Almásfüzitő Castle

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Almásfüzitő Castle
Alternative name Azaum , Odiabum , Odiavum
limes Pannonian Limes
section 2
Dating (occupancy) a) Wood-earth camp: Trajanian  ?, possibly 101/105 AD
b) Stone fort : 150/155 AD
c) Small fort : post-Valentine until the early 5th century at the latest.
Type a) Alenkastell
b) Small fort
unit a) Ala I Bosporanorum
b) Ala III Augusta Thracum sagittaria
c) Equites Dalmatae
size a)?
b) 166 × 203 m = 3.37 ha
c) 32.8 × 32.5 m
Construction a) wood-earth
b) and c) stone
State of preservation The area was used industrially, then contaminated and has not been accessible since then.
place Almásfüzitő
Geographical location 47 ° 43 '39.4 "  N , 18 ° 16'38.2"  E
height 112  m
Previous Brigetio legionary camp (west)
Subsequently Crumerum Fort (east)
The location of the fortifications on the Upper Pannonian Danube Limes.

The Almásfüzitő fort ( Latin Azaum , Odiabum , inhabitant of Odiavense ) was a Roman military camp , the crew of which was responsible for security and surveillance tasks on the Limes Pannonicus along the Danube . The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. The remains of the fort discovered near the south bank were in the eastern part of the northern Hungarian municipality of Almásfüzitő in Komárom-Esztergom county . After the area was contaminated with highly toxic red mud from 1976 through the construction of a huge sedimentation basin , the area is now covered with humus following recultivation work.

location

Pre-Roman finds from the area around Almásfüzitő are known from the Copper Age to the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age . Traces of settlement from the Copper Age were also found directly under the Roman cultural layers . The fort planned by the ancient engineers was located between the Danube and today's road no. 10. On the other bank of the river, the Germanic tribe of the Quadi , which was often dangerous for Rome, owned their areas. He was the main focus of the Roman garrison. The military site was strategically well chosen on a high terrace in the landscape sloping gently towards the Danube. Old sources tell of swamps and waterways that shaped the land around Almásfüzitő. To the west of the terrace, from which the crew had a good all-round view, it was possible to look down on a higher-lying floodplain of the Danube. To the south and east, on the other hand, there was an even deeper zone that had been formed by the Altholocene river basin. The Fekete brook (Schwarzbach), which formerly flowed into the Danube east of the fort, served as a water supply. To the east and west of the ancient fortifications, today's country roads No. 1 and 10 run largely over the ancient road route, while they bypass the area around the fort in a southerly direction. This change of direction has nothing to do with the construction of an aluminum factory in the 20th century, which has since risen above the Roman structures, but can already be traced on historical maps. There was an ancient fork in the road southwest of the garrison, which is also still in use today. During the Roman era, a junction separated from the Limes road, which was important for military and trade, and ran in a large arc from west to south to the region of Tata, which was also inhabited in ancient times . The aqueduct that supplied water to the Brigetio legionary camp located just 6 kilometers west of Odiavum can also be traced from this city .

Research history

The Brigetio legionary camp in the center of the picture and its surrounding area on the Marsiglis map series published in 1726. The marshland begins south of the camp and is clearly delimited by the Roman dam at Almásfüzitő. The place name Dotis stands for Tata .

The stone-built Roman protective dam , located southwest of the fort and on which the Limes road ran in places, aroused the interest of scholars early on. The building was first drawn by the Italian officer and history buff Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658–1730) and subsequently described by several researchers. Since the 19th century there has also been a railway line in the area of ​​the intersection on the ancient embankment alongside the country road. The fort area with its visible wall bases and weir ditches remained intact until 1881, when the remains of the building were put out to tender for demolition. In 1930 one of Hungary's leading prehistoric archaeologists at the time , Lajos von Marton (1876–1934), visited the fort and found at least the trenches in a clearly visible state. An aerial photo from 1940 also clearly shows the late antique fort moat. As a result, the fort area and its surroundings remained relatively unused until 1976. But then the corridor was marked out for the expansion of a large aluminum plant and the Roman cultural layers near the Danube had to give way this year to one of several sedimentation basins, into which millions of cubic meters of red mud were then drained. The thickness of the layer of slag interspersed with iron, aluminum, arsenic and chromium in the basin on the fort square reaches an average of 15 meters. After the abandonment of the aluminum plant in 1997, the area is being recultivated today. The ongoing threatening environmental dangers, especially from the mud basin above the fort, have already been discussed in the press.

Until the fort and parts of the adjacent camp village ( vicus ) were destroyed, the archaeologists were only able to gain a very limited insight into the ancient cultural layers. Therefore, today's knowledge about the military facility is based on the excavation results of Ferenc Fülep (1919–1986) obtained between 1959 and 1960 , the emergency rescues carried out from 1971 to 1973 by Endre Bíró , the former director of the Kuny Domokos Megyei Múzeum in Tata, and with help from historical aerial photographs. The vicus , which is still accessible about 500 meters southwest of the fort, was scientifically examined in small-scale sections between 1998 and 2004 under the direction of Friderika Horváth (* 1970). In 2007 Horváth worked again in the camp village.

Surname

Facsimile of the important inscription for Almásfüzitő with the mention of Odiavens (ium) .

Two ancient variants of the name can be identified for the Roman fort town of Almásfüzitő. The Itinerarium Antonini , a directory of the most important Roman imperial roads from the 3rd century AD, names the place Azaum (Azao) and is in the Notitia dignitatum , a Roman state manual from the first half of the 5th century AD he as Odiabum (Odiabo) known. An altar for Jupiter and Juno found in 1972 as a spoil in the late antique remainder of the fort and now kept in Tata confirms the correct identification of this garrison for the inhabitants with the variant Odiavens (es) . Before the inscription was found, researchers agreed that Azaum must have been the correct and original form of the name, as the place was on the settlement area of ​​the local Azali tribe . Now there is also the possibility to see a variant of Odiabum in Azaum . More recent considerations by the archaeologist Horváth assume that the name Azaum could still come from a settlement of the azaleas that existed in the area of ​​the later fort during the Roman occupation of Pannonia in the early 1st century AD. This settlement, which has not yet been discovered, would have been replaced by a Roman foundation with the name Odiavum .

Building history

Principate

Wood-earth warehouse

During the uncovering of the south-western fan-shaped corner tower in 1959, Ferenc Fülep found traces of an early wood-earth camp under the later stone fort, but he was unable to date it. According to evidence from brick stamps that were discovered in the camp village from 1998, the camp was founded in all probability during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98–117). This is made clear by the so-called ATB stamps of the Ala I Bosporanorum ("1st cavalry unit of the Bosporians ") and the Legio XI Claudia Pia Fidelis , who was probably stationed in the nearby Brigetio in the narrowly limited period from 101 to 105 AD . These finds supported the temporal founding scenario, as it was set up by the epigraphist Barnabás Lőrincz (1951–2012), among others . The extent of the first fort is unknown, but as a cavalry garrison it will have had similar dimensions as the stone fort.

Stone fort

From the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117–138) until late antiquity, the Ala III Augusta Thracum sagittaria civium Romanorum ("3rd archery cavalry unit 'Augusta' of the Thracian Roman civil rights") can be proven as the regular crew for Almásfüzitő. The Thracians were also under Emperor Antoninus Pius built the 3.37-hectare stone fort (138-161). This is evidenced by a building inscription that was discovered in 1972 as a spoil in the late antique remainder of the fort:

[Im] p (eratori) Caes (ari) Divi
[Ha] dr (iani) f (ilio) Divi Tra (iani) Part (hici)
[ne] p (oti) Divi Nervae pro
[nep (oti)] T (ito) Ael (io) Hadr (iano) Antoni (no)
[A] ug (usto) Pio p (atri) p (atriae) pontif (ici) max (imo) trib (unicia)
[pot (estate) --- c] o (n) s (uli) IIII sub C (aio) Cl (audio) Maxi-
[mo leg (ati) Aug (usti) pr (o) pr (aetore) ala III] Aug (usta) Thr (acum)
[say (ittaria) ---]

By naming the then Upper Pannonian governor Gaius Claudius Maximus , the creation of the inscription can be assigned to the years around 150 to 155 AD.

The 166 × 203 meter (= 3.37 hectare) fortress erected at that time, with its northeast-oriented praetorial front, the narrow side facing the expected enemy, was oriented precisely towards the Danube flowing by to the north. The complex had the rectangular floor plan with rounded corners (playing card shape) typical for the Principate's time . In addition to the corner towers placed there, the fortification had 6 intermediate towers on both flanks and 4 intermediate towers on the two narrow sides, two of which were excavated, the structures of which leaned directly against the inside of the surrounding wall. The stone fence consisted of a 2.2 meter thick wall, which was preceded by two double pointed trenches, each 3.5 meters wide. Behind the defensive wall, inside the camp, an earth ramp was built from the material from the trenches. In addition to its use as a wall reinforcement, it was also used as a battlement. Fülep was able to prove this ramp in several places on the west side of the fort between the Via sagularis (Lagerringstrasse) and the stone wall. It was made of yellow and black lawn bricks.

It was only after the reign of Emperor Mark Aurel (161–180), but more likely under Emperor Caracalla (211–217), that the four single-lane gates of the camp, which opened to the cardinal points, were each given two flanking, almost square gate towers (6 × 6.5 meters), which protruded around 0.80 meters from the outer structure of the defensive wall. A similar structural finding could also be observed at the Intercisa fort . There, the stone extension of the towers was associated with Caracalla's stay in Pannonia in 214. The circumference of the gate towers is given as 6 × 6.5 meters, the inner area was 3.5 × 3.7 meters. The via principalis , which connected the west gate with the east gate, was 9 meters wide.

During a second construction phase in the 3rd century, the northern gate tower of the Porta principalis sinistra , the western gate of the fort, was enlarged to the east towards the interior of the camp, but at the same time the gate itself was closed with a straight wall. The sense of this measure can no longer be understood today, but similar gate locks also occur at other Limes forts in this era. One of the two entrances to the Porta principalis sinistra at the Raetian Fort Pfünz was also walled up.

An inscription recovered in 1972, which was created during the reign of Emperor Maximinus Thrax (235–238) and was installed as a spoil in the late antique small fort, indicates that construction work was taking place in the fort area at that time. However, due to the later misappropriation, the original location of the inscription and the construction task associated with it can no longer be recognized. The rectangular plaque intended for the inscription only has a chiseled line in its center: Ala III Thrac [um Maximiniana], whereby the honorary name Maximiniana was erased after the death of Maximinus Thrax in the course of the Damnatio memoriae . Above and below the carved name of the cavalry there would be space for several lines of text; however, he remained free.

Late antiquity

Post-Valentian remnant fort
Remodeling

At a time that cannot be precisely determined during the first half of the 4th century, mighty fan-shaped tower buildings with a rounded front (horseshoe shape) were built instead of the previous square corner towers. Towers of this type are typical of fortifications in late antiquity; they are seen on many types of garrison along the Pannonian Danube Limes and can be attributed to a more or less long, coherently organized building campaign. Since the mighty fan-shaped towers pushed themselves far beyond the fort's defensive wall in the area of ​​the innermost double trench, this was filled in. This made it necessary to dig a new, single trench, which was now 10 to 12 meters away from the defensive wall. A coin found at the Lower Pannonian Fort Baracspuszta, which was minted during the reign of Emperor Constantine II (337–340), is considered to be evidence of the earliest date of these renovations.

Another construction phase included the addition of three gates to the fort, with only the Porta Praetoria , the northern main gate, being kept free. For the closure, a U-shaped front wall arched around 0.80 meters or a correspondingly designed tower that attached to the two gate towers was built. There are several parallels at the Limes Pannonicus for this measure as well . In 2005, a total of 50 stamped bricks from the then Supreme Commander of the Province, Terentius dux , were found in the rubble of such a front wall in Baracspuszta . Valentinian stamps also emerged from the ground during the rescue excavations in Almásfüzitő in the early 1970s.

Small fort (remaining fort)

In the post-Valentine era, most of the garrison area was abandoned and a diamond-shaped, 32.8 × 32.5 small fort with 2.2 meters wide, heavily mortared enclosing walls was built in the northwest corner, which Bíró examined. The walls inside this fortification were designed much narrower at 0.50 meters and built "with weak mortar". Similar developments are known from other Roman military sites along the Danube, such as Dunabogdány and Eining . In contrast to these remaining fortifications, the small fortification of Almásfüzitő did not take over the walls of the previous fortifications, but was created completely autonomously. Spolia from the fort and vicus were used as building material . Bíró was able to differentiate between 3 different renovation phases within the small fort, which raise many open questions about the later use of the facility. As the Notitia dignitatum mentions, there was a unit of the Equites Dalmatae ( Dalmatian riders).

Troop

The following units replaced each other at this location in the order given:

Time position Troop name comment
AD 101–118 / 119 Ala I Bosporanorum The 1st cavalry unit of the Bosporians was in Syria under Emperor Augustus (30 BC – 14 AD). According to Lőrincz, the troops built the wood and earth camp of Almásfüzitő in AD 101. Later the Ala can be found in Dacia.
from 118/119 AD Ala III Augusta Thracum sagittaria civium Romanorum The 3rd archery cavalry unit of the Thracians has been demonstrable in the Syrian army since the year 88 AD at the latest. Subsequently, the troops were relocated to Pannonia and took up quarters in the Upper Pannonian provincial capital Carnuntum between 101 and 118/119 . From Hadrian until late antiquity, the troops in Almásfüzitő can be identified as a regular crew. The Ala also built the stone fort. During the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161), the riders took part in his Moorish campaign in North Africa and then returned to their Pannonian quarters. As an inscription from AD 252, described below, attests to the fact that the Thracians were still the occupation forces at that time. A now lost votive altar was dedicated to the genius of a tower (squadron) of the Ala.
4th century Equites Dalmatae The use of a unit of Dalmatian riders is known from the Notitia dignitatum .

A secondary Jupiter altar built into the late antique fort was recovered in 1972. It came from the years 293 to 305 AD and is therefore one of the rarer late antique military inscriptions from the Pannonian Danube Limes.

[I (ovi) o (ptimo)] m (aximo)
[pro sa] lute dd (ominorum)
[nn (ostrorum) D] iocletian [i]
[et] Maximiniani
[Au] gg (ustorum) Co (n) stanti
[e] t Maximian [i]
nobiliss (imorum) Caes [s (arum)]
[-] Vitalis tr [i] / bun (us) p (rae) p (ositus) lanci [a (riorum)]

Translation: “For Jupiter, the best and greatest for the salvation of our lords, the emperors Diocletian and Maximian (as well as) the very noble Caesars Constantine and Maximinus Daia . (The stone was erected by) ... Vitalis, the commander ( Tribunus praepositus ) of the lance bearers. "

Why the Lanciarii stayed in Almásfüzitő is unknown. They may have been operating in the area in a military context.

The first general of the province ( Dux ) , the knight Aurelius Ianuarius, left a consecration to Jupiter in Almásfüzitő:

I (ovi) O (ptimo) M (aximo)
Aur (elius) Ian-
uarius t (ribunus)
Bat (avorum) v (ir) p (erfectissimus) dux
p (ro) s (alute) s (ua) v (otum) m (erito) l (ibens) s (olvit)
dd (ominis) nn (ostris) VIII et VII Augg (ustis) co (n) ss (ulibus)
the Id (uum) Iul (iorum)

Translation: “For Jupiter, the best and greatest. Aurelius Ianuarius, commander of the Batavians (Tribunus Batavorum) , vir perfectissimus, dux , gladly and for a fee honored his vows for his salvation. July 15, 303. "

In the French specialist literature in particular, the abbreviation PSS was cited in the 5th line with P (annoniae) S (ecundae) S (aviae) . This translation is based on the first publication published by Theodor Mommsen in 1875 . Today, however, neither the Hungarian experts nor the Heidelberg Epigraphic Database follow this consideration.

Vicus

The Danube at Almásfüzitő.

As the investigations by Biró have already shown, the camp village, which was obviously built according to plan, surrounded the fort on all sides. The remains of wall paintings that were recovered from 1998 bear witness to a certain prosperity of the later residents.

The areas of the vicus, which were still accessible after the construction of the industrial plants, already had largely disturbed Roman cultural layers at an average height of 0.30 to 0.40 meters. In the best case, the total thickness of these layers could be 1.0 to 1.5 meters.

The excavations in the camp village, which was built in several phases, show that the early settlement consisted of rounded pit houses . These belonged to the indigenous population of the Illyrian azaleas. One of them contained a brick stamp of the Legio XI Claudia Pia Fidelis in 1998 , who was probably stationed in Brigetio from 101 to 105 AD . This supported the temporal founding scenario, as it had set up, among others, Lőrincz. The earliest Terra Sigillata that was recovered in this layer came from a northern Italian workshop. These products are dated between 80 and 110 AD. The oldest coin recovered until 2004 was a silver denarius from the reign of Emperor Vespasian (69–79). The continuous flow of money began in the vicus of Almásfüzitő, however, only in the Trajanic-Hadrianic period.

Other Roman buildings

The huge red mud basin in the area of ​​the ancient garrison location covers other Roman Limes facilities. In addition to parts of the vicus , these include a late Roman burgus on the Puszta hill, the embankment of the Limes road with the bridge over the Fekete brook and the Roman route from the east gate to the junction with the Limes road with an associated additional bridge construction.

Protective dam

The area around Almásfüzitő with Brigetio on the map of Samuel Mikovíny in the 1740s.
The Szőny fulling mill by the Fekete brook. The ancient hydraulic structure with its confluence with the stream - today in the area of ​​the Szőny-Füzitő Canal - is clearly shown here.

The dam protecting the fort and its vicus in the southwest and south of the Roman settlement was examined by scholars early on . With this structure, which is at least partially made of stone, the Romans strongly influenced the water level for centuries. The aim of this construction measure was to keep the garrison and its infrastructure dry. In addition, the problem of the road layout in the swampy region could be solved. The dyke system, which was accompanied by drainage trenches , most likely had two feeders. One was located on today's Szőny-Füzitő Canal, the other was touched from 1747 by the Mikoviny Canal, which was built at that time and which reached quite close to the eastern vicus area. The eventual outflow into the Danube was to the west of the Roman settlement. The eastern area of ​​the dam has already been documented in detail by Marsigli. He had two drainage ditches set in stone, between which a wall made of stone blocks rose. In the area where the Limes Road reached the low-lying Altholocene Danube basin, it was continued on the dam. At the ancient crossroads to Tata, the branching off road continued on the main branch of the dike, while the actual Limes road continued north-east on the drained ground. After the Romans withdrew from Pannonia - at the latest in the first third of the 5th century - the building fell into disrepair, but remained in good condition for many centuries. In the 18th century it formed the field between the constantly controversial Szőny and Almás landowners. In 1747 the engineer Samuel Mikovíny was commissioned by Empress Maria Theresa to drain the marshes around Tata. The engineer first mapped the area with the ancient dam before starting his work, which also resulted in the demolition of the Roman structure, with a number of cuboids being reused.

Important finds

Fort

Despite some important finds - such as the already mentioned inscriptions - the fort area could not be saved in the 1970s. The masked helmet of a Roman rider was recovered from a layer of fire at the Porta praetoria in the interior, which was little known until then . In addition, a life-size ponytail made of sheet bronze was found in the camp, which could have belonged to an imperial equestrian statue.

The consecration stone for Jupiter and Juno, which was created between AD 198 and 209 and was mentioned above, is important for the local history, as it gives the ancient name of the settlement:

[I (ovi) o (ptimo)] m (aximo) et Iun (oni) Reg (inae)
p (ro) s (alute) dd (ominorum) nn (ostrorum) Augg (ustorum)
sac (rum) col (legium) fabr (um)
Odiavens (ium)
v (otum) s (olvit) l (ibens) m (erito)

Translation: “For Jupiter, the best, greatest and for Juno, the queen, for the salvation of our imperial master. The sacred association of the municipal fire brigade of the Odiavensians has gladly redeemed its vows for a fee. "

In honor of the emperor Maximinus Thrax, from whose time the building inscription from the fort also comes from, the Ala III Augusta Thracum erected a statue - here with the honorary name Maximiniana given by Maximinus - to which the honorary inscription, which was built in 1972 in the late antique remainder of the fort belonged to. The name of the later damned emperor is not erased on this inscription.

Time-lane can be a statue base with an honorary inscription for Emperor Trebonianus Gallus which the Ala III Augusta Thracum - here with the Gallus and his son Volusianus conferred honorary name Galliana Volusiana set up in the year 252 AD in the castle -...

Vicus and burial ground

The oldest civil buildings, some of which were built as pit houses , date from the end of the 1st and beginning of the 2nd century AD. The buildings with stone foundations can be assigned to the Severan dynasty (193–235). The excavations revealed paved roads within the settlement area. During the second half of the 4th century, parts of the vicus were abandoned and a burial ground was built in its place. In addition to everyday objects such as a cube made of bone and a small perfume vial , a silver brooch decorated with green enamel and gilded showing a sitting bird was found during the excavations between 1998 and 2004, in addition to the brick stamps already mentioned .

In a late antique male grave of the 4th century, a bronze onion button fibula with niello inlays was found during the excavations between 1998 and 2004 . These fibulae were typical garments of the Roman military in the late Roman period.

Milestones

In 1966 a milestone was discovered in Almásfüzitő by the emperors Pupienus and Balbinus , who ruled in 238 AD . The 1.92 meter high stone was built by the Legio I Adiutrix pia fidelis barracked in Brigetio and measured 2 Roman miles from the Upper Pannonian capital Brigetio. The legion's nickname Pupiena Balbina Gordiana , which is also mentioned in the inscription , proves that this army recognized the new emperors. Another milestone was set up during the reigns of the emperors Valerianus (256-258) and Gallienus (253-268) in AD 257 and also measured 2 Roman miles from Brigetio.

Lost property

The most important finds from the excavations have been brought to the Kuny Domokos Megyei Múzeum in the castle of Tata. A selection of finds from the excavations in the camp village, which has been ongoing since 1998, can be viewed in the municipal library in Almásfüzitő at Fekete István Park. Some stone monuments were also brought to Komárom in the lapidarium belonging to the Klapka György Múzeum at Fort Igmándi, or they came to the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest .

Limes course from Almásfüzitő Fort to Tokod Fort

Traces of the Limes structures between Almásfüzitő and Tokod
route Name / place Description / condition
2 Neszmély , Kalinhegy (Burgus Odiavum 4) The earliest reference to a Roman building on the Kalinhegy elevation dates from 1887. In 1954, Klára Póczy (1923–2008) and Ilona Czeglédy dug the double moat of this watchtower on the Kalinhegy elevation. The small, round structure was surrounded by three triangular trenches. In the middle of the remains of the watchtower, the archaeologists found finds that can be dated to the 4th century, including several coins from the reign of Emperors Constantius II (337–361) and Valens (364–378). A re-excavation took place in 1997 under the direction of Zsolt Visy . He found only smaller amounts of rubble and broken bricks in a 50 centimeter thick layer of culture , but the foundations of the construction, possibly made of wood, were no longer determined. The approximate dimensions of the trenches at the two best preserved trenches were 51 × 98 meters and 27 × 40 meters in total length and width.
2 Neszmély (Burgus Odiavum 5) A well-known Iron Age earthwork and prehistoric burial mounds are located near the site in the border area with the municipality of Süttő . Based on aerial photographs, it can be assumed that a Roman watchtower stood on a loess hill south of highway 10. Ceramics that were found on the surface allow an assignment of the aerial image structures as a Roman tower site. The place is at the east end of the campsite Éden across the street. From the hill, the Roman guards had a good view over the Danube into the Barbaricum . The tower was surrounded by two oval trenches, the long side of which was oriented from the southeast to the northwest. The dimensions of the trenches were approximately 36 × 45 meters and 17 × 23 meters.

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. As archaeological sites according to § 3.1, all Limes facilities belong to the nationally valuable cultural property. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Friderika Horváth: Egy ritka emailos fibula Almásfüzitő vicusából (A rare enamel fibula from the vicus of Almásfüzitő). In: Archaeologiai Értesítő 132/1, Budapest 2007. pp. 295–304.
  • Friderika Horváth: The Roman settlement ceramics in the vicus of Almásfüzitő (Odiavum / Azaum) based on an early imperial pit. (= Xantener reports , Volume 13), Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003, pp. 206-240.
  • Friderika Horváth: Terra Sigillata from the SW fort vicus Azaum / Odiavum from the years 1998-2000. In: Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth (ed.): Pannonica. Provincialia et Archaeologia. Studia sollemnia auctorum Hungarorum. Festschrift for Jenő Fitz . Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, pp. 139–196.
  • István Viczián I., Friderika Horváth: Brigetio (Ószőny) - Azaum (Almásfüzitő) limesszakaszának római kori emlékei a terület geomorfológiai viszonyainak tükrében. In: György Füleky (ed.): A táj változásai a Kárpát-medencében. Víz a tájban. Gödöllő 2005, pp. 223–226.
  • Zsolt Visy : The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , pp. 65-66.

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Friderika Horváth: The auxiliary fort Odiavum in Almásfüzitő. In: Specimina nova dissertationum ex Institutio Historiae Antiquae et Archaeologiae Universitatis Quinqueecclesiensis. Vol. 1, No. 13. Pécs 2009, pp. 15-20; here p. 15.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Friderika Horváth: Almásfüzitő római kori múltjának kutatásairól. In: Ókor 2006/1. Szám. Pp. 82-85; here p. 82.
  3. ↑ a b Friderika Horváth: The auxiliary fort Odiavum in Almásfüzitő. In: Specimina nova dissertationum ex Institutio Historiae Antiquae et Archaeologiae Universitatis Quinqueecclesiensis. Vol. 1, No. 13. Pécs 2009. pp. 15-20; here p. 18.
  4. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 60.
  5. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 60 (aerial photo).
  6. ↑ a b c d e Friderika Horváth: The auxiliary fort Odiavum in Almásfüzitő. In: Specimina nova dissertationum ex Institutio Historiae Antiquae et Archaeologiae Universitatis Quinqueecclesiensis. Vol. 1, No. 13. Pécs 2009. pp. 15-20; here p. 17.
  7. ^ Diepresse.com: Andreas Tröscher: Poisonous sludge: The Red Sea of ​​Almasfüzito. Article from October 1, 2011, accessed February 7, 2016.
  8. ↑ a b c d Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 59.
  9. ↑ a b c Friderika Horváth: The auxiliary fort Odiavum in Almásfüzitő. In: Specimina nova dissertationum ex Institutio Historiae Antiquae et Archaeologiae Universitatis Quinqueecclesiensis. Vol. 1, No. 13. Pécs 2009. pp. 15-20; here p. 20.
  10. ↑ Itinerarium Antonini 246.3.
  11. ↑ a b Notitia dignitatum, Occ. XXXIII 29.
  12. ^ Péter Kovács , Barnabás Lőrincz : New Latin inscriptions from Komárom-Esztergom County I. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy . Volume 174, 2010, p. 282, No. 5 (not viewed). Altar for Jupiter and Juno data sheet at Ubi erat lupa , accessed February 7, 2016.
  13. ↑ After a personal autopsy at the altar by András Mócsy not Odiavenes , as published in RIU (Die Roman Insschriften Ungarns) , 1981, p. 13. See András Mócsy: Pannonia and the Roman Army. Selected essays. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-515-06103-7 . P. 172.
  14. ↑ a b c d Endre Bíró in: Jenő Fitz (Hrsg.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976. p. 39.
  15. ^ András Mócsy: Pannonia and the Roman army. Selected essays. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-515-06103-7 . P. 172.
  16. ^ A b Sándor Soproni : Contributions to the question of the list of Valeria of the Notitia Dignitatum In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 26, Budapest 1974, pp. 59-70; here: p. 62.
  17. ↑ a b c Friderika Horváth: The auxiliary fort Odiavum in Almásfüzitő. In: Specimina nova dissertationum ex Institutio Historiae Antiquae et Archaeologiae Universitatis Quinqueecclesiensis. Vol. 1, No. 13. Pécs 2009, pp. 15-20; here p. 16.
  18. ^ Péter Kovács, Barnabás Lőrincz: New Latin inscriptions from Komárom-Esztergom County I. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy. Bonn 2010. p. 277 ff .; here p. 278 No. 1. Honorary inscription for C. Iulius Verus Maximus , data sheet from Ubi erat lupa , accessed on February 7, 2016.
  19. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 101.
  20. ^ Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0351-2 , p. 99.
  21. ^ Péter Kovács, Barnabás Lőrincz: New Latin inscriptions from Komárom-Esztergom county. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy. 174 , Bonn 2010. pp. 277–287, here: p. 279. Building inscription of an Ala data sheet from Ubi erat lupa , accessed on February 7, 2016.
  22. ↑ Endre Tóth : Group C. Fortifications with fan-shaped corner and U-shaped intermediate towers. In: Endre Tóth: The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. Archaeologiai Értesitő 134. Budapest 2009, p. 44.
  23. ↑ Endre Tóth: The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. Archaeologiai Értesitő 134. Budapest 2009, p. 52.
  24. ↑ Axel Gebhardt: Imperial politics and provincial development. Studies on the relationship between emperors, armies and cities in Syria in the pre-Severe period (= Klio, contributions to ancient history. Supplements. NF, volume 4). Akademieverlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-05-003680-X , p. 27.
  25. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Research Society of Vienna City Archeology. Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 49.
  26. ↑ CIL 16, 35 .
  27. ↑ Axel Gebhardt: Imperial politics and provincial development. Studies on the relationship between emperors, armies and cities in Syria in the pre-Severe period (= Klio, contributions to ancient history. Supplements. NF, volume 4). Akademieverlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-05-003680-X , p. 62.
  28. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Research Society of Vienna City Archeology. Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 50.
  29. ↑ a b CIL 3, 4270 .
  30. ↑ CIL 3, 13438 .
  31. ^ Péter Kovács, Barnabás Lőrincz: New Latin inscriptions from Komárom-Esztergom county. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy. 174 , Bonn 2010. pp. 277–287, here: p. 281. Altar for Jupiter , data sheet from Ubi erat lupa , accessed on February 7, 2016.
  32. ^ Péter Kovács : The Late Roman Army in Pannonia. In: Acta antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 44/1. Budapest 2004, pp. 115-122; here: p. 116.
  33. ↑ CIL 3, 10981 .
  34. ↑ z. E.g. Émilienne Demougeot: La formation de l'Europe et les invasions barbaren. Vol. 2. Aubier, 1969, p. 48, footnote 120.
  35. ^ Theodor Mommsen: Additamenta ad corporis volumen III. In: Ephemeris Epigraphica. Volume 2, 1875, p. 423, No. 884 ( online ); so also the publication in CIL 3, 10981 .
  36. ↑ Heidelberg Epigraphic Database .
  37. ^ Péter Kovács, Barnabás Lőrincz: New Latin inscriptions from Komárom-Esztergom county. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy. 174 , Bonn 2010. pp. 277–287, here: p. 280. Honorary inscription for C, Iulius Verus Maximus , data sheet from Ubi erat lupa , accessed on February 7, 2016.
  38. ↑ Vicus Almásfüzitő at 47 ° 43 '40.94 "  N , 18 ° 16' 13.91"  O .
  39. ↑ Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 297.
  40. ↑ a b Fanni Dénes: A régmúlt árnyai - régészet a fotóművészetben. In: Balogh Margit (ed.): Diszciplínák határain inside és túl. (Fiatal kutatók fóruma 2/2006). Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (MTA), Budapest 2007, ISBN 978-963-508-547-7 , pp. 299-307; here p. 302
  41. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz, Emese Számadói: A milestone of the senate emperors Pupienus and Balbinus from Pannonia. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy. Volume 101, 1994, pp. 205-207 ( PDF, online ). AE 1994, 1395 .
  42. ^ AE 2004, 1127
  43. ↑ Route = numbering follows Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary (Theiss 1988) and Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. (Akadémiai Kiadó 2003)
  44. ↑ Burgus Odiavum 4 at 47 ° 44 '22.78 "  N , 18 ° 23' 38.94"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 293.
  45. ↑ Mátyás Weninger: Duna-almási régészeti lelhelyekről (About the archaeological sites near Dunaalmás). In: József Hampel (Ed.): Archaeologiai Értesítő , 7, 1887, p. 178.
  46. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 41.
  47. ↑ Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 293.
  48. ↑ Burgus Odiavum 5 at 47 ° 44 '40.2 "  N , 18 ° 24' 32.11"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 290.