Tokod Castle

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Tokod Castle
Alternative name Gardellaca? / Cardabiaca?
limes Pannonian Limes
section 2
Dating (occupancy) Valentinian (368/375 AD)
to 1st third of the 5th century (coins of Honorius, 395–423)
size 122 × 140 × 115 × 145 m
Construction stone
State of preservation The foundations of the stone buildings lying in the open ground are largely preserved.
place Tokod
Geographical location 47 ° 43 '37.1 "  N , 18 ° 40' 35.8"  E
height 134  m
Previous Crumerum Fort (northwest)
Subsequently Esztergom Castle (Solva) (northeast)
The location of the late antique fortifications on the Upper Pannonian Danube Limes
The preserved and partially reconstructed remains of the fort

The Tokod Fort was a late Roman military camp , the crew of which was responsible for security and surveillance tasks on the Limes Pannonicus along the Danube. The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. The remains of the fort discovered around 2.5 kilometers south of the river are now located in a corridor in the northern Hungarian village of Tokod in Komárom-Esztergom County . The complex, located near today's Kossuth-Lajos-Straße, is a prime example of late antique fortification. For the first time in Hungary, the survival of the partially Romanized population up to the 5th century could be observed.

location

The stone-built fort was built to the south-east of a crossing point of the Limes Road running along the Danube. Its very well developed route connected the fortifications along the Roman imperial border and was used as an army and trade route. At the crossroads between the Crumerum and Esztergom (Solva) castles , which were built directly on the river , a connecting road coming up from Budapest ( Aquincum ) from the south-east met the Danube, which bypassed the Pilis Mountains east of Tokod in the south and thus the route for Long-distance travelers shortened, as they could save the trip across the Danube Bend. The fortification of Tokod was built on a slight elevation that descends to the north. At an angle from northwest to east, the fort crew had a good view of the area facing the river running north. Immediately south of the fortification, the land rose to the 455-meter-high Gete, which, with its partly steep slopes, represents a landmark that can be seen from afar.

To the east of the fort lies a south-east-north-west facing valley. Until the end of the 1970s there was a spring here that fed a stream. The mining operations in Tokod have since dried up this stream.

Research history

The fort from the south with the U-shaped large tower on the Dekuman side

Before the emergence of the civil Roman settlement of Tokod, people had already settled here in the Neolithic and again in the Late Iron Age , most recently a group of Celts . The Tokod area has been known for its Roman finds since the 19th century. The first known, but undocumented excavation in the fort area took place in 1894. Since there was not only a late antique fortress here, but also a civilian settlement with a burial ground, which was founded much earlier, the former locations of these mostly poorly documented, sparse early finds are difficult to determine. A threat to research was the ongoing mining of the Tokod brown coal seams , which also destroyed ancient buildings. The first investigations took place from 1924 to 1926 and 1959. Subsequently, the castle was completely surrendered by the archaeologist András Mócsy between 1960 and 1969. After the excavations, the stone remains were largely preserved for posterity and are freely accessible. A mine dump that was poured over the western corner of the fortress at the end of the 19th century made the excavation of this section impossible. According to Mócsy, the fact that the fort of Tokod was not included in the troop list of the Notitia Dignitatum , a Roman state manual , could be due to the fact that this complex was not yet completed when the writing was written.

After the excavations, the fort walls were carefully partially reconstructed and preserved. The two gate towers of the northern main gate, however, received a completely improper, in reinforced concrete executed, head-high Übermauerung, chipped in large chunks of concrete to 2012 of the steel inserts and the open flat roof structure was partly turned over. Inside there are clippings, trash and feces. The freely accessible storage area is used for mowing .

Building history

Ancient threshold with Roman wheel tracks at Porta Praetoria . The modern grinding marks come from agricultural vehicles.
Look at the horreum
View from the Horreum over the rising terrain to the southern corner of the fort
The southwestern hatch
Oval, horseshoe-shaped tower in the east corner of the camp
Foundation-free, light development in the eastern corner

Mócsy could not prove any older fortifications under the late Roman layers of the fort, but in his opinion it was quite likely that a provisional military installation had initially existed in the vicinity of the early Roman civil settlement. It probably dated to the end of the 1st or the first half of the 2nd century. These assumptions are supported by a few brick stamps, such as: B. a stamp of the Legio XI Claudia , which was barracked for a short time between 101 and 106/107 AD in Brigetio to the west , as well as two stamps of the Ala I Flavia Britannica , who stayed in the vicinity of Brigetio after 92 .

For the construction of the irregular quadrangle (122 × 140 × 115 × 145 meters), older, no longer required tombstones and inscriptions were brought from the surrounding burial fields to be used as spoilers . In order to be able to use these as structural elements, protruding decorative elements such as the altar cornices were knocked off. The fort, oriented to the northwest with its Praetorial Front, had no actual border protection tasks to fulfill, but was intended as a rear facility to support the troops standing directly on the Limes.

As is customary with a large number of garrisons from late antiquity, the Porta Praetoria consisted only of a single-lane entrance, which was flanked by two rectangular gate towers made of gray sandstone blocks protruding from the 1.65 meter thick defensive wall. Similar gates were part of the usual equipment of the stone castles in the Principate's time . In the entrance area, the threshold consisting of two steps could still be found in situ . This consisted of former gravestones from the second and third centuries, the inscribed side of which was not visibly pointing to the ground. Car tracks dug into the stones indicated that the gate would be used for a longer period of time. A roughly hewn, reddish marble slab measuring 0.70 × 0.85 × 0.12 meters, which may have served as a door or window lintel , was also recovered from the rubble at the gate . The marble came from the nearby deposits near Piszke . On the flanks of the complex, where the porta principalis sinistra and the porta principalis dextra were located in the much more standardized fortifications of the middle imperial period , there were only two small, opposite gates in Tokod. The builders had completely dispensed with the rear gate on the southeast wall. Instead of this there was the mightiest tower of the fort, which protruded in a U-shape from the defensive wall. In each of the four corners of the complex there was an oval tower for reinforcement, the narrow-sided vault (so-called basket arch) also protruding far from the wall. The entrances to these towers were at the rear inside the fortification. In addition to these towers, the fortress of Tokod also had two U-shaped intermediate towers on its two flanks. As observed in other late antique fort locations, the approximately 1.1 meter thick towers were first erected as fixed points and then the defensive wall in between was raised. The floor of these towers was made using terrazzo technology. The massive south-eastern tower at the rear, which was also at the highest point (140 meters in altitude) of the fort terrain, which fell almost 10 meters to the north, had a pillar in the middle that supported the roof structure. A similar example could also be observed in a slightly different construction at the Visegrád – Sibrik fort . In Tokod, there was a 7 meter wide and 2.5 to 3 meter deep ditch as an obstacle to the approach, which ran around the fort at a distance of 21 meters and the edges of which were paved with stones.

Most of the buildings inside, which probably had a foundation-less dry masonry, have disappeared without leaving any traces. Somewhat more solidly built was an elongated building that had been erected in the corner between the east tower and the northeast wall. This building, made of small yellow standing stone fragments, also had no foundation. Mócsy assumed that these not very solid interior structures belong to a later period and attributed them to the population of the 5th century.

The most massive and best-built building inside the fort was the rectangular, 15.20 × 24.80 / 25.60 meter large Horreum (storage building), which was built in the front half of the camp with its narrow side against the northeastern fort wall. The strong mortar of the 0.60 meter deep foundation resembled that of the fence. Eight 1 × 1 meter pillars, paneled with sandstone blocks, were erected inside in two rows side by side. They once carried the plank floor . The pillars of the north-western front were made much more massive. The brickwork on this side was also stronger. In a later construction phase, this front was reinforced and the gate was made a little smaller. The building on this side was probably under greater stress. The reinforced pillars are reminiscent of the horreum of the Urspring camp , where the terrain was somewhat sloping on the reinforced side. That was not the case in Tokod, so it must have had another reason, possibly an unstable subsurface.

The fort was rebuilt after a major fire in the post-Valentine era. At that time, the terrazzo floors of the two gate towers were renewed and the two hatches were provisionally bricked up.

bath

A bath (building X) from the 1st century AD, uncovered by the archaeologist Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) in the spring of 1961 in the area of ​​the camp village, could have belonged to a previously unknown early cohort fort that preceded the late ancient fortification. The structure was destroyed in the course of the blowdown, but Soproni was able to document large parts due to its emergency excavation. The layers of the identified bath contained Padan and Italian barbotine-decorated sigillates . The archaeologist saw a coin of Emperor Trajan , who ruled from 98 to 117 AD, also recovered from this context, as a time window for the destruction of the thermal baths. In a second construction period, the bathroom was converted into a residential building. Later, during a third phase, the house was converted again. During the 4th century AD the building was finally converted into a workshop.

Brick stamp

The archaeologist and epigraphist Barnabás Lőrincz (1951–2012) analyzed the stamped brick material from the fort. This allowed some important statements about the time of construction and the timing of the construction phases. The stamps clearly show that Tokod was part of the comprehensive building program of Emperor Valentinian I (364–375) who built the Roman Danube-Iller-Rhine border at an exceptionally high speed with an almost unmanageable number of different, often more or less standardized fortifications and had military stations expanded massively. The general staff implemented construction program also included a large number of civilian manufacturers, local officials, officers and vexillations of military units, some of which were responsible for the production of construction materials. These manufacturers often provided their building and roof tiles with their own embossed mark. In the fort, stamps of the military tribune Lupicinius , who was also known from other Pannonian military places - for example from Burgus Dunakeszi - were found, who was active in the period after 368 or before 377 AD. The 39 bricks with the Dux Frigeridus brand can be assigned even more clearly . Frigeridus was most likely active as commander-in-chief of the late antique Pannonian province of Valeria from 371 until his intrigued removal from office in 373/374. Interestingly, three stamps of Terentius dux also emerged as individual finds . Terentius was the predecessor of Frigeridus in office. In addition to the bricks, the coin finds also indicate that the fort was built between 368 and 375.

Late Roman pottery

Tokoder goods

Although not only found in Tokod, a certain late antique gray ceramic type is called Tokoder Ware , Tokod Group or Tokod Type . This ceramic, made of thin-walled, blue-gray clay, was fired very well and was produced from the middle of the 4th century. Tokod, in which large quantities of this product were found, is considered to be an important late antique pottery center that benefited from the good local clay finds. The production of ceramics played a particularly important role in the life of the population at that time and ensured their livelihood. The archaeologist Vera Lányi took over the publication of the gray ceramic finds. Late ceramics of this type also come from the humus leveling layer that arose before the fort was built.

Glazed ceramics

The ceramics found included green lead-glazed pieces to a much lesser extent. The archaeologist Gabriella Nádorfi has determined the earliest occurrence of this glazed ceramic in Pannonian graves for the years 320 to 330. This point in time could also be found at other sites, for example at the Lower Germanic Limes fort Krefeld-Gellep (Gelduba) . As the archaeologist Éva B. Bónis discovered when compiling this type of ceramic from Tokod, the production of glazed ceramics did not begin here until around 370 - during the time of the fort construction under the Dux Frigeridus - but did not fully develop until after 378. The end of production of these goods in Pannonia has not yet been determined, but - like gray ceramics - was partially set at the beginning of the 5th century. At the Rhaetian site of Künzing (Quintana) , green-glazed ceramics can still be documented for the late 5th century. This type of ceramic was also found in the late antique Noric hilltop settlement of Hemmaberg for the early 6th century - but then disappears from the range of finds.

Hoard find

During excavations on his own property in 1972, a resident of Tokod found a clay vessel with 37 denarii from the reigns of the emperors Antoninus Pius (138–161) and Mark Aurel (161–180). Due to the inadequate documentation, however, the after-school care center cannot be evaluated. Its actual time thus remains unknown.

Civil settlement

Residential and craft quarter

The origin of the civil settlement north-northwest of the fort in the area of ​​today's Tokod can be dated with a few finds from the 1st century AD. A terra sigillata bowl from an object that was drained by mining prior to the archaeological investigation is assigned to this time. Another building can also be dated to the end of the 1st century based on the findings. During the first half of the 2nd century the settlement began to flourish. Evidence of this is provided by the massive occurrence of sigillates from Gallic workshops, the variety of Italian, Padan and other ceramic imports - including products from Rheinzabern and Westerndorf - as well as decorated ceramics produced on site. The geographical conditions, including the proximity of the Danube, the land rich in springs, the limestone necessary for building houses and the well-developed network of paths in the border region supported the growth. During its heyday, the ancient Tokod had handsome stone buildings, some of which were equipped with hypocaust heating and wall paintings or marble fittings. The total extent of the settlement to the north and east is still unknown. With the Marcomannic Wars (166–180), death and destruction came to the place for the first time, but the buildings were then rebuilt. In addition to the late antique pottery industry already mentioned, it is very likely that glassblowers could also have been active here. The total extent of the settlement to the north and east is still unknown. Of the civil settlement, of which eleven buildings could be recorded between 1955 and 1965 and which went under in the 4th century, nothing can be seen today. Most of the buildings fell victim to the drainage.

Villa-like complex

The late antique villa-like complex in front of the Praetorial Front.

In 2007 and 2009, important new insights were gained through aerial archeology. Around 100 meters in front of the Praetorial Front there was a large late antique villa-like complex as well as small, scattered predecessor or successor buildings. The villa-like complex, comprising several buildings, had an irregularly extending surrounding wall that enclosed an area of ​​around 90 × 100 meters. This wall was partially reinforced at least in the west by wall templates and was obviously equipped with one or more towers. The approximately 35 × 22 meter main building (Building I) of the southwest-northeast-oriented complex had a representative room dominated by a semicircular apse in the southwest, and a further, parallel room to the southeast, which also ended with an apse. The area of ​​the two rooms was more than 200 square meters. To the northwest of the large central apse there were two roughly equal rectangular rooms. A four meter wide and 22 meter long corridor connected to this area in the northeast. He opened up a total of six adjoining rooms. From the eastern corner of the complex, a 115-meter-long arched structure goes towards the north tower on the praetorial front of the fort. This could be a channel. A small excavation under the direction of Márta Kelemen , which in 1979 mainly covered the area of ​​the inner courtyard, which was delimited by the walkway, was inadequate for a closer analysis of the building, but the finds that were recovered at the time can clearly be assigned to late antiquity.

With all its structures and the close proximity to the fort, the villa-like complex has functional similarities to the Pannonian inland forts in Hungary. The extent to which the plant was also involved in the production process of the late antique Tokoder ware still needs to be researched.

Early Roman burial ground

North of the civil Roman settlement, shortly after the arrival of the first settlers, a burial ground was created, which was cut in 1953 when a pit for oil slag was excavated on the site of the then wood impregnation plant of the Hungarian state railway MÁV . At that time, two vessels belonging to an early Roman urn grave came to light. To the southwest of this inaccessible place for research, at the site of a military diploma from the year 110 - east of an old mud pit - Mócsy tried to get closer to this burial site in 1958, but found only a few hacked up skeletal graves of uncertain age.

Late Roman burial ground

On the western flank of the ancient settlement was the late Roman cemetery, which was occupied from the 4th to 5th centuries. Mócsy hid 137 skeletons in 115 examined graves, of which 22 graves were used several times - partly on top of and next to each other. The buried men and women showed in their costumes, jewelry and the unusually few recovered coins, however, no other significant deviations from other burial places of the 4th century in the area. The placement of the additions also corresponded to the custom in Pannonia. Lőrincz also put together the bricks recovered from the late Roman burial ground. Brick stamps of the military tribune Lupicinius, already known from the Tokod fortress, were also found .

End times and post-Roman development

For Mócsy, the most important result of the excavations was that traces of the survival of a small Romanized population group up to the 1st third of the 5th century could be found both in the fortress and in the late Roman burial ground, with the pottery in particular ensuring the long survival of the civil settlement . Coins from the reign of Emperors Arcadius (395–408) and Flavius ​​Honorius (395–423) allow the chronological assignment. Avar finds in the settlement and in the fort could indicate the destruction of the place by this people. In this case, the settlement would have existed until the early 6th century. It was only with the Árpáden that a small settlement emerged in Tokod, which was not rebuilt after the Tatar storm .

In modern times, near the eastern corner tower on the fort's defensive wall, a lime kiln was probably built, which was used for lime burning in the castle, which was still standing at the time but was gradually being used as a cheap quarry by the population, which contributed to the further destruction of the facility.

Limes course from Fort Tokod to Fort Esztergom

The towers were always close to the southern bank of the Danube. It was their job to guard the largely unoccupied north bank.

Traces of the Limes structures between Tokod and the northeastern Esztergom fort.
route Name / place Description / condition
2 Esztergom-Zsidódi-dűlő (Burgus Crumerum 2) The arm of the Danube, which now flows close to the village of Tát and which surrounds the Táter Island to the south, seems to have arisen only in post-Roman times or at least to have migrated further south, as the route of the ancient Limes road known from aerial photos leads directly to this island and is cut by the river arm . This street is to be regarded as the actual Limes street, as it connected the towers that were also built directly on the Danube. A little further south, east of Tát, a somewhat distant Roman route could be observed, which also runs towards Esztergom. Also to the east of the village of Tát, a military post, first discovered in April 1956 directly on the southern branch of the Danube, was partially excavated by Sándor Soproni in August 1958. He found a square, 8.65 × 8.70 meter burgus . The wall thickness was between 1.1 and 1.15 meters. As an obstacle to the approach, a 4.50 meter wide and when found two meters deep weir ditch was laid around the building, in front of which there was probably a wooden, plastered wattle fence as the outermost line of defense. The found brick stamps of the Tribune Caris, of which it is known that he was busy with the extension work in the Pannonian province of Valeria under Emperor Valentinian I, allow a fairly precise date.
2 Esztergom-Szentkirály (Burgus Crumerum 3) There are no known traces of the actual Limes Road in this area, but the Roman route, which appears much more clearly in the aerial photo, is well documented. The Burgus Crumerum 3 could be conjectured from Roman finds that were made around a medieval monastery church ruin that stood on an elevation above the Danube flowing past to the north. One of the pioneers of Hungarian archeology, Janos Erdy (1796–1881), identified a small structure under the monastery walls as a Roman watchtower. Lajos Némethy followed this finding in 1895 and carried out an excavation. The coins recovered from the reign of the emperor Trajan to Valentinian I attest to the construction work on this site during the Valentine period. According to the archaeologist Zsolt Visy, the Burgus could be mentioned in a lost Roman building inscription from the year 371 AD, which the Italian humanist and poet Antonio Bonfini (1427–1505) quoted: burgus cui nomen Commercium. The full text of the inscription read:
Iudicio principali dominorum nostrorum
Valentiniani Velentis et Gratiani
principum maximorum dispositione etiam
illustris viri utriusque militiae magistri
equitis comitis Foscanus prepositus
legionis primae martiorum una cum
militibus sibi creditis hunc burgum
cui noun commercium qua cause et factus
est a fundamentis et construxit et
ad summam manum operis in diebus XXXXVIII
consulatus
divi nostri Gratiani Augusti to
et Probi viri clarissimi fecit pervenire

This building inscription of a castle built by the Legio I Martia is next to the two inscriptions discovered in situ on the southern district of Visegrád - of which that of Burgus Visegrád-Lepence (Burgus Solva 35) also dates from the year 371 AD rare and epigraphically important testimony to the furnishing and use of Valentine Burgi in the province of Valeria.

2 Esztergom-Duna-sziget (Burgus crumerum 4) On an island on the south bank of the Danube, the remains of Roman bricks and ceramics were found in the remains of a medieval monastery. Márta Kelemen was the first to suspect that a small Roman settlement and a watchtower were to be found at this point.
2 Esztergom Esztergom Castle rose above the Danube on a 150-meter-high northwestern foothill of the Pilis Mountains .

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The Tokod Fort with the Römerstraße passing nearby (file number: 600 / 1117-08 / 2012) as well as all other Limes facilities belong to the nationally valuable cultural property as archaeological sites according to § 3.1. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Éva B. Bónis: Glazed pottery of the late Roman period from Tokod. In: Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae . 43, 1991, pp. 87-150.
  • Éva B. Bónis: Incised drawings on early imperial vessel fragments from Tokod. In: Folia archaeologica . 25, 1974, pp. 87-98.
  • Jenő Fitz (Ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary (= Bulletin du musée roi Saint Etienne. Series A, Volume 22). Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Székesfehérvár 1976.
  • András Mócsy (Ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 .
  • András Mócsy in: Jenő Fitz (Hrsg.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976.
  • Gabriella Nádorfi: Glazed ceramics in the late Roman burial fields of Pannonia. In: Zsuzsanna Bánki (ed.): Glazed ceramics in Pannonia. Exhibition catalog, König Sankt Stephan Museum, Székesfehérvár 1992, pp. 45–51.
  • Péter Prohászka: Tokod a rómaiak korában - Tokod in the time of the Romans. 2nd edition, Tokod Nagyközség Önkormányzata, Tokod 2005.
  • Zsolt Visy : The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3806204888 , pp. 65-66.

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 65.
  2. ↑ Limesstrasse at 47 ° 44 ′ 46.1 ″  N , 18 ° 40 ′ 40.04 ″  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 269; Limes Road at 47 ° 44 ′ 29.72 "  N , 18 ° 40 ′ 16.23"  E ; Limes Road at 47 ° 44 ′ 6.04 "  N , 18 ° 39 ′ 5.33"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 280; Limes Street at 47 ° 44 ′ 7.33 "  N , 18 ° 38 ′ 9.17"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 283; Limes Road at 47 ° 44 ′ 17.82 "  N , 18 ° 37 ′ 31.33"  E ; Limes Road at 47 ° 44 ′ 36.07 "  N , 18 ° 36 ′ 36.37"  E ; Limes Road at 47 ° 44 ′ 46.43 "  N , 18 ° 35 ′ 54.38"  E ; Limes Road at 47 ° 45 ′ 1.97 "  N , 18 ° 35 ′ 15.26"  E ; Limesstraße at 47 ° 45 '7.14 "  N , 18 ° 34' 38.45"  O .
  3. ↑ Roman Road at 47 ° 44 ′ 1.57 "  N , 18 ° 39 ′ 33.23"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 272; Roman Road at 47 ° 43 ′ 55.19 "  N , 18 ° 39 ′ 52.64"  E ; Roman road at 47 ° 44 '4.7 "  N , 18 ° 39' 26.17"  O .
  4. ↑ a b András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 13.
  5. ↑ a b c András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 21.
  6. ↑ a b c d András Mócsy in: Jenő Fitz (Hrsg.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 47.
  7. ↑ a b c Márta Kelemen: Tokod fortress. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , p. 84.
  8. ^ András Mócsy: Pannonia and the Roman army. Selected essays. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3515061037 , p. 253.
  9. ^ András Mócsy: Pannonia and the Roman army. Selected essays. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3515061037 , p. 259.
  10. ↑ a b András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 20.
  11. ↑ a b c d Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 66.
  12. ↑ a b Márta Kelemen: Tokod fortress. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , p. 85.
  13. ↑ a b c d András Mócsy: The late Roman fortress. In: András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 37 ff., Here: p. 40.
  14. ^ Jördis Fuchs: Late antiquity military horrea on the Rhine and Danube. A study of the Roman military installations in the provinces of Maxima Sequanorum, Raetia I, Raetia II, Noricum Ripense and Valeria. , Diploma thesis, Vienna 2011, p. 57
  15. ↑ a b Márta Kelemen: Tokod Fortress In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , p. 86.
  16. ↑ András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 18.
  17. ↑ a b Klaus Wachtel: Frigeridus dux. In: Chiron. Vol. 30, CH Beck, Munich 2000. ISBN 978-3-406-46282-5 . P. 913.
  18. ↑ Zsolt Mráv : Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of ​​the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest 2003, p. 101.
  19. ↑ a b Barnabás Lőrincz : Stamped bricks from Tokod. In: András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 121 ff., Here: p. 127.
  20. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz: A későrómai hídfőállások bélyeges téglái Valeriában. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, pp. 53-68, footnote 12.
  21. ↑ Vera Lányi: The gray late Roman pottery from Tokod. In: András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , pp. 73ff.
  22. ↑ Gabriella Nádorfi: Glazed pottery in the late Roman burial fields of Pannonia. In: Zsuzsanna Bánki (ed.): Glazed ceramics in Pannonia. Exhibition catalog, König Sankt Stephan Museum, Székesfehérvár 1992, pp. 45–51.
  23. ↑ Renate Pirling : Glazed goods. In: Kurt Böhner (Ed.): The finds from the Roman graves of Krefeld-Gellep. Catalog of the graves p. 37.
  24. ↑ Éva B. Bónis: Glazed pottery of the late Roman period from Tokod. In: Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 43, Budapest 1991, pp. 87-150.
  25. ↑ a b c András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 19.
  26. ↑ Harald von Petrikovits : Contributions to Roman history and archeology . Volume 2. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1991, ISBN 3-7927-1222-9 , p. 241.
  27. ↑ Gerhard Forstenpointner, Sabine Ladstätter, Roman Sauer, Ursula Thannheiser: Step off the pilgrims. On everyday life in the late antique settlement on the Hemmaberg. In: Annual books of the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Vienna . Volume 71, 2002, Vienna 2003. ISBN 3-7001-3142-9 , p. 48.
  28. ↑ Alexander Ruske: The Carnuntiner treasure finds. In: Michael Alram, Franziska Schmidt-Dick (ed.): Numismata Carnuntina. Research and material. Volume 1. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2007. ISBN 978-3-7001-3821-1 . P. 426.
  29. ↑ a b c d András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 22.
  30. ↑ András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 16.
  31. ↑ András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 15.
  32. ↑ Máté Szabó: Régészeti kutatások a ripa pannonica polgári településein. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): A Danube Limes program régészeti kutatásai 2008–2011 között. University of Péc, Péc 2011, ISBN 978-963-642-447-3 , p. 158.
  33. ↑ Máté Szabó: Régészeti kutatások a ripa pannonica polgári településein. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): A Danube Limes program régészeti kutatásai 2008–2011 között. University of Péc, Péc 2011, ISBN 978-963-642-447-3 , pp. 159–160.
  34. ↑ Máté Szabó: Régészeti kutatások a ripa pannonica polgári településein. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): A Danube Limes program régészeti kutatásai 2008–2011 között. University of Péc, Péc 2011, ISBN 978-963-642-447-3 , p. 161.
  35. ↑ Máté Szabó: Régészeti kutatások a ripa pannonica polgári településein. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): A Danube Limes program régészeti kutatásai 2008–2011 között. University of Péc, Péc 2011, ISBN 978-963-642-447-3 , p. 162
  36. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz: Stamped bricks from Tokod. In: András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 121 ff., Here: p. 22.
  37. ↑ András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 182.
  38. ↑ András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 187.
  39. ↑ András Mócsy (ed.): The late Roman fortress and the burial ground of Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981, ISBN 9630523752 , p. 7.
  40. ^ Péter Prohászka: Tokod a rómaiak korában - Tokod in the time of the Romans. 2nd edition, Tokod Nagyközség Önkormányzata, Tokod 2005. pp. 18-21.
  41. ↑ Route = numbering follows Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary (Theiss 1988) and Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. (Akadémiai Kiadó 2003)
  42. ↑ Burgus Crumerum 2 at 47 ° 44 '59.03 "  N , 18 ° 41' 3.52"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 267.
  43. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 67 (with aerial photo p. 66).
  44. ↑ Sándor Soproni: Későrómai örtorony esztergom határában (The late Roman watch tower in the district of Esztergom). In: Archaeologiai értesítő 87, 1960, pp. 207 ff.
  45. ↑ a b Sándor Soproni in: Jenő Fitz (Hrsg.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976.
  46. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003. ISBN 9630579804 . P. 46.
  47. ↑ Burgus Crumerum 3 approximately at 47 ° 46 '31.08 "  N , 18 ° 42' 33.74"  O .
  48. ↑ CIL 03, 03653
  49. ↑ AE 2000, 1223 .
  50. ↑ Limes between the Visegrád – Gizellamajor fort and the Visegrád – Sibrik fort .
  51. ↑ Burgus Crumerum 4 at approximately 47 ° 47 '30.53 "  N , 18 ° 43' 56.34"  O .
  52. ↑ Kastell Esztergom at 47 ° 47 '56.54 "  N , 18 ° 44' 12.16"  O .