad Statuas, its branching off to the southeast goes inland. The outer trench of this tower site encloses an area around 70 × 70 meters. Field inspections brought no Roman-era findings.
1 Ács -Vaspuszta ( Ad Statuas Castle ) The north Pannonian fort Ad Statuas is located today in the area belonging to the city of Ács north of the Vaspuszta homestead.

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The fort as well as all other Limes facilities belong to the nationally valuable cultural property as archaeological sites according to § 3.1. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

General

  • Kurt Genser: The development of the Upper Pannonian Limes to Emperor Hadrian. In: Franz Humer (Hrsg.): Legion eagle and druid staff. From the legionary camp to the Danube metropolis. Special exhibition on the occasion of the 2000 year anniversary of Carnuntum , Archaeological Museum Carnuntinum Bad Deutsch-Altenburg. Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-85460-229-3 , pp. 73-79.
  • Eszter Szönyi: Arrabona / Győr. In: Franz Humer (Hrsg.): Legion eagle and druid staff. From the legionary camp to the Danube metropolis. Special exhibition on the occasion of the anniversary "2000 years Carnuntum", Archaeological Museum Carnuntinum Bad Deutsch-Altenburg. Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-85460-229-3 , pp. 160-161.
  • Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary . Paperback for the participants of the XI. International Limes Congress in Székesfehérvár, Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, ISBN 963-01-0523-1 , pp. 23-25.
  • Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary. Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 .
  • Wilhelm Tomaschek : Arrabona . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume II, 1, Stuttgart 1895, Col. 1224.

Individual studies

Arrabona Castle

  • Szilvia Bíró: New information on the Vicus of Arrabona . In: Szilvia Bíró (Ed.) Ex officina, Studia in honorem Dénes Gabler , Győr-Moson-Sopron Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Mayar Tudományos Akadémia Regeszeti Intézete, Győr 2009, pp. 49-63.
  • Eszter T. Szőnyi: Arrabona topográfiája, topography of Arrabonas . (= Győr-Moson-Sopron Megyei Múzeumok Volume 1), Győr 1992, ISBN 963-04-1995-5
  • Eszter T. Szőnyi: Archaeological data on the earliest occupation forces of Arrabona . In: Hermann Vetters, Manfred Kandler (ed.): Files of the 14th International Limes Congress 1986 in Carnuntum. (= The Roman Limes in Austria 36 / 1–2) . Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1990, ISBN 3-7001-1695-0 , pp. 667-674.
  • Eszter T. Szőnyi: Research in the auxiliary fort of Arrabona . In: Alba Regia 19 (1979), pp. 135-143.
  • Peter Tomka: Culture change of the late antique population of an auxiliary fort: case study Arrabona. In: Herwig Friesinger, Alois Stuppner (Ed.): Center and Periphery - Societal Phenomena in Early History Materials of the 13th International Symposium, Basic Problems of Early History in the Middle Danube Region ' , Zwettl, 4. – 8. December 2000. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2004, pp. 389–409.

Burgus Arrabona 7

  • Eszter T. Szőnyi: Gönyü, Proletár dülő . In: Régészeti Füzetek 1, 29 (1976), p. 38.
  • Eszter T. Szőnyi: Gönyü, Proletár dülő . In: Arrabona 18, 1976, p. 308.

Remarks

  1. ↑ CIL 16, 76
  2. ↑ Dénes Gabler: 1976, p. 23, Zsolt Visy: 1988, p. 47 to 49
  3. ↑ Dénes Gabler: 1976, p. 23., Szilvia Biro: 2009, p. 49-58.
  4. ↑ Szilvia Biro: 2009, pp. 49-50
  5. ↑ CIL 9, 5363
  6. ↑ Kurt Genser: 2007, pp. 73-79, Dénes Gabler: 1976, p. 23.
  7. ↑ Zsolt Visy: 1988, p. 46
  8. ↑ Eszter Szönyi, pp. 160–161, Peter Tomka: 2004, pp. 390–391.
  9. ↑ CIL 3, 4372 (p 2280); CIL 3, 4376 (p 2280); CIL 3, 4377
  10. ↑ CIL 3, 4368 (p 1769); CIL 3, 4371 ; CIL 3, 11083
  11. ^ Karl Strobel: Investigations into the Dacer Wars Trajan. Studies on the history of the middle and lower Danube region in the High Imperial Era . Habelt, Bonn 1984 (Antiquitas, series 1, 33). ISBN 3-7749-2021-4 . P. 112.
  12. ^ Karlheinz Dietz : The oldest military diploma for the province of Pannonia Superior. In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission. 65, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1984, pp. 158-268; here: p. 215.
  13. ↑ Note: Ulpius = Wolf, honorary name of the Emperor Trajan
  14. ↑ CIL 3, 4359 ; CIL 3, 4360 ; CIL 3, 4361 ; CIL 3, 4362 ; CIL 3, 4369 ; CIL 3, 4370 ; CIL 3, 4378 ; CIL 3, 4379
  15. ^ AE 1956, 124 .
  16. ↑ Eszter Szönyi, 2007, pp. 160–161, Peter Tomka: 2004, p. 390.
  17. ↑ ND Occ., XXXIV, 3, 4
  18. ^ Dénes Gabler: 1976, 23.
  19. ↑ Szilvia Bíró: 2009, pp. 49–58.
  20. ↑ Holz-Erde-Lager Arrabona 1 at 47 ° 41 ′ 12.7 "  N , 17 ° 42 ′ 16.6"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 395.
  21. ↑ Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 395.
  22. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 48; Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 21.
  23. ↑ Zsolt Visy: 1988, p. 47
  24. ↑ Route = numbering follows Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary (Theiss 1988) and Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. (Akadémiai Kiadó 2003)
  25. ↑ Burgus Arrabona 1 at about 47 ° 42 '27.42 "  N , 17 ° 40' 22.81"  O .
  26. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 48; Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 22.
  27. ↑ Burgus Arrabona 2 at 47 ° 43 '20.39 "  N , 17 ° 41' 34.26"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 392.
  28. ^ Dénes Gabler: Győr a rómaiak korában. In: Lajos Dávid, Alfréd Lengyel, László Z. Szabó (eds.): Győr. Városörténeti tanulmányok . Győr 1971, pp. 19-47; here: p. 27; Dénes Gabler: Investigations on the Upper Pannonian Danube Limes . In: Dorothea Haupt, Heinz Günter Horn (Red.): Studies on the military borders of Rome II. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in the Germania Inferior. (= Supplements to the Bonner Jahrbücher 38), Cologne / Bonn 1977, pp. 297–312; here: p. 298; Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 48.
  29. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 22.
  30. ↑ Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 392.
  31. ↑ Burgus Arrabona 8 at 47 ° 43 '43.12 "  N , 17 ° 43' 33.89"  O .
  32. ↑ Burgus Arrabona 3 at 47 ° 43 '40.17 "  N , 17 ° 44' 17.56"  O .
  33. ↑ Burgus Arrabona 4 at 47 ° 44 '2.08 "  N , 17 ° 45' 42.01"  O ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 388.
  34. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary. Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 48.
  35. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 23.
  36. ↑ Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2. National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 388.
  37. ↑ Limesstrasse at 47 ° 43 '50.02 "  N , 17 ° 46' 1.64"  E ; Limes Road at 47 ° 43 ′ 51.21 "  N , 17 ° 46 ′ 21.01"  E ; Limes Road at 47 ° 43 ′ 52.94 "  N , 17 ° 46 ′ 55.63"  E ; Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , plate 16.
  38. ↑ Burgus Arrabona 5 at 47 ° 43 '50.51 "  N , 17 ° 46' 25.92"  O .
  39. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 49; Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 23.
  40. ↑ Burgus Arrabona 6 at 47 ° 44 '0.69 "  N , 17 ° 49' 44.64"  O .
  41. ↑ Limesstrasse at 47 ° 44 ′ 2.72 "  N , 17 ° 49 ′ 45.52"  E ; Limes Street at 47 ° 43 ′ 58.48 "  N , 17 ° 50 ′ 17.2"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, pp. 380 and 382; Limes Road at 47 ° 43 ′ 57.35 "  N , 17 ° 50 ′ 26.43"  E ; Limes Road at 47 ° 44 ′ 4.63 "  N , 17 ° 49 ′ 31.16"  E ; Limes Road at 47 ° 44 ′ 0.74 "  N , 17 ° 49 ′ 59.64"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, pp. 381 and 383.
  42. ↑ a b c d Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 24.
  43. ↑ Burgus Arrabona 9 at 47 ° 44 '3.04 "  N , 17 ° 51' 9.33"  O .
  44. ↑ Burgus Arrabona 7 at 47 ° 44 '5.14 "  N , 17 ° 51' 15.26"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 377.
  45. ↑ Eszter T. Szőnyi: Gönyü, Proletar dülő . In: Arrabona , Volume 18, 1976, p. 308.
  46. ↑ Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 377.
  47. ↑ Burgus Arrabona 10 at 47 ° 44 '3.44 "  N , 17 ° 53' 40.31"  O ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 372.
  48. ↑ Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 372.
  49. ↑ Römerstrasse at 47 ° 42 '57.36 "  N , 17 ° 58' 44.72"  O ; Römerstrasse at 47 ° 42 '53.64 "  N , 17 ° 58' 56.97"  O ; Römerstrasse at 47 ° 42 '46.4 "  N , 17 ° 59' 27.13"  O .
  50. ^ Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 25.
  51. ↑ Kastell Ad Statuas at 47 ° 44 '21.77 "  N , 17 ° 54' 28.44"  O .