Burgus Dunakeszi

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Burgus Dunakeszi
(Burgus ulcisia 9)
limes Pannonian Limes
section 4th
Dating (occupancy) valentine
Type Ländeburgus
size 50.5 × 43 m
Construction stone
State of preservation Remnants of the central building can be viewed in a small museum.
place Dunakeszi
Geographical location 47 ° 39 '29.1 "  N , 19 ° 7' 11.4"  E
height 105  m
Previous Burgus Szigetmonostor-Horány (west)
Burgus Tahitótfalu-Balhavár (north)
Subsequently Fort Göd-Bócsaújtelep (northeast)
Burgus Szentendre-Dera (southwest)

The Burgus Dunakeszi is a small former Roman military camp which, as a late antique Ländeburgus, secured the surveillance of a Danube crossing on the Pannonian Limes ( Limes Pannonicus ) . The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. The fortification was on the east bank of the main arm of the Danube, in the Barbaricum . Opposite it on the west bank, on the Danube island of Szentendrei (St. Andrä), was the Burgus Szigetmonostor-Horány , another bridgehead. With this crossing, the two complexes protected a late antique road connection between the Constantia fort in the west, located on Roman territory, and the Göd-Bócsaújtelep fort on Sarmatian territory, which was probably started in the Valentine period but was never completed .

Location and research history

The Limes Pannonicus on the Pilis Mountains

The Burgus, which with its central building was supported by a flood-proof terrace, is the southernmost bridgehead-like fortress on this Limes section and is located in the district of Dunakeszi, around 80 meters north of the Rév road leading to the river bank to the ferry. The area was already settled during the Bronze Age. In the 4th century, troops from the late Roman province of Valeria were able to get to Horány via the Szentendre-Dera Castle and the Danube Island, from there to cross the main river of the Danube, land at Dunakeszi and then to the buffer zone of the Limes Sarmatiae, which is outside the imperial territory where there were other Roman military stations in addition to the Contra Constantiam fortress. Often enough, the Roman troops against the living behind the Sarmatian limes, bound with Rome by treaties had Sarmatian disengage itself, as this restless people set off again to raids and wars in the Pannonian provinces.

Already Flóris Rómer (1815-1889), founder of scientific archeology in Hungary was, making 1877 one of the corner tower even then badly damaged by the Danube walls a one-day excavation, but could not identify overview more to a coherent plan. In 1935, Lajos Nagy tried another, small dig to gain new knowledge. However, it was not until 1985 that the remains of the core building of this Burgus located in the bank area appeared in the cellar of the house on the Duna sor 30. In 2002 the archaeologist Zsolt Mráv rescued the find , which brought new, essential findings.

Since 2009, some structural remains of the central tower building, which is still highly preserved despite all the destruction, can be seen in the basement of a single-family house built in 2002 at Duna sor No. 28. Further remnants of the system were integrated into the garden of the new building. The house owner, who originally did not know anything about the ancient remains on his property, worked together with the responsible experts in an exemplary manner. It was only in 2004 that the Burgus was declared a national monument.

Building history

The Ländeburgus after the excavations in 2002
Memorial plaque from 2006 and remains of the wall in the area of ​​the former Burgus
Reconstructed plastering with painted ashlar masonry, as was also found on Burgus Dunakeszi

The up to 1.80 meter thick walls of the 50.5 × 43 meter complex were made of quarry stone as opus incertum with good mortar in a technique that was widespread at the time , with bands of bricks running through the masonry at certain intervals. The stone material consisted largely of limestone and a smaller proportion of andesite . The foundation walls of the central residential and watchtower were 3.5 meters thick. A particularly powerful central building may be expected here. Conceptually, the Burgus Dunakeszi is identical to the Verőcemaros-Dunamező type . From the two narrower flanks of the central defense tower, a wing wall ran off each side parallel to the bank of the Danube. At each end point there was a corner tower to which another defensive wall was connected at right angles to the wing wall, which aimed towards the bank. There it ended with another tower. The walls and corner towers thus surrounded an uncovered square, which was dominated by the large residential and watchtower.

The structural basis for the entire system - at least in the bank zone - probably formed a pile grid . Imprints of the wooden posts could be found on the preserved masonry. After reviewing the found material, the construction period was possibly in the years 374–375. Mráv assumed that the Ländeburgus was only completed after the end of the Quad and Jazygen War in 375. The walls showed that they were very carefully and powerfully executed in the area close to the foundation, while the other rising structures had thinner walls.

The southern defensive wall leading to the Danube was preserved for 28 years when it was last excavated. In 1877, Rómer was still able to detect traces of the former white exterior plaster on which regular ashlar masonry was painted in dark red color. The excavations in 2002 were able to confirm this finding, as large amounts of painted plaster fragments emerged in the rubble of the examined tower. Through his excavations in the 5.36 × 5.7 meter southeast corner tower of the ship landing with its 1.3 thick walls, Mráv found two successive floor levels. The brick stamp recovered from the foundation below makes it possible to date the complex to the time of Emperor Valentinian I (364–375). As the archaeologist Sándor Soproni suspected, the Burgus of Dunakeszi was structurally related to that of Verőcemaros-Dunamező . A suspected ditch that could have served as an obstacle to the approach was not found.

Only sparse archaeological information is available about the Danube-side expansion of the Ländeburgi, as the erosion caused by the river for over one and a half millennia has removed almost all traces. For a long time, scientific research believed that the fortified ship berths enclosed by defensive walls were open to the Danube. This idea could be corrected using old traditions and drawings. So today the image of a facility that was also closed on the river side and only had a special entrance or a larger opening there is spreading. Possibly to pull ships ashore to protect them from enemy attacks, as the classical philologist Wilhelm Schleiermacher (1904–1977) assumed.

Finds

The many stamps found, the number of which is unfortunately not known, since only the types were published in the past, can be divided into two groups. The first belongs to the OF ARN type . This includes:

  • OF ARN MAXENTI A VIN ,
  • OF ARN MAXENTI A RP ,
  • [OF] AR BO [NO MAG] ,
  • OF ARN VRSICINI MG ,
  • LEG XG MAG SATVRNINVS and
  • LEG X GG VRCICINI CENT .

The second joins with the stamps of the military tribunes Lupicinius , Caris , Terentianus and Valentinus as well as those of Frigeridus dux . Frigeridus officiated between 371 and 373/374 AD as the military commander in chief of the province of Valeria ( Dux Valeriae ripensis ) , to which Dunakeszi belonged. Valentinus was in the province as a staff officer at the same time, while Lupicinus must be assigned to the period after 368 or before 377 AD. According to the archaeologist and epigraphist Barnabás Lőrincz (1951–2012), the brick stamps of Maxentius are somewhat older and were made between 351 and 354 AD. Other research results, which analyzed the brick stamps of this person in the provinces of Pannonia I and Valeria as well as in the neighboring Barbaricum , place the appearance of these stamps either at the end of the 50s of the 4th century or in the last years of Valentinian I. A first mention of the master's name Bonus, on the other hand, happened either at the end of the era of Constantius II or also in the following Valentian epoch. Valentinian stamps of the Legio X Gemina barracked in Vindobona ( Vienna ) with the named Magistri figlinarum Dalamtius, Saturnius and Ursicinus are missing on the bridgeheads Verőcemaros-Dunamező , Tahitótfalu-Balhavár and other similar facilities in the area of ​​the Danube Bend and the Danube island St. Andrä. However, the legionary stamps match those of the Göd-Bócsaújtelep fort in the northeast and the Bölcske bridgehead . Mráv therefore suspected previously unknown historical connections between these three plants. Since 2002, the above-mentioned stamp [LEG XG MAG SAT] VRNINVS has also been known from the foundation of the southern corner tower at Burgus Dunakeszi . The stamps of the OF ARN group (uncertain resolution of the letters to: Officinae auxiliares ripenses ) can be dated to the time of the rule of the emperors Constantius II. (337–361) and Valentinian. Since the stamp abbreviations AR , ARN and ARAN cannot be clearly explained for the time being, the previous translation suggestions remain speculative.

Sarmatian settlement of Dunakeszi-Alagi Major

In the years 1995–1996 the archaeologists László Simon and Gabriella Kulcsár carried out excavations in Dunakeszi-Alagi major. This district is located southeast of the Dunakeszi bridgehead. Along the M2 (E77) motorway, which is around 3.5 kilometers away from the Danube, on the northwestern edge of the Mogyoród brook, the excavators came across a Sarmatian settlement consisting of four mine houses and 13 drainage and enclosure ditches. They also laid some Late Bronze Age and medieval pits from the 13th to 14th centuries. Century and found a presumably late medieval well. The finds included some pearls and fibula fragments as well as large amounts of animal bones. In addition to Sarmatian pottery remains, there was a very high proportion of Roman goods. These included possible fragments of amphorae and storage vessels as well as ceramic fragments decorated with stamps or barbotines . Of the finds, the Terra Sigillata identified 123 pieces. It was found that only two, probably late Cantonese, pieces came from the Lezoux pottery center in Central Gaul. All other fragments, including 35 of decorated bowls, were made in Rheinzabern ( Tabernae ), Westerndorf and Pfaffenhofen am Inn . The 14 decorated sigillates from Pfaffenhofen date to the local production period from around 210/220 to around 260 and 280. The largest closed number of sigillate fragments, 48 ​​pieces, come from Rheinzabern - similar to other barbaric sites - and make up 38 percent of the Terra Sigillata finds in Dunakeszi. The Hungarian ceramic specialist Dénes Gabler assumes that none of the Rhenish terra sigillata shards came to Dunakeszi before the Marcomann Wars (166–180). In this war the cataphracts of the Sarmatians, in particular the tribe of the Jazygen , were one of the main opponents of Rome alongside the attacking Teutons. After the peace treaty of 175, the Jazygens had to evacuate the border region to the Danube on a stiff around 30 kilometers wide, but were allowed to return there in 179. All sigillates taken together can be assigned to the late Cantonese-Severan period, when the exclusion zone prescribed by Rome was lifted again. Fights and wars with the Jazygen took place in the 3rd century under the emperors Maximinus Thrax (235-238), Carus (282-283) and Diocletian (284-305).

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The Burgus Dunakeszi as well as all other Limes complexes belong to the nationally valuable cultural property as archaeological sites according to § 3.1. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Jenő Fitz (Ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary (= Bulletin du musée roi Saint Etienne. Series A, Volume 22). Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Székesfehérvár 1976.
  • Dénes Gabler : Terra Sigillata finds from the Sarmatic settlement of Dunakeszi-Alagi Major. In: Slovenská archeológia 49, Slovenská akadémia vied, 2002, pp. 119 ff.
  • Sándor Soproni : The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. The defense system of the province of Valeria in the 4th century, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 79.
  • Sándor Soproni: The last decades of the Pannonian Limes, Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-406-30453-2 .
  • Zsolt Mráv : Az "előretolt helyőrség" - késő római kikötőerőd Dunakeszin . In: Dunakeszi helytörteneti szemle 5, No. 6, December 2009, pp. 4-7.
  • Zsolt Mráv: Late Roman Fortlet along the Danube. késő római kikötőerőd . (=  Guide to Hungarian Sites of the Roman Limes. Vezető a római limes Világörökségre jelölt magyarországi helyszínein 1), Budapest 2011
  • Zsolt Visy : 17. Dunakeszi - Duna sor. In: Definition, Description and Mapping of Limes Samples. CE Project "Danube Limes - UNESCO World Heritage" 1CE079P4. Budapest 2010. pp. 46-47.
  • Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 58.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Ländeburgus Szigetmonostor-Horány (Burgus Ulcisia 8) at 47 ° 39 '30.53 "  N , 19 ° 6' 44.86"  O .
  2. ↑ Kastell Szentendre at 47 ° 39 '53.97 "  N , 19 ° 4' 22.76"  O .
  3. ↑ Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926-1995) . Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, (Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II), ISBN 963-9046-83-9 , p. 40; Kastell Göd-Bócsaújtelep at 47 ° 40 '58.91 "  N , 19 ° 9' 47.7"  O .
  4. ↑ Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of ​​the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Budapest 2003. pp. 83–114; here: p. 79.
  5. ↑ Gábor Szilas: The uncovering of a Bronze Age well of a special type in Dunakeszi. In: Budapest régiségei. 36. A Fövárosi Múzeum Kiadása, Budapest 2002, p. 291 ff.
  6. ↑ a b c d e Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 9630513072 , p. 79.
  7. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 56.
  8. ↑ a b c d e Zsolt Mráv: Az "előretolt helyőrség" - késő római kikötőerőd Dunakeszin . In: Dunakeszi helytörteneti szemle 5, No. 6, December 2009, pp. 4-7; here: p. 5.
  9. ↑ a b c Zsolt Mráv in: Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926-1995) . Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, (Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II), ISBN 963-9046-83-9 , p. 38.
  10. ↑ http://www.dunakeszierod-fortlet.org/ Pages of Burgus Dunakeszi with a contribution by Zsolt Mráv. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
  11. ^ Zsolt Mráv: Az "előretolt helyőrség" - késő római kikötőerőd Dunakeszin . In: Dunakeszi helytörteneti szemle 5, No. 6, December 2009, pp. 4-7; here: p. 4.
  12. ↑ Notitia Dignitatum, IN PARTIBUS OCCIDENTIS, XXXIII.
  13. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz : A későrómai hídfőállások bélyeges téglái Valeriában. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, pp. 53-68, footnote 12.
  14. ↑ a b Ádám Szabó, Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926-1995) Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-9 , p. 80.
  15. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz: A későrómai hídfőállások bélyeges téglái Valeriában. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, pp. 53-68.
  16. ↑ Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of ​​the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. p. 105.
  17. ↑ Translation: “Administration of the Border Troops” According to Titus Kolník: Cifer-Pác - a late Roman station in the Quadenland? In: Jenő Fitz (ed.): Limes. Files of the XI. International Limes Congress (Székesfehérvár, 30.8–6.9.1976). Akadémiai Kiadó. Budapest 1977. ISBN 9630513013 . P. 187.
  18. ^ Dénes Gabler: Terra Sigillata finds from the Sarmatic settlement Dunakeszi-Alagi Major. In: Slovenská archeológia 49, Slovenská akadémia vied, 2002, p. 119 u. 121.
  19. ^ Dénes Gabler: Terra Sigillata finds from the Sarmatic settlement Dunakeszi-Alagi Major. In: Slovenská archeológia 49, Slovenská akadémia vied, 2002, p. 121.
  20. ^ Dénes Gabler: Terra Sigillata finds from the Sarmatic settlement Dunakeszi-Alagi Major. In: Slovenská archeológia 49, Slovenská akadémia vied, 2002, p. 125.
  21. ↑ Marcelo Tilman Schmitt: The Roman Foreign Policy of the 2nd Century AD. Securing Peace or Expansion? Steiner, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 978-3-515-07106-2 , pp. 158 and 169.
  22. ^ Dénes Gabler: Terra Sigillata finds from the Sarmatic settlement Dunakeszi-Alagi Major. In: Slovenská archeológia 49, Slovenská akadémia vied, 2002, p. 122.