Brigetio legionary camp

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Brigetio legionary camp
Alternative name Brigetio / Brigetium / Brigantio / Bregtione
limes Pannonian Limes
section 2
Dating (occupancy) a) Cohort fort: Claudian-Neronian?
b) Legion camp: around 124/128 AD
until at least the end of the 4th century
Type a) Cohort fort
b) Legion camp
unit a) Cohors I Noricorum equitata ,
b) Cohors I Britannica civium Romanorum milliaria equitata ,
c) Legio I Adiutrix pia fidelis ,
d) Legio XI Claudia pia fidelis ,
e) Legio II Augusta ,
f) Ala Osrhoenorum sagittariorum ,
g) Classis Flavia Pannonica ,
e) Classis Flavia Histrica
size a) 200 ×? m
b) 430 × 540 m = 23 ha
Construction stone
State of preservation The rear camp is almost completely built over;
large parts of the front camp are under arable land or under a football field.
place Komárom -Szőny
Geographical location 47 ° 44 '1.6 "  N , 18 ° 11' 38.9"  E
height 109  m
Previous Ad Mures Castle (Ács-Bumbumkút) (west)
Subsequently Fort Iža-Leányvár (north)
Fort Almásfüzitő (Odiavum, Azaum) (south-east)
The location of the legionary camp on the Upper Pannonian Danube Limes
Brigetio with Almásfüzitő (Odiavum / Azaum) on the plan by Samuel Mikovíny in the 1740s
Modern memorial plaque on the site of the legionary camp for Emperor Valentinian I who died here.
View of the Ingmánd fortress built between 1871 and 1877 in Komorn, which today houses a Roman lapidary. An identical, but smaller, specimen stood directly on the eastern retenture of the legionary camp from 1885 and was largely dismantled after the Second World War.

The legionary camp Brigetio (also called Brigetium or Bregetio in ancient times ) was a Roman military camp whose garrison was responsible for monitoring a section of the Pannonian Limes ( Limes Pannonicus ) along the Danube . The river formed here in large sections the Roman imperial border. Brigetio was in the northern Hungarian town of Komárom - Szőny ( Komorn ) in Komárom-Esztergom County .

Initially designed as a cohort fort, after its abandonment towards the end of the 1st century AD, a legionary camp was built a little further west. In the course of the establishment of the legionary site, a civilian camp village ( Canabae legionis) developed east of today's Szőny district and two kilometers west of it - in the middle of Szőny - an important urban center. The ancient Brigetio is one of the most important ancient research sites in Hungary with its extensive finds and findings. Brigetio went into the history books as the place of death of the emperor Valentinian I (364-375), who may have suffered a stroke while he was negotiating peace with the defeated Germanic Quadi and Sarmatic Jazygens .

location

For the strategists under Emperor Claudius (41–54), the choice of location was primarily due to its proximity to the confluence of the Waag and the Danube. The Waag formed the largest tributary on the northern Pannonian border section. The land on the river is level and therefore easy to monitor. Only further east of Komorn does the land rise on the Pannonian side to the Gerecse Mountains . From there an aqueduct built later transported fresh water to the legionary camp. Brigetio was also an important road crossing point, which was on an important military and trade route that ran along the Danube. It connected the two Pannonian power centers Carnuntum and Aquincum . In addition, Aquincum could be reached by a direct connection that bypassed the Pilis Mountains and the Buda Mountains to the south. The network of trails, which started out from Brigetio, also opened up important centers inland. In addition to these conditions, the northern arm of the Danube flowed into the southern main stream, which is divided between Pressburg and Komorn by the large Schüttinsel . The navigable rivers Neutra and Waag flow into the northern arm west of the legionary camp - coming from the northern Carpathians .

Research history

Komorn in the map series of Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli published in 1726. The legion camp can be seen in the middle next to the early modern fortress on the left. The dotted line going from it is supposed to represent the traces of the aqueduct to Dotis (Tata) that were still visible at the time .

The Italian humanist and poet Antonio Bonfini (1434–1503) reported under the title Latinae gentis colonia as the first of the traces of Roman settlement activity in this area. The humanist, historian and doctor Wolfgang Lazius (1514–1565) went into more detail about the ancient finds that came to light during the fortification work on the Komárom castle. He reports on the vast number of Roman stone monuments found, most of which were transported to Vienna on ships . On the occasion of their trip along the Danube, Richard Pococke (1704–1765) and his cousin Jeremiah Milles (1714–1784) identified the square as the ancient Brigetio . The two Englishmen and their predecessor, the Italian officer and scholar Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658–1730) were the first to make drawings of the ruins of the legionary camp, the civil town and the amphitheater in between . These sketches show that the ancient structures were still very clearly visible in the landscape at that time. The main connecting road at that time followed exactly the route of the Roman Limes Road and led north of the amphitheater, which is now only recognizable in aerial photographs, via the Via principalis directly between the very well-preserved ramparts and walls of the former legionary camp. The theologian and historian Matthias Bel (1684–1749) later described, among other things, the aqueduct of Brigetio .

In the 19th century, several well-known researchers campaigned for the preservation of the remains of the ancient wall. At that time, the founder of Hungarian archeology, Flóris Rómer (1815–1889), examined the area. Nevertheless, a large-scale stone robbery soon set in, which was followed by ruthless looting of the ancient tombs. The Komárom Museum Association, founded at the end of the century, was largely powerless against these conditions. When, in the course of the re-fortification of Komorn in 1885, a lunette of the outer works was set up as a kuk battery position in the area of ​​the southeastern rear camp, the archeology-loving officer Miloš Berkovics-Borota was at least able to draw some wall sections before they were destroyed, to measure them and to measure these findings in 1887 to be published in the Hungarian archaeological journal Archaeologiai Értesítő . Another documentation by Berkovics-Borota on his excavation and the finds was published in volume 4 of the Austrian military magazine in 1885 . From 1927 to 1928 and in the early 1940s, the archaeologist István Paulovics (1892–1952) carried out the first scientific excavations in Brigetio .

Unfortunately, in 1942, with the construction of an oil refinery and the adjoining development on the rear area of ​​the former fort, any possibility of extensive exploration was forever lost. The interventions at that time particularly affected the traces of settlement south and south-east of the legionary camp. As Allied aerial photographs show, the (later rebuilt) refinery was deliberately destroyed in World War II by a thick carpet of bombs that completely ransacked the area - to the great damage of the ancient settlement structures. In addition, the documentation of the excavations at the gates of the legionary camp was destroyed at that time, so that today there are some uncertainties about their structural disposition.

Due to the modern, massive overbuilding on the camp area, even after the Second World War, only small emergency excavations were carried out by the archaeologists Aladár Radnóti (1913–1972) and László Barkóczi . In addition to the military complexes, the adjacent pottery workshops of the camp, Villae and burial grounds were later exposed. Rescue excavations were then carried out again until 1992. In the same year, under the direction of László Borhy and Emese Számadó, systematic investigations began in the former urban area of ​​the Municipium of Brigetio .

In the aerial photo, the front camp (Praetentura) , which is partially under an agricultural area, is clearly visible with its fencing and the via praetoria inside the camp leading to the main gate (Porta praetoria) to the north . After the Second World War, a soccer field was built over the eastern part of the Praetentura , and the stadium utca leading to it is right next to the former north-eastern defensive wall. The south-west flank of the rear storage area (Retentura) coincides exactly with the western main access road to the refinery, while the Mátrai Gyula utca , which is at right angles to this access, follows the rear south wall of the camp. A modern country road and the railway line running almost parallel to it to the north cut the camp almost directly above the ancient Via principalis .

Surname

The ancient name is passed down several times in the Roman imperial street directory Itinerarium Antonini (263, 2; 264, 4; 265, 3) from the 3rd century. In addition, the location could be identified on the basis of found milestones and many inscriptions found in Brigetio itself. Brigetio belonged to the province of Upper Pannonia during the principate, but is added to the province of Valeria in the late antique state manual Notitia dignitatum , which included part of the dissolved province of Lower Pannonia.

Building history

Site plan of the military and civil structures of Brigetio

Cohort fort

The finds from Brigetio indicate a foundation in the Claudian-Neronian period. A period "around the middle of the 1st century" is often spoken of as the origin of the cohort fort. In this context, Barkóczi was able to prove an early Roman auxiliary troop fort east of the legionary camp, directly on the Danube. The facility was protected in advance by two trenches and was 200 meters wide. The length could no longer be determined because the river had washed away the front camp (Praetentura) over the centuries.

Legion camp

Bronze consecration tablet of the legionary soldier Ulpius Sabinus

A fragmented building inscription that came out of the ground in the area of ​​the Principia , the staff building, names Emperor Hadrian (117-138) as the builder. According to an addition by the archaeologist László Barkóczi, the inscription could be dated to the year 124, when this emperor visited the Pannonian provinces. The more recent thought of the archaeologist Zsolt Mráv , which uses the imperial titulature pater patriae mentioned in the inscription for more precise dating, comes from the time of origin after 128 AD. Another building inscription, which was set by a vexillation of the Legio XIV Gemina in Brigetio, can according to opinion of the ancient historian Karl Strobel, however, cannot be dated to the early 2nd century, which is why later work assignments of this troop in Brigetio can be expected. This is also indicated by other inscriptions discovered on site from members of this legion. During the Marcomannic Wars (166-180), probably in 169 or shortly after, Brigetio was almost completely destroyed. The bridgehead fort on the opposite side - at that time still a wood and earth structure that was erected at the beginning of the war - still existed until 179 before it was also destroyed. Another horizon of destruction could be proven for the year 293, presumably an attack by the Quads was responsible. Construction work in the Valentine period is evidence of another fire disaster.

Fence and trench

The legionary camp had a rectangular floor plan measuring 430 × 540 meters with rounded corners (playing card shape). In contrast to the older cohort fort, it was no longer built directly on the banks of the Danube. Obviously the risk of runoff had become too great here. In his excavations on the principal front of the enemy and the Danube facing north wall of the bearing, Paulovics placed behind the stone, with 1,8 to 2 meters exceedingly massive rampart another to the bearing towards the inside beveled windrow of turf determines the propping the construction and carried the battlement. A trench three meters deep and ten meters wide in front of the fort could be detected as an obstacle to the approach.

Gates

There was a gate on all four sides of the camp, which was flanked by two 10.30 × 7.90 meter square gate towers, which protruded at least 0.80 meters from the connection of the surrounding wall. Of the gates, only the Porta praetoria , the north gate, and in parts the Porta decumana , the rear south gate, could be examined. The two gates on the flanks of the camp had already been destroyed by the expansion of the Vienna-Budapest road. It turned out that the Porta praetoria only had a single-lane driveway, while the rear gate had two passageways separated by a separating wall (spina) . Three construction periods were also observed at the Porta decumana . During the second period, the wall thickness of the gate towers was reduced by 0.45 meters on all four sides and, in a third phase, the eastern passage was probably walled up.

Towers

All four corners of the defensive wall were additionally reinforced by a corner tower attached to the inside. Intermediate towers could not be identified, but they are likely because they were typical features of a legionary fort from this period. In late antiquity, in parallel to many other military buildings on the Pannonian Danube Limes, the fence was converted. Based on survey documents from the 19th century, which only show the terrain profile at the camp, research assumes that the defensive wall was provided with U-shaped towers arched far outwards (horseshoe tower), probably four each on the narrow and long sides. Although it has not been proven, it can be assumed that the corner towers will be converted into fan or U towers in analogy to other forts from the late Roman era.

Interior development

Little is known of the interior of the legionary camp. Of great importance was obviously the very elaborately constructed water pipe, which led spring water from the area of Tata past the south gate into the camp and supplied thermal baths located in the north part of the camp. In the center of the fortification, wooden barracks were uncovered, while in the area of ​​the south-east corner, unclear remnants of the wall came to light. In the Retentura a building richly decorated with wall paintings, which was hypocausted , was also examined . In addition, the commandant's house (Praetorium) , a workshop (Fabrica) and ovens were exposed. Two life-size seated statues of the gods Jupiter and the goddess of wisdom Minerva could once have stood in the sanctuary with flags.

port

The river port could also be verified for Brigetio . A well-developed road ran from the north gate of the camp directly to the Danube. Here, in what was once a square- walled area, Paulovics was able to identify the landing stages and the remains of some warehouses (Horrea) . As the early camp drawings of the 17th and 18th centuries clearly show, two late antique walls run parallel to the bank of the Danube at the two northern corners of the camp defense. They probably served to protect the warships of the Pannonian fleet anchored here.

Troop

Gravestone from Brigetio, approx. 173 AD, inscription: Ae (lio) Septimo opt (ioni) leg (ionis) I / [Ad] i (utricis) desideratus est / [bello 3] aris qui vix (it) ; Translation: "To Aelius Septimus, sergeant of the Legio I Adiutrix, missing in the war against the Narists, who lived ..."

In Pannonia, as in the other border provinces, the stamping of bricks began from the reign of Emperor Claudius (41–54 AD). Most of these bricks were made by the army. They are an important and in many cases the only source for reconstructing the troop history of the respective fort. For Brigetio a total of four legions and two auxiliary troop cohorts are proven by means of such brick stamps. Some of the associations listed below were not permanently stationed here, but only involved in construction work or in the delivery of construction materials. As already mentioned above, the Roman Danube fleet also had a larger base in Brigetio .

Until the end of the 1st century, the strategically important location was only secured by one auxiliary unit , the Cohors I Britannica milliaria civium Romanorum equitata . The grave inscription of Pannoniers Caelius Saconis filius soldier a 1000-strong cavalry troop Ala milliaria Flavia Domitiana civium Romanorum often introduced (Doppelala "Flavia Domitiana" Roman citizenship), has been in the past as evidence that the Ala also Brigetio was quartered . It is more likely, however, that the tomb is connected to a temporary deployment (92/93 AD) of this unit in the vicinity, without the troops actually being transferred to Brigetio . Possibly it is just a question of the burial of this soldier in his ancestral home.

The construction of the legionary camp was started by the Legio I Adiutrix , established in Pannonia since 89 AD , being supported by vexillations (divisions) of the other three Pannonian legions on the Suebian front - the Legio XIII Gemina , the Legio XIV Gemina and the Legio XV Apollinaris - was supported.

The following units could be proven in Brigetio :

Time position Troop name comment
1st century AD Cohors I Noricorum equitata
("1st partially mounted cohort of Noriker ") 		The unit probably stayed here from around the middle of the 1st century to AD 89.
1st century AD Legio XIII Gemina
("13th Twin
Legion "), Legio XIV Gemina
("14th TwinLegion"),
Legio XV Apollinaris
(15th Legion, dedicated to Apollo ") 		Vexillations of these three legions helped build the camp.
1st to early 2nd century AD Cohors I Britannica civium Romanorum milliaria equitata
("1st partially mounted double cohort of Britons of Roman civil rights, 1000 strong") 		The troops originally raised in Britain were assigned to Brigetio from the Lower Pannonian Rittium around 89 AD . The unit is believed to have been stationed in the auxiliary force camp until AD 101.
1st to 5th century AD Legio I Adiutrix pia fidelis
("1st Legion, the helping, pious and faithful") 		The legion formed the main troops of the camp and is also documented by the brick stamps found on site (time of the stamps: 89 / 97-101 AD, 118/119 AD) 100/101 AD assigned her ready room for her participation in the first Dacian war (101-102). Around 118/119 the Legion returned to Brigetio and stayed here until the end of Roman rule in Pannonia. According to the Notitia Dignitatum , however, only the fifth cohort of this legion was left in late ancient Bregtione . She also mentions her commanding officer, a Praefectus legionis primae adiutricis cohortis quintae partis superioris (upper border section). The unit was one of the Limitanei and was under the command of the Dux provinciae Valeriae .
2nd century AD Legio XI Claudia pia fidelis
("11th Claudian Legion, dutiful and loyal") 		Evidenced by brick stamps, members of this legion probably stayed in Brigetio from 101 to 105 AD . During the absence of the Legio I Adriutix, they were stationed in the camp, which was not yet fully completed. The Legion also dispatched vexillations to the orphaned camp of Aquincum . Other researchers assume that she only sent construction departments to Brigetio and, together with the vexillations of the XIV Gemina and the XV Apollinaris, pushed the further expansion of the camp.
2nd century AD Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix
(30th Legion of Ulpius / Trajan ) 		Evidenced by brick stamps; probably a construction vexillation of this legion stayed in Brigetio from 105 to 119 AD . After the end of the Second Dacian War (105-106), apparently only the departments of XIV Gemina and XXX Ulpia Victrix were busy with the construction and completion of the camp.
3rd century AD Legio II Augusta
("2nd Legion of Augustus") 		During the reign of Emperor Philip Arabs (244-249) a vexillation of this legion was stationed at Brigetio ,
3rd century AD Ala Osrhoenorum sagittariorum
("the mounted archers of the Osrhoener ") 		This unit may have been in Brigetio at about the same time as the Legio II Augusta .
1st to 5th century AD Classis Flavia Pannonica
("Pannonian Fleet, the Flavian ")
and Classis Flavia Histrica
("DanubeFleet") 		The presence of the Danube fleet in Brigetio is not only evident from the brick stamps of the Middle Imperial period, but also from those of their late antique successor. In addition to these finds, the tombstone of a Trierache from the early 2nd century confirms the presence of marines in Brigetio .

Water pipe

Research has often dealt with the aqueduct leading to the legionary camp and the city, which had its starting point at Tata. As representations from the 18th century show, the spring water running in clay pipes was brought in over long distances with the help of aqueducts and dams that are no longer preserved today . In 1747, the royal Hungarian engineer Samuel Mikovíny reported that in Szőny "... a vaulted ... two German mile long aqueduct leads spring water from Tata underground to Brigetio." South of the legionary camp, the remains of a building have been recorded in which found several hundred kilograms of lead. The archaeologists assume that a kind of distributor is to be assumed in this building, which regulated the water supply to the fort and the civil town.

Jupiter Dolichenus Sanctuary

Depiction of a bull from Brigetio , Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

The rectangular, 8 × 4 meter large Dolichenum of Brigetio, which was oriented with its longitudinal axis exactly west-east, was excavated in 1899 south of the legionary camp by the private collector Armin Milch. The interior was divided into two almost equally large areas by three pillars made of rubble. It was no longer possible to determine whether these pillars also fulfilled a supporting function or were only used as half-pillars for setting up votive offerings. A bronze dolichenus statuette was found between the central and northernmost column. In front of the only entrance established in the east there were also three pillars with simple capitals. The sanctuary , which was obviously not plundered, contained dedicatory inscriptions , such as those of a dedicant Valerius Hermes from Greece from the 1st half of the 3rd century. In the western cult area there was a relief made from local limestone of Jupiter Dolichenus riding a bull, who is depicted in the military clothing of an emperor. According to the inscription, the work, which dates from the 2nd or 3rd century, was originally commissioned by a Decurio from the town of Zeugma in Asia Minor . In addition to the relief, other representations of the god were found in this sanctuary, including those donated by military personnel barracked in Brigetio. In addition, bronze statuettes of other gods could be recovered, including two copies of the goddess of victory Victoria . The archaeologist Endre Tóth speculated that one of these statuettes a. a. once decorated the tip of a triangular votive plate, as can be proven on the Dolichenum of the Rhaetian Limes Fort Pfünz and the treasure found in Mauer near Amstetten . The shaft of one of the sign holders, which was crowned by one of the two goddesses of victory, also came out of the ground. Statuettes of the sun god Sol and his sister, the moon goddess Luna , were also found here. In addition to many other bronze figurines, votive sheets and cult material, some of which were damaged by fire, a bull and a bird statuette as well as a bronze laurel wreath are also noteworthy.

The cult's decline began after 235 with the end of the Severan dynasty. Most of the sanctuaries were abandoned or burned down. There is very little evidence of the worship of Jupiter-Dolichenus from the following epoch. When in 253 or 256 the Sassanid king Shapur I had the main shrine of the god, which was located in Doliche , a city in the province of Syria , destroyed, this could have contributed to the shaking of the adherents who had remained until then.

Canabae and civil town

Main article: Brigetio (Municipium)

A camp village developed around the legionary camp - as is customary at longer-term military locations - the inhabitants of which were often in direct contact with the troops or lived from their presence. Remnants of civilian buildings could be found especially on the west and south sides of the fortification. The aforementioned Dolichenus temple and a Mithras sanctuary are known of the public buildings in this settlement. In addition, the amphitheater to the west of the moat took a special place in the life of the garrison and the city of Brigetio. Pococke and Milles have given a detailed description of the structure, which was still in good condition at the time. Today nothing of it can be seen on the square. The construction is also a sign of the growing importance of the place. North of the amphitheater, a house lavishly decorated with stucco and frescoes could be examined.

The actual civil town, which has been explored since 1992 and which was raised to a municipality before 205 and thus received town rights, was built around 2 kilometers west of the camp village and is located under the town of Szőny, which is incorporated into Komárom.) The rectangular floor plan of this town was planned from the beginning. As an obstacle to the approach, it had its own city wall, behind which, like at the legionary camp, an earth dam was built on which the battlements lay. In addition to a number of lavishly furnished private houses, public buildings are also known from the urban area. The Augustale Quintus Ulpius Felix donated a temple to the Gallo-Roman healing and spring god Apollo Grannus and the goddess of health, Hygieia , which he later expanded with a portico . The building inscription on this porch dates back to the last year of reign and life of Emperor Caracalla (211–217).

Like the fort, the city was destroyed during the Marcomann Wars in 169 or shortly afterwards and was only able to recover from the catastrophe in the last 10 to 15 years of the 2nd century, although the trade in imported terra sigillata from the Rhineland did not collapse during the war . In 293 the Quadruped attack mentioned above took place, in which Brigetio was destroyed again. However, as the recovered coin material showed, after this second attack, money transactions were already functioning undisturbed in the years that followed. South of the legionary camp, in a place that was never inhabited, a late antique hoard with 118 aurei came out of the ground in 1959 . These coins date from the reigns of the emperors Nero (54–68) to Julian (360–363) and are possibly related to another barbarian attack.

Danube bridge and bridgehead fort

The archaeologically savvy Benedictine Father Rudolf Gyulai (1848–1906) was able to find the remains of an ancient bridge over the Danube near Brigetio towards the end of the 19th century, which served both the military and trade. Troops were thus able to get dry to the cohort fort Iža-Leányvár , which was built as a bridgehead during the Marcomann Wars east - diagonally opposite the legionary camp - in the Barbaricum and existed until late antiquity.

Pottery Quarter

The Gerhát pottery district east of the legionary camp was explored in 1940 by Radnoti north of the Limes Road and the cemetery of the same name directly on the Danube. According to the archaeologist Éva B. Bónis , it was created during the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117-138) and was in use until the 30s of the 3rd century AD. Here the Legio I Adiutrix manufactured a variety of ceramic goods. This included mass consumer products such as striped and marbled ceramics, but also high-quality shaped bowls, ceramics based on metal vessels and models for lamps and terracotta (so-called legionary goods ). In addition, Pannonian glossy crockery was detected, which was decorated with terra sigillata motifs. Immediately to the west of the pottery district, a three-phase villa and to the east of this further Roman-era foundations were examined.

In addition to the Gerhát factories , there was another pottery quarter in the military sphere of influence under Kurucdomb (German: Kuruzenhügel ) located east of the legionary camp , which was examined in 1941. This brought to light a homogeneous crockery deposit that was hidden in the second half of the 2nd century. Bricks and vessels stamped by the Legion testify that at least initially the military maintained operations at these two locations. In order to meet the needs of the city, further civil ceramics factories were built west of the Muncipium . However, these workshops were completely destroyed by track construction work at the end of the 19th century.

Burial grounds

A Roman sarcophagus on Freedom Square
A Roman sarcophagus on St. Stephen's Square

The grave fields were located both along the Limes Road between the city and the Canabae and on the southern and eastern arteries of the legionary camp. Rich finds are known from them. Barkóczi and Radnoti discovered more than 100 graves in the Gerhát burial ground to the east of the fort, which lay between the legion potters' quarter of the same name on the Danube and the Limes Road. To the east of the Muncipium was the so-called "Járóka burial ground" and to the west of the city were two more burial sites after Barkóczi. The use of these burial areas ended at the same time as the cemeteries belonging to the camp village, southwest (so-called "Mercator burial ground") and south (so-called "Caecilia" burial ground) of the legion camp around 260 AD. The late antique cemetery of Cellás was built in 200 Meters southeast of the southeast corner of the camp and was examined by Paulovics in 1929. On the basis of these late graves it could be shown that the populated area of Brigetio had shrunk considerably at the end of the 4th century, but was still inhabited into the 5th century.

The findings from the Gerhát burial ground, cited several times in specialist publications, also include two horse burials from the 2nd century AD.

Early Christianity

Towards the end of the 1950s, Barkóczi carried out an emergency excavation in Brigetio, during which six solitary graves were found in the late antique cemetery south of the camp, which were grouped around a small building, the plan of which could no longer be precisely determined. The archaeologist Edit B. Thomas (1923–1988) assumed after a reassessment of the finds at that time that this would be an early Christian site. This view has not remained undisputed. Thomas also referred to a fragmentary inscription on a brick, also from Brigetio, as a reference to early, anonymous Christian martyrs. But her colleagues András Mócsy and later Dorottya Gáspár assigned the unclear lines to the military sphere and rejected the Christian reference.

Important finds

Inscriptions

The bronze tablet of the emperors Constantine and Licinius

In 1930, after the arable land in the fort area south of the railway line had been plowed by the archaeological volunteer, Ödön Kállay (1879–1960), fragments of a framed bronze plaque were recovered, which was a decree of the emperors Constantine (306–337) and Licinius ( 308-324) of June 9, 311 contained. Another fragment of the 78.50 centimeter high and 68 centimeter wide plate came to light in 1934, so that the text written on 38 lines could then be read almost completely. The lack of an imperial title on the tablet was obviously seen as a defect, so a corresponding addendum was made above the text and on the frame. There was no consensus among experts on the interpretation of the legal text. The archaeologist Rudolf Egger (1882–1969) saw the end of the previous military diplomas and spoke of a newly introduced certificate of discharge, while the ancient historian Konrad Kraft (1920–1970) could only see a change in the previous mode of issuing immunity confirmations.

The legal text begins with the following introduction:

“A copy of the sacred letters. Greetings, our dear Dalmatians! We want to ensure that all special rights and privileges of our soldiers for their victims and their work are always observed. That is why we have decided, dear Dalmatians, to take our precautions wisely, taking into account the efforts of our soldiers for the survival and the interests of the state. "

The following text deals first of all with tax privileges for the soldiers, whereby there is a gradation between active, fully served veterans, those released after 20 years and the disabled. Then a change in the issue of the military diploma is discussed. As the text describes, it has been the previous practice that at the same time as the Dux received the Honesta missio, the discharge document itself remained in the garrison files. However, the veteran had the right to request a copy of his diploma. It should now be the case that everyone who received an honorable discharge or had to resign for health reasons (Causaria missio) received his discharge document immediately. This redefinition was followed by the exclusion of the dishonorable from the privileges and the requirement to publish this law on a bronze plaque to be set up in the flag shrine. The text reads here: “must be immortalized (consecrari) in every single military camp (per singulaquaeque castra) , near the flags (apud signa) , in a bronze plaque (in tabula aerea ) ”.

The bronze tablet of the emperor Philip Arabs

In November 2014, the voluntary archaeological assistant Attila Kiss discovered by chance in the same area as the bronze plaque recovered in 1930/1934 remains of another, highly fragmented plaque of the law. It turned out that both panels were probably still near their original location at the flag sanctuary of the legionary camp. Of the six pieces on the board, three could be put back together. In order to reliably identify the original site from 2014 and possibly to secure further inscription fragments, a subsequent excavation took place from July 1, 2015 to August 31, 2015. Although the Principia could not be discovered, another fragment of the table of laws was found that exactly matched one of the fragments from 2014. This bronze plaque also guaranteed the soldiers privileges, but it is too fragmented to reveal details. The emperor's name was later erased.

Militaria

The extensive militaria finds include a bronze helmet formerly covered with white metal and decorated in relief, which was recovered in 1942 when a new building was erected near the commandant's house (praetorium) in the legionary camp. In addition to several other bronze objects from the early imperial period, the completely compressed piece was intended to be melted down in a fourth-century furnace that was discovered next to it.

Glass

In Brigetio, fragments of a late antique slide glass came to light. Glasses of this kind are among the most valuable products of the Roman glass industry and were only affordable for a wealthy upper class.

Ceramics

A terracotta medallion shows a depiction of Meleager , which led to the assumption that this could refer to a drama about Meleager designed by the classical Greek playwright Euripides , which could have been performed in a local, previously unknown theater.

Ground storage

Up until 2003, a distinction was made between 18 briefly occupied underground storage facilities of various sizes in the area south of the Danube. Twelve camps were concentrated in an area of ​​around two kilometers to the south of Limesstrasse in particular. Due to their size, these facilities can be addressed as a number, seven cohort and four equestrian camps. Some of these earth bearings overlap. They are rated on the one hand as a marching camp and on the other hand as a training camp.

A few short-term occupied underground storages could also be detected at the opposite bridgehead Celamantia. They document the presence of various Roman troops in various operations during the long Marcomannic War. The camps, first discovered west of the bridgehead fort by the aerial archaeologist Otto Braasch , were scientifically examined.

Lost property

The György Klapka Múzeum in the Hungarian part of Komárom
Fort Igmánd houses a lapidarium.
Bastion VI of Komorn, which is now on the Slovak side of the divided city, today has the largest collection of Roman stone monuments in Slovakia.

Unless scattered on the art market through robbery excavations, a large number of finds are in the museums of Komárom ( György Klapka Múzeum , Roman Lapidarium in Fort Igmánd), Pozsony , in the Kuny Domokos Megyei Múzeum in Tata and in the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest . The stone monuments that have been preserved can also be studied in Bastion VI in the Slovak part of Komárom. Some - such as sarcophagi and two milestones - are on display in public spaces in the main square and on the western edge of Komárom.

Limes course from the Brigetio legionary camp to the Almásfüzitő fort

The towers were always close to the southern bank of the Danube. Their task was to monitor the adjacent northern bank zone in the Barbaricum .

Traces of the Limes structures between Komorn and Almásfüzitő
route Name / place Description / condition
2 Komárom-Kurucdomb (Burgus Brigetio 1) The Limes Road left the Brigetio legionary camp from the eastern gate in a south-easterly direction. It followed roughly the modern country road in its course. Yet in the settlement area, about four kilometers northeast of the camp in the grounds of the High Imperial Legion pottery Kuruczdomb, was close to the banks of the Danube during the reign of Emperor Valentinian I. a burgus built, the moat had been washed away in his discovery already one-third. The station built on the Kurucdomb had a square floor plan with a side length of 10 meters. The masonry was 1.10 meters thick. As an obstacle to the approach, there was a square, around 10 meter wide ditch around the Burgus, which covered an area of ​​70 × 70 meters. The Burgus was first mentioned by Paulovics and partially excavated in autumn 1934. The archaeologist was able to prove that the pottery, which was located around 70 meters further south, had been leveled before the construction of the Burgus, which was what gave rise to today's Kurucdomb hill, formed from the rubble.
2 Almásfüzitő-Perjéspuszta (Burgus Brigetio 2) Paulovics probed another tower under farm buildings. The corresponding buildings of the Perjéspuszta were demolished again in the 20th century.
2 Burgus Brigetio 3 The following Burgus was discovered by Radnóti west of the oil refinery on a hill. So far, however, the finding has not been verified.
2 Iža -Leányvár (Burgus Brigetio 4) The archaeologists Titus Kolník and Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) were able to determine another Burgus on the northern bank of the Danube in the Barbaricum in 1957. The post was built around two kilometers east of the Celamantia bridgehead fort. When Gábor Bertók and Soproni wanted to find the place again in 1994 after decades, they found that the Czechoslovak army had meanwhile destroyed the station during their military exercises on the Hungarian border.
2 Almásfüzitő This is followed by the Almásfüzitő fort .

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The archaeological sites of Brigetio as well as all other Limes facilities belong to the nationally valuable cultural property according to § 3.1. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • László Barkóczi: The dated glass finds from the 2nd century by Brigetio. In: Folia Archaeologica. 18, 1968, pp. 67-89.
  • László Barkóczi: The dated glass finds from the 3-4. Century by Brigetio. In: Folia Archaeologica. 19, 1968, pp. 59-86.
  • László Barkóczi: On the late Roman history of Brigetios. In: Folia Archaeologica , 13, 1961, pp. 95-115.
  • László Barkóczi: Római díszsisak Szőnyből - Brigetio's Roman parade helmet. In: Folia Archaeologica , 6, 1954, pp. 95-115.
  • Tamás Bezeczky: New amphora finds from Brigetio. In: Antaeus. Announcements from the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 24, 1997/98, pp. 65-72.
  • Éva B. Bónis : Brigetio's “Gerhát” pottery district. In: Folia Archaeologica , 30, 1979, pp. 99-155.
  • Éva B. Bónis: The pottery district on the Kurucdomb of Brigetio. In: Folia Archaeologica , 28, 1977, pp. 105-142.
  • Éva B. Bónis: Vessel depot in the pottery district of the military town of Brigetio. In: Folia Archaeologica. 27, 1976, pp. 73-88.
  • Éva B. Bónis: The striped ceramic from Brigetio. In: Folia Archaeologica , 21, 1970, pp. 71-90.
  • Éva B. Bónis: Enamelled Palästra devices from Brigetio. In: Folia Archaeologica , 27, 1968, pp. 25-58.
  • László Borhy, Dávid Bartusm, Emese Számadó: The bronze tablet of Philip the Arab from Brigetio . In: László Borhy u. a. (Ed.): Studia Archaeologica Nicolae Szabó LXXV annos nato dedicate , Budapest 2015, pp. 25–42.
  • László Borhy: The legio XI Claudia in the Pannonian Brigetio (Komárom / Szőny, Hungary) . In: Studia Epigraphica Pannonica 4, 2012, pp. 23-36.
  • László Borhy: COREG, Legio VII Claudia, Ala I Contariorum milliaria civium Romanorum. New information on Brigetio's military history. Spolia from a stone box grave from the Gerhát burial ground . In: Studia Celtica Classica et Romana Nicolae Szabó septuagesimo dedicata . Budapest 2010, pp. 65-77.
  • László Borhy: Thoughts on a Greek coin from Brigetio. In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae , 57, 2006, pp. 225ff.
  • László Borhy: Brigetio. Results of the excavations carried out between 1992 and 1998 (municipality, legion camp, canabae, burial grounds). In: Situla , 42, 2004, pp. 231-251.
  • László Borhy: Aeternae Quieti Perpetuae Securitati. A sarcophagus find from Brigetio. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy. 130, 2000, pp. 253-256 ( PDF ).
  • László Borhy: Selected instrumenta inscripta Latina from Brigetio (Fo Komárom / Szőny-Vásártér). In: Epigraphica I. Studies in Epigraphy , 6, Debrecen 2000. pp. 31-38.
  • László Borhy, Emese Számadó: Instrumenta inscripta Latina from Brigetio. In: Antaeus , 24, 1999, pp. 95-115.
  • Rudolf Egger : From the life of the Danube-country fortified farmers . In: Austrian Academy of Sciences. Anzeiger der philosophisch-historical Klasse 86 (1949), pp. 1–26.
  • Gabriella Fényes: Studies on ceramic production in Brigetio. In: Acta Archaeologica , 54, 2003, pp. 101-163.
  • Gabriella Fényes: Research on Brigetio's ceramics trade. In: Munster Contributions to Ancient Trading History , 22, 2, 2003, pp. 85-109.
  • Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976.
  • Attila Kiss: Finds from the 5-6. Century in the area of ​​Brigetio. In: Folia Archaeologica , 32, 1981, pp. 191-210.
  • Barnabás Lőrincz: To build the legion camp of Brigetio. In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae , 27, 1975, pp. 343-352.
  • István Paulovics : A szönyi törvenytabla / La table de privilèges de Brigetion . In: Archaeologica Hungarica 20, Budapest 1936.
  • Sándor Petényi: Newer Germanic statues from Brigetio. In: Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae , 1993, pp. 57-62.
  • Erwin Pochmarski : On the iconography and chronology of the Roman sarcophagi from Brigetio. In: Files of the 6th International Colloquium on Problems of Provincial Roman Art . Budapest Történeti Múzeum, Budapest 1999, pp. 201-221.
  • Sándor Soproni : The stamp of the legio XIV gemina in Brigetio. In: Folia Archaeologica , 17, 1965, pp. 119-126.
  • János Szilágyi: Brigetio. In: The Little Pauly (KlP). Volume 1, Stuttgart 1964, Col. 945.
  • Endre Tóth : Early Byzantine lamp pendant from Brigetio. In: Folia Archaeologica , 28, 1977, pp. 143-156.
  • Endre Tóth:  Brigetio (Szőny) Komárom, Hungary . In: Richard Stillwell et al. a. (Ed.): The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1976, ISBN 0-691-03542-3 .
  • Zsolt Visy : The ripa Pannonica in Hungary . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 .
  • Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 .
  • Limes Museum Aalen: From Augustus to Attila. Life on the Hungarian Danube Limes . Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1541-3 ; In this:
    • Barnabás Lőrincz: Troop locations in the Hungarian part of Pannonia - Roman brick stamps. Pp. 45-47.
    • László Borhy: Roman ceiling painting from Brigetio. Pp. 92-94.

Web links

Commons : Brigetio  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Christine van Hoof: Valentinian I. (375-392) . In: Manfred Clauss (Ed.): The Roman Emperors. 55 historical portraits from Caesar to Justinian. 4th edition, Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60911-4 , p. 346.
  2. ↑ a b László Barkóczi, András Mócsy: The Roman Inscriptions of Hungary (RIU) . 2. Delivery. Salla, Mogentiana, Mursella, Brigetio. Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1976, ISBN 963-05-0680-7 , p. 89.
  3. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 53.
  4. ↑ Miloš Berkovics-Borota: The Bregätium camp of the Legio I Adjutrix, pia fidelis . In Austrian military magazine , Volume 4, 1885, pp. 177–205 ( full text online at Archive.org )
  5. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 54.
  6. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 56, fig. 42.
  7. ↑ a b c Klára Kuzmová , Ján Rajtár : Previous findings on the fortification of the Roman fort in Iža. In: Slovenská Archeológia . 34, 1986, pp. 185-222, here p. 198.
  8. ^ A b Gabriella Fényes: Investigations into the ceramic trade of Brigetio. In: Munster contributions to ancient trading history. 22, 2, 2003, pp. 85-109; here: p. 85.
  9. ↑ Notitia dignitatum; Occ. XXXIII 51.
  10. ↑ Vladimir Vlasak: The Roman camp of Rusovce-Gerulata. A contribution to localization and beginnings. In: Yearbook of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz 43. Verlag des Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums, 1998. pp. 531-589, here: p. 587.
  11. ↑ Brigetio cohort fort at 47 ° 44 ′ 13.98 ″  N , 18 ° 12 ′ 0.61 ″  E
  12. ↑ Thomas Fischer : Examples of the emergence of Roman cities in the north-west provinces . In: Gundolf Precht , Norbert Zieling (eds.): Genesis, structure and development of Roman cities in the 1st century AD. Lower and Upper Germany: Colloquium from February 17th to 19th, 1998 in the Xanten Regional Museum. (= Xantener reports , Volume 9), von Zabern, Mainz 2001, ISBN 3-8053-2752-8 , pp. 11-16; here: p. 14.
  13. ↑ AE 1971, 318 .
  14. ^ Tilmann Bechert : Roman camp gates and their building inscriptions. A contribution to the development and dating of imperial camp floor plans from Claudius to Severus Alexander. In: Bonner Jahrbücher 171, 1971, pp. 201–287; here: p. 235.
  15. ^ Zsolt Mráv: Hadrian's bridge building inscription from Poetovio. In: Communicationes archaeologicae Hungariae 2002, pp. 15–57; here: p. 34.
  16. ^ AE 1903, 218 .
  17. ^ Karl Strobel: Comments on the deployment of the Roman legions in Pannonia between 89 and 118 AD. In: Tyche. Contributions to ancient history, papyrology and epigraphy . 3, 1988, pp. 193-222; here: p. 204.
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 55.
  19. ↑ Klára Kuzmová, Ján Rajtár: Previous findings on the fortification of the Roman fort in Iža. In: Slovenská Archeológia . Vol. 34, 1986, pp. 185-222, here p. 206.
  20. ^ Tilmann Bechert : Roman camp gates and their building inscriptions. A contribution to the development and dating of imperial camp floor plans from Claudius to Severus Alexander. In: Bonner Jahrbücher 171 (1971), pp. 201–287; here: p. 236.
  21. ↑ a b c Emese Számadó, László Borhy: Brigetio Castra Legionis In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , p. 77.
  22. ^ Barnabas Lörincz: Troop locations in the Hungarian part of Pannonia - Roman brick stamps. In: From Augustus to Attila. Life on the Hungarian Danube Limes. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1541-3 , pp. 45-47; here: pp. 45–46.
  23. ^ A b Karl Strobel: Investigations into Trajan's Dacer Wars. Habelt, Bonn 1984, ISBN 3-7749-2021-4 , p. 85.
  24. ↑ AE 1940, 5 .
  25. ^ Karl Strobel: Investigations into the Dacer Wars Trajan. Habelt, Bonn 1984, ISBN 3-7749-2021-4 , p. 108.
  26. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Research Society Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 31.
  27. ↑ Barnabas Lörincz: 2000 p. 46.
  28. ↑ Notitia dignitatum; Occ. XXXIII, 28.
  29. ^ Karl Strobel: Investigations into the Dacer Wars Trajan. Habelt, Bonn 1984, ISBN 3-7749-2021-4 , p. 93.
  30. ↑ Thomas Franke: Legio XV Apollinaris under Traian in Egypt? In: Wolfgang Spickermann (Ed.): Rome, Germania and the Empire. Festschrift for Rainer Wiegels on the occasion of his 65th birthday. St. Katharinen 2005, ISBN 3-89590-159-8 , p. 322.
  31. ^ János Szilágyi : Roman garrisons stationed at the northern Pannonian-Quad frontier-sectors of the Empire In: Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 2, 1952, pp. 189-220; here p. 203.
  32. ^ Ortolf Harl: Vindobona, the Roman Vienna. Paul Zsolnay Verlag, Vienna, Hamburg 1979, ISBN 3-552-03111-1 , p. 52.
  33. ↑ CIL 3, 4319 .
  34. ↑ Florian Himmler, Heinrich Konen, Josef Löffl: Exploratio Danubiae. A reconstructed late antique river warship in the footsteps of Emperor Julian Apostate. Frank & Timme GmbH, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-86596-227-0 , p. 71.
  35. ↑ a b c d Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 . P.56.
  36. ^ László Barkóczi, András Mócsy: The Roman Inscriptions of Hungary (RIU) . 2. Delivery. Salla, Mogentiana, Mursella, Brigetio. Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1976, ISBN 963-05-0680-7 , p. 91.
  37. ↑ CIL 3, 10991 .
  38. ↑ Monika Hörig, Elmar Schwertheim : Corpus cultus Iovis Dolicheni (CCID). Brill, Leiden 1987, ISBN 90-04-07665-4 , p. 156.
  39. ↑ Monika Hörig, Elmar Schwertheim: Corpus cultus Iovis Dolicheni (CCID). Brill, Leiden 1987, ISBN 90-04-07665-4 , pp. 157-158.
  40. ↑ Monika Hörig, Elmar Schwertheim: Corpus cultus Iovis Dolicheni (CCID). Brill, Leiden 1987, ISBN 90-04-07665-4 , p. 161.
  41. ↑ Monika Hörig, Elmar Schwertheim: Corpus cultus Iovis Dolicheni (CCID). Brill, Leiden 1987, ISBN 90-04-07665-4 , pp. 164-165.
  42. ↑ Monika Hörig, Elmar Schwertheim: Corpus cultus Iovis Dolicheni (CCID). Brill, Leiden 1987, ISBN 90-04-07665-4 , p. 163.
  43. ↑ Péter Kiss, Réka Mladoniczki, Jörg Scheuerbrandt , Eszter Harsányi: The Colonia Claudia Savaria from the middle of the 1st to the 3rd century AD Colonia Claudia Savaria a Kr. U. 1. sz. közepe és a 3rd sz. között. In: On behalf of the eagle. A római sas szolgálatában. Publius Ferrasius Avitus. Book accompanying the German-Hungarian special exhibition 2012. ISBN 978-3-00-037759-4 . P. 90.
  44. ↑ Péter Kiss, Réka Mladoniczki, Jörg Scheuerbrandt, Eszter Harsányi: The Colonia Claudia Savaria from the middle of the 1st to the 3rd century AD Colonia Claudia Savaria a Kr. U. 1. sz. közepe és a 3rd sz. között. In: On behalf of the eagle. A római sas szolgálatában. Publius Ferrasius Avitus. Book accompanying the German-Hungarian special exhibition 2012. ISBN 978-3-00-037759-4 . P. 79.
  45. ^ Joan Piso: Municipium Vindobonense. In: Tyche. Contributions to ancient history, papyrology and epigraphy . 6, 1991, p. 156, footnote 131.
  46. ↑ Municipium Brigetio at 47 ° 44 '6.94 "  N , 18 ° 9' 36.36"  O
  47. ^ Géza Alföldy : Augustalen and Servir corporations in Pannonia. In: Acta antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 6, 1958, p. 433ff .; here p. 453.
  48. ↑ Zsolt Mráv , Katalin Ottományi : DE {I} FU (N) C (TUS) EXP (EDITIONE) GERM (ANICA) LAURI (ACO) MORT (E) SUA. Sarcophagus of a soldier from Budaörs who died during the Caracallas Alemannic expedition. In: Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 56, 2005, p. 190.
  49. ^ Lázló Barkóczi: The dated glass finds from the 2nd century by Brigetio. In: Folia Archaeologica. 18, 1968, pp. 67-89; here: p. 68.
  50. ↑ Günther Probszt : Austrian coin and history. From the beginning until 1918. Böhlau Verlag, Vienna a. a. 1973, p. 222.
  51. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 57.
  52. ↑ a b Kristina Adler-Wölfl: Pannonian glossy crockery from the auxiliary fort of Carnuntum. Austrian Archaeological Institute, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-900305-44-7 , p. 115.
  53. ↑ a b Péter Prohászka: Gazdag padmalyos női temetkezés Brigetio / Komárom-Szőny Gerhát temetőjéből. In: Folia archaeologica. 52, 2005/2006, pp. 79-107; here p. 105.
  54. ↑ Gabriella Fényes: Investigations into ceramic production in Brigetio. In: Acta Archaeologica. 54, 2003, pp. 101-163; here: p. 120.
  55. ^ Sándor Soproni: Municipium Halicanum. In: Folia archaeologica. 30, 1979, p. 99.
  56. ↑ Éva B. Bónis: Vessel depot in the pottery quarter of the military town of Brigetio. In: Folia Archaeologica. 27, 1976, pp. 73-88; here in particular: p. 87.
  57. ↑ Gabriella Fényes: Investigations into ceramic production in Brigetio. In: Acta Archaeologica. 54, 2003, pp. 101-163; here: pp. 101 and 137.
  58. ^ Klára Kuzmová: Spolia from Nové Zámky and their imperial and later architectural contexts. In: Slovenská archeológia. 45/1, 1997, pp. 35-82; here: p. 61.
  59. ^ András Graf: Overview of the ancient geography of Pannonia . Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 1936, p. 92 (Dissertationes Pannonicae I 5).
  60. ^ Edit B. Thomas : Martyres Pannoniae. In: Folia Archaeologica. 25, 1974, 1975, pp. 131-146; here: p. 144.
  61. ↑ András Mócsy: Pannonia Research 1973–1976. In: Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 29, 1977, pp. 373-401; here p. 396.
  62. ^ Dorottya Gáspár: Christianity in Roman Pannonia. An evaluation of Early Christian finds and sites from Hungary. Archaeopress, Oxford 2002, pp. 127-128.
  63. ^ András Graf: Overview of the ancient geography of Pannonia. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 1936, p. 91 (Dissertationes Pannonicae I 5).
  64. ^ László Borhy, Dávid Bartus, Emese Számadó: Philippus Arabs császár brigetiói törvénytáblája . In: Acta Archaeologica Brigetionensia 1 Vol. 7 (= A Komáromi Klapka György Múzeum Katalógusai 21), Klapka György Múzeum, Komárom 2015, p. 9.
  65. ^ Rudolf Egger: From the life of the Danube country fortified farmers . In: Austrian Academy of Sciences. Anzeiger der philosophisch-historical Klasse 86 (1949), pp. 1–26; here: p. 6.
  66. ^ András Graf: Overview of the ancient geography of Pannonia (= Dissertationes Pannonicae. I 5). Budapest 1936, p. 91. Konrad Kraft : Brigetio's tablet and the cessation of military diplomas. In: Germania. 28, 1944-1950, pp. 242-250; here: p. 250. Reprint in: ders .: Collected essays on ancient history and military history. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1973, pp. 152–160.
  67. ↑ AE 1937, 6 .
  68. ^ László Borhy, Dávid Bartus, Emese Számadó: Philippus Arabs császár brigetiói törvénytáblája . In: Acta Archaeologica Brigetionensia 1 Vol. 7 (= A Komáromi Klapka György Múzeum Katalógusai 21), Klapka György Múzeum, Komárom 2015, pp. 11-12.
  69. ↑ a b c László Borhy, Dávid Bartusm, Emese Számadó: The bronze tablet of Philip the Arab from Brigetio . In: László Borhy u. a. (Ed.): Studia Archaeologica Nicolae Szabó LXXV annos nato dedicate , Budapest 2015, pp. 25–42; here: p. 29.
  70. ↑ László Borhy, Dávid Bartusm, Emese Számadó: The bronze panel of the Act of Philip the Arab Brigetio . In: László Borhy u. a. (Ed.): Studia Archaeologica Nicolae Szabó LXXV annos nato dedicate , Budapest 2015, pp. 25–42; here: p. 27.
  71. ↑ László Borhy, Dávid Bartusm, Emese Számadó: The bronze panel of the Act of Philip the Arab Brigetio . In: László Borhy u. a. (Ed.): Studia Archaeologica Nicolae Szabó LXXV annos nato dedicate , Budapest 2015, pp. 25–42; here: p. 43.
  72. ↑ László Borhy, Dávid Bartusm, Emese Számadó: The bronze panel of the Act of Philip the Arab Brigetio . In: László Borhy u. a. (Ed.): Studia Archaeologica Nicolae Szabó LXXV annos nato dedicate , Budapest 2015, pp. 25–42; here: pp. 36–37.
  73. ↑ László Borhy, Dávid Bartusm, Emese Számadó: The bronze panel of the Act of Philip the Arab Brigetio . In: László Borhy u. a. (Ed.): Studia Archaeologica Nicolae Szabó LXXV annos nato dedicate , Budapest 2015, pp. 25–42; here: p. 41.
  74. ^ Edit B. Thomas: Helmets, shields, daggers. Studies of Roman-Pannonian weapons finds. Adolf M. Hakkert Verlag, Amsterdam 1971, pp. 11, 12.
  75. ^ László Barkóczi: Pannonian glass finds in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1988, ISBN 963-05-4286-2 , p. 218.
  76. ↑ Guido Libertini: Anfiteatri e teatri antichi di Ungheria. In: Dioniso 10, 1947, p. 109.
  77. ↑ Wolfgang Müller, Ursula Zimmermann: The period III in the auxiliary fort of Carnuntum. In: Files from the 8th Austrian Archaeological Day at the Institute for Classical Archeology at the University of Vienna from April 23 to 25, 1999. Phoibos Verlag, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-901232-28-1 , p. 163 (Wiener Forschungen zur Archäologie 4) .
  78. ↑ Emese Számadó, Lászlo Borhy: Brigetio Temporary Camps In: Zsolt Visy (Ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , p. 79.
  79. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 . Pp. 56-57.
  80. ↑ Route = numbering follows Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary (Theiss 1988) and Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. (Akadémiai Kiadó 2003).
  81. ↑ Burgus Brigetio 1 at 47 ° 44 '22.58 "  N , 18 ° 12' 40.27"  O
  82. ↑ a b c d e Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 38.
  83. ^ András Graf: Overview of the ancient geography of Pannonia. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 1936, p. 93 (Dissertationes Pannonicae I 5).
  84. ↑ Éva B. Bónis: The pottery quarter on the Kurucdomb of Brigetio. In: Folia Archaeologica. 28, 1977, pp. 105-142; here: p. 105.
  85. ↑ Burgus Brigetio 2 at 47 ° 43 '56.82 "  N , 18 ° 14' 26.35"  E
  86. ^ Frantisek Krizek: The Roman stations in the foreland of the Noric-Pannonian Limes. In: Studies on the military borders of Rome. Böhlau Verlag, Bonn 1967, p. 131ff; here: p. 134.