Szentendre Castle

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Szentendre Castle
Alternative name Hungarian: szentendrei erődből
a) Ulcisia Castra
b) Castra Constantia
limes Pannonian Limes
section 4th
Dating (occupancy) Domitian - Trajan
until early 5th century
Type Cohort fort
unit a) to 175 AD: unknown
b) 175 AD: Cohors I milliaria Aurelia Antonina Surorum , later renamed Cohors milliaria nova Severiana (Antoniniana) Surorum equitata civium Romanorum
size 134 × 205 m
Construction a) wood-earth
b) stone
State of preservation partially overbuilt; the excavated remains are not open to the public; Instead, a lapidarium is accessible in the south-western area of ​​the fort
place Szentendre
Geographical location 47 ° 39 '54 "  N , 19 ° 4' 22.8"  E
height 115  m
Previous Burgus Szentendre-Hunka (north)
Subsequently Burgus Szentendre-Dera (south) Burgus Szigetmonostor-Horány

The fort Szentendre , in ancient times first as Ulcisia Castra founded (wolf camp) and later in Castra Constantia renamed, was a Roman military camp used to control a Danube portion of the Pannonian Limes was built. The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. The remains of the garrison, which was once occupied by auxiliary troops ( Auxilia ) , are partially excavated and can be viewed, and are located below the center of the city of Szentendre (German: St. Andrä) in Pest County , Hungary , above the western bank on the western arm of the Danube. In addition to the late antique reconstruction finds on the fort and the burial grounds, Szentendre was also known for its stone monuments dating from the Middle Imperial period and the Villa Rustica in the ethnographic open-air museum.

location

The Limes Pannonicus on the Pilis Mountains
Pannonia with the upstream wall system

To the south-west of Szentendre, near today's village of Pomáz , there was a huge burial ground as early as the Copper Age . The fort was built on the eastern edge of a foothill of the Pilis Mountains on a hill of the terrain sloping towards the Danube near the Bükkös brook flowing by to the north. The important military and limes road following the Danube to the provincial capital Aquincum and the legionary camp of the same name to the south ran underneath the facility, almost exactly in a north-south orientation . There was a dense chain of border guards on this street, to which there was visual and signal connection from the fort.

The Praetorial Front , the side of the fortification facing the enemy, was oriented in an easterly direction, towards the western arm of the Danube and the adjoining large island of Szentendrei (St. Andrew's Island) . The crew of Szentendre had a direct line of sight to the Horány bridgehead on the east bank of the island . From this point Roman troops could cross the main arm of the Danube directly into the Barbaricum . This garrison was located during the period of late antiquity, under Constantine the Great (306-337) and Constantine II. Erected (337-340) Devil's Dykes in a military buffer zone, the Pannonia was well protected to 378 n. Chr..

The Limes Sarmatiae, which was probably never completed, consisted of a system of earthworks extending from the Danube Bend to the east into the Hungarian lowlands , which bent there to the south and ran straight to the Mösian border town of Viminatium on the Danube . In addition to the Sarmatian tribe of the Jazygens who lived in the buffer zone and were allied with Rome, some Roman military stations were apparently also supposed to secure the ramparts. Known is Burgus Hatvan-Gombospuszta, who was excavated by Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) and was much discussed in his function .

Research history

The furrowed area in the southern fort area (status 2012)
The northern area of ​​the Roman fort. Dug out wall stumps are provisionally covered with plastic sheeting (status 2012).

The ancient name of the complex, Ulcisia Castra , has been preserved in a Roman street and place directory, the Antonini Itinerarium . The late antique name of the square was given by an inscription as well as the late antique state manual Notitia Dignitatum . Rough outlines of the fort have survived to this day in the cityscape. In a report from 1736, the English traveler Richard Pococke (1704–1765) first mentioned the ancient site. The first scientific excavations at the fort were carried out by Flóris Rómer (1815–1889), the founder of scientific archeology in Hungary. The next investigations only took place between the two world wars under Lajos Nagy (1897-1946), who was able to determine the rough outline of the fort. The work started by Lajos Nagy was continued during the Second World War , in 1939, 1940 and 1942 by Tibor Nagy (1910–1995), who was able to further clarify and complete the fort plan. In 1959 an excavation took place on the south-eastern Praetorial Front under the direction of Soproni and in 1968 Márta Kelemen, who was then working at the Károly Ferenczy Museum in Szentendre, researched the system of moats on the western wall. As director of the Károly Ferenczy Museum, Soproni had already carried out excavations and investigations in and around Szentendre from 1951 to 1961.

Tibor Nagy carried out the first excavations in the vicus . In the 1970s, research was carried out there and in the burial ground under Sarolta Tettamanti. Flóris Rómer had already started work on the burial ground. In 1923 and 1924, late Roman burials were exposed further south of the fortification. Lajos Nagy carried out new explorations in a major excavation campaign in 1928. In the 1970s, investigations by Judit Topál (* 1943) and Éva Maróti took place in another late Roman burial ground near the southern and western fort walls . In 1993 the area east of the stone fort was the target of excavations and in 1996/97 the Porta decumana , the road leading out there and the northwest corner of the garrison were examined under the direction of Maróti . The archaeologist was also on site in 2001. Further excavations were carried out between 2004 and 2006 on the western and southern defenses.

Today you can visit the open-air lapidarium of the Ferenczi Kàroly Mùzeum with sarcophagi, gravestones, milestones and various inscriptions on the Dunakanyar körút, which runs around in the southwest. In autumn 2003 the stones exhibited there were cleaned. In addition to the stone monuments, two street names are also reminiscent of the city's Roman origins, such as the Római sánc utca (Roman Wall Street ), which begins at the former south-west corner of the fort and runs to the north-west, and the Római temető utca (Roman grave road) in the further south of the fort Area of ​​the late antique tombs.

Building history

Site plan and excavation findings of the fort until 2005

Middle imperial period

Wood and earth fort

The first traces of a predecessor camp in wood and earth construction, which had long been assumed, were found during excavations in 1993 in the east of the stone fort. This revealed that a corresponding system during domitianisch - Trajan could have been built epoch (81 to 117).

Stone fort

Brick stamp of the Legio II Adiutrix from Ulcisia Castra
Enclosure

The stone-built fort, probably not built until post-Hadrian , was completed by the Cohors I Thracum (the first Thracian cohort) and a construction department of the Legio II Adiutrix (2nd Legion "the helper") stationed in Aquincum in the late Trajan period. The trapezoidal, 134 × 205 meter large and now partially overbuilt facility could be specifically examined at several points. In addition to some towers and remains of the fortifications, three of the original four castle gates are known. The strength of the camp walls fluctuated. It was between 1.50 and 1.25 meters on the north-west wall, 1.14 meters on the south-eastern narrow side and 1.60 meters on the south-western long side. A late antique U-shaped tower uncovered on the northeast front had a wall diameter of 1.15 to 1.30 meters.

The rear Porta decumana in the northwest, the main gate on the Praetorial Front, the Porta praetoria in the southeast and the southwest Porta principalis dextra are known. All three gates had only one-lane passages and were each flanked by two gate towers that protruded slightly outward over the wall. The four corners of the defensive wall were originally rounded (playing card shape), which was no longer so clearly visible after the late antique renovations due to a reshaping with new towers. As an obstacle to approach, a double pointed ditch in the north-west and south-east was found in front of the fort walls, the inner ring of which was only almost half as wide as the outer one. It is questionable whether this ditch system continued to exist in the same form after the late antique reconstructions. It is assumed, however, that with the reconstruction in the 4th century, a new weir ditch, a little further forward, was created. During the investigations carried out in 1959 in the south-eastern trench area, Soproni found the remains of frescoes nearby.

Architectural or honorary inscription for Emperor Septimius Severus and Caracalla from 195 AD.

During the first known construction phase, Ulcisia Castra received one defense tower in each of the four corners of the camp. The best known north corner tower was trapezoidal, 3.38 meters wide and 3.20 meters long. Its wall thickness was 0.76-0.85 meters. Between the gates and these corners of the camp there were rectangular intermediate towers, which were attached to the inner walls and protruded around 0.50 meters above the wall. A total of four intermediate towers are assumed on the two narrow sides and eight on the two long sides. In 1996 it was found that the examined corner tower had received a new screed after the devastating Marcomann Wars (166–180). The honorary inscription from 195 AD, which was walled up secondary at Burgus Leányfalu and executed as a tabula ansata , which certainly comes from Szentendre, could be an indication of these building or restoration measures. It still showed remnants of the red painting in the carved letters. The screed that was created at that time existed until the late 3rd century. As Mároti was also able to determine during her re-excavations at the northwest corner, the old dimensions were not carried out correctly, as this corner was ten meters further west than had previously been shown.

Interior development

Inside Roman forts, the Via principalis - it connected the two gates on the narrow sides - and the Via praetoria, coming from the Porta praetoria , crossed until the Middle Imperial Age . At this crossing point was the Principia , the staff building of a garrison with the necessary administrative facilities, which could also be examined in sections in Szentendre. The archaeologically best known camp road, of which a section behind the Principia could be examined more intensively, was the Via decumana , which led from the staff building to the Porta decumana . Szentendre's 26.5 × 33 meter staff building appears to have been in use from the middle of the 3rd century until late antiquity. The archaeologists found u. a. Traces of the large, rectangular vestibule , which was built over the Via principalis following the architecture of the time . Behind it, a rectangular inner courtyard opened up , the surrounding buildings of which accommodated different service areas. At the rear long side of the courtyard was a transverse hall (basilica) , which had a 33 × 6.50 meter wing with five rooms on its northwest wall. In the middle of this rear suite of the staff building was the flag sanctuary , in which the standards of the troops were kept, in a rectangular, 8 × 6.50 meter apseless hall . The sanctuary had a cellar and was once the place where the troop treasury was kept. During the late antique building of the Principia , an altar by Publius Aelius Aelianus, which was found in 1940, was walled up there. Aelianus was under Emperor Gallienus (253-260) commander of the Legion stationed in Aquincum .

Late antiquity

In 270 AD the fort was obviously seriously damaged by an incursion by the Quadi , Vandals and Sarmatians , as a coin hoard and other findings suggest. After that, extensive reconstruction work was necessary. After the publication of the floor plan for the excavated late Roman intermediate tower on the north wall in front of the former Retentura (rear camp), it was assumed that a large semicircular tower could have stood at this point before the construction of the U-shaped tower, which according to the historian and archaeologist Péter Kovács could actually date to the time of Emperor Diocletian (284–305). Kovács asked whether there was a phase of semicircular towers in the Szentendre camp, which were later demolished in favor of the U-shaped towers. This question could only be solved with another dig. According to Zsolt Visy , however, a comprehensive renovation of the facility could only have taken place under Constantine the Great. The dating of the conversions is still controversial.

At some point the fortification received four mighty U-shaped towers, bastions not dissimilar, along the two long sides, as well as four fan-shaped towers at the four corners of the fort. In at least two of the four camp gates, the two older gate towers were closed by a connecting U-shaped tower - or by a structurally appropriate wall - during this or a slightly later renovation phase. In the rubble of such a walling at the Baracspuszta fort , a total of 50 stamped bricks were found in 2005 by the then high commander of the province, Terentius dux , which indicates a very specific chronological assignment of this construction project - at least in Baracspuszta - to the reign of Emperor Valentinian I (364– 375) makes possible.

A similar reconstruction is suspected at the not excavated northeast gate, so that from then on the garrison could only be entered through the former Porta Praetoria . There, the old camp gate was largely removed, in its place two U-shaped towers protruding far from the defensive wall were erected, between which a new, also single-lane gate was located. Attackers who managed to storm the outer gate then came into an almost square inner courtyard and from there also had to forcibly overcome the second, inner gate. As numerous stamped bricks from the time of Emperor Valentinian I (364–375) suggest, under his reign some minor repairs were carried out and the floor level was raised. The gray, smoothed ceramic of the 5th century, which was also found, bears witness to the fact that the fortification was used in whatever way into the first decades. After that, Szentendre was destroyed. With the help of smaller search cuts it was also possible to prove the fort bath immediately in front of the walls.

In the Retentura , on both sides of the Via decumana, remains of the stone interior were found in sections. Remnants of the wall following the via principalis were also found in the Latera Praetorii (bearing central stiffeners) . These buildings, including the Praetorium (house of the camp commandant), are not nearly as well known as the Principia .

Name change

The timing of the name change from Ulcisia Castra to Castra Constantia is controversial. If this was often placed in the time of Constantine the Great, Sándor Soproni spoke out in favor of the reign of Constantine II. The archaeologist, ancient historian and epigraphist András Mócsy (1929–1987) tended in the same direction , who either set the renaming to the time of Emperor Constans (337–350) or, what seemed more likely to him, also to the era of Constantine II . attributed.

Troops and military personnel

The 1st Thracian cohort, who participated in the construction of the camp, had previously been deployed in the province of Upper Germany after receiving the Mainz military diploma of October 27, 90 AD and was withdrawn from Ulcisia Castra - with the completion of the construction work - to southern Pannonia. The first unit located in Szentendre is still unknown. Or maybe it was just a Legion vexillation from Aquincum.

The troops stationed there only became tangible in AD 176 through a spolia inscription discovered at Burgus Leányfalu. It was about a thousand strong infantry unit, the Cohors I milliaria Aurelia Antonina Surorum sagittaria equitata (1st Syrian archery double cohort "Aurelia Antonina"). As the Leányfalu inscription shows, the troops were set up in Syria in 175 AD under Emperor Mark Aurel (161–180) and - as Soproni proved - they were relocated here the following year. After 196 AD, the unit was reorganized. It was now named Cohors I milliaria nova Severiana Surorum sagittaria. (1st new Syrian archery double cohort of archers "Severiana"). The additional surname Antoniniana she only carried during the reign of Emperor Caracalla (211-217). In the course of the temporary Damnatio memoriae after the violent death of the emperor, the cohort was subsequently named again without the Antoniniana . In an honorary inscription for Caracalla from the year 213, the Syrian cohort is also named as Cohors I nova Severiana Surorum sagittaria Antoniniana equitata civium Romanorum . Accordingly, the troops had apparently been granted Roman citizenship (civium Romanorum) in the meantime . It was also mentioned for the first time that the reorganized cohort was partially mounted.

Several names and ranks of the military personnel are known from the fort. Some altars and tombstones from Szentendre were carried away as spoils in late antiquity in order to build new military stations with them. For example, the dedication to Jupiter , which the standard bearer ( signer ) of a centurion of the 1st Syrian double cohort, Marcus Aurelius Priscus, had set up, was discovered in Burgus Leányfalu.

In the year 241 Iulius Victor, a mounted standard bearer ( Vexillarius ) of the Syrians, consecrated a stone to the protective spirit ( genius ) of his squadron ( Turma ) and the horse goddess Epona . An architrave of a sanctuary with a dedication to Mercury , donated by the two squadron leaders ( Decuriones ) Lucius Atticius Atticinus and Caius Atticius Verecundus, was made between 150 and 250 and was found in the southwest corner of the fort.

Camp village

The camp village ( vicus ) , which developed rapidly after the fort was founded, arose largely in the west and south of the garrison and had a circumference of 500 × 400 meters. The topography of the site led to a dense development with rectangular, stone-built houses, the wall thickness of which was around 50 centimeters. Remnants of frescoes from the 2nd and 3rd centuries that showed imitations of marble indicate a settlement characterized by a certain prosperity. This picture is underlined by a large hypocausted building in the style of a villa rustica , whose 60 centimeter thick walls of opus incertum had frescoes and which was equipped with terrazzo floors . The house was closed off with an apse to the west. At the end of the 3rd century the vicus was destroyed. Despite some findings, little research has been done there.

Burial ground

Grave inscription of Proculus, standard bearer in the Legio II Adiutrix from the period between 170 and 200 AD. The stone was reused in one of the late antique fort towers of Szentendre and was severely cut into shape.

A late Roman burial ground was discovered south of the fortification at Római temető utca. In this area some notable early Christian finds came to light. The burial places from the end of the 2nd to the end of the 3rd century have so far remained largely unknown. Another late antique burial ground immediately south and south-west of the garrison is similar in appearance to other Pannonian cemeteries of this time. Despite some cremation burials discovered during the excavations, the burial ground was not used bi-ritual, as judging from the findings, there were around a century and a half between the urn graves and the late Roman skeleton burials. Research therefore suspects that the early graves belonged to a burial area from the time before the construction of the stone fort and the expansion of the vicus and that they were abandoned in the course of the expansion of the ancient structures of Szentendre. After the destruction of the camp village at the end of the 3rd century, a cemetery was built in its place in the area of ​​the early graves, although archaeologists are still puzzling as to where the associated late antique population lived.

Post-Roman times

After the end of Roman rule, Germanic tribes settled on the fort area. The traces within the fortification suggest that there was continuity of settlement there until the arrival of the Magyars in the 10th century. From the 6th century, when the Lombards ruled the region, graves of warriors and women with numerous graves have been discovered. To the southwest of the ancient fort in Pomáz, near a former state estate, around ten Avar graves were destroyed in the spring of 1951 during the construction of a pumping station without any prior scientific research. From the spring of 1954, Soproni was initially able to save further, closely spaced graves for science in the same place and from October 1954 István Erdélyi within a radius of around 300 meters. The historical core of Szentendre was built on the opposite side of the Bükkös brook and the residents used the Roman ruins as a cheap quarry.

  • Finds from Lombard women's graves

  • The tree coffin burial of grave 85 included two pairs of fibulae; 6th century

  • Grave 85: belt buckle and glass pearl necklace

  • Grave 85: S-fibulae, chalcedony bead

  • Grave 29: pottery decorated with ribs; 6th century

Finds

Inscriptions

Grave stele of the fireman Claudius Trophimus

In addition to the grave finds, ceramics, stamped bricks and coins, the numerous inscriptions are particularly noteworthy. An honorary inscription of the Cohors I nova Severiana Surorum sagittaria for Severus Alexander comes from Szentendre , which was on a statue base and dates to the year 229. An honorary inscription by the Syrians on a statue base for Julia Mamaea , the mother of Severus Alexander, can probably be placed in the same year . Portraits of Julia, who brought her son to the throne at the age of thirteen, are not infrequently found in connection with statues of Severus Alexander.

As the tombstone of Publius Aelius Provincialis and his wife Pompeia Valentina discovered in the grave field south of the fort reveals that the deceased had served as a standard bearer (signer) in the Legion stationed in Aquincum and, after his honorable discharge from military service, apparently in Szentendre settled down. The limestone, which was neatly worked between 200 and 240, has a frame strip made of vine tendrils at its edges and shows a measuring instrument below the writing field. Publius Aelius Provincialis is known from another gravestone, the original location of which can no longer be determined, as the stone had been in a private collection in the town of Vác (Waitzen) on the Danube Bend since 1813 . Provincialis, who appears here again as a veteran of Legio II Adiutrix , is named as the grandfather of Publius Aelius Iustus, who died at the age of three, and Aelia Verina, who died at the age of seven. The parents of the two are Publius Aelius Provincialis, named after his father, a Sevir from the city of Aquincum and his wife Aelia Concordia.

The broken tombstone of Appius can be dated to the early days of the fort, between 100 and 150 AD. The grave stele of Claudius Trophimus dates from the same time, the remains of which were reused in a late Roman grave not far from the southwest corner of the fort. Trophimus' stele was commissioned by the fire guard (collegium fabrum et centonariorum) , which was then present in every Pannonian city. The tombstone of the veteran of the Legio II Adiutrix , Iulius Rufus, also donated by the fire station, comes from the same late Roman grave. It was also made between 100 and 150 AD .

Minerva statuette

During the excavation campaign in 2004 in the area of ​​the south gate, a high quality bronze statuette of the goddess Minerva came to light. It was assumed that the figure once stood in a lararium (house altar).

Villa Rustica at the open-air museum

(Main article: Villa Rustica Szentendre-Skanzen )

Floor plan of the Villa Rustica with the excavation results

The almost completely exposed and accessible foundations of the main building of a 5200 square meter Villa Rustica were discovered on the grounds of the ethnographic open-air museum Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum (Skanzen) near Szentendre, around 4.5 kilometers northwest of the fort, on the upper reaches of the Sztaravoda stream at 178 meters above sea level .

Lost property

Important stone monuments and building inscriptions from Szentendre can be viewed in the Roman lapidary of the Hungarian National Museum , which is located in the southern fort moat of Szentendre on Dunakanyar Ring (Dunakanyar körut) and is part of the Károly Ferenczy Museum. Other finds were brought to the National Museum in Budapest.

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The Szentendre Fort as well as all other Limes complexes belong to the nationally valuable cultural property as archaeological sites according to § 3.1. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Ulrich Brandl: Card 6: Brick stamp distribution of the Legio II Adiutrix. In: Investigations into the brick temples of Roman legions in the north-western provinces of the Imperium Romanum. Catalog of the Julius B. Fritzemeier Collection. P. 68. No. 10.
  • Jenő Fitz (Ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary (= Bulletin du musée roi Saint Etienne. Series A, Volume 22). Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Székesfehérvár 1976.
  • Éva Maróti: The Roman stone monuments of Szentendre, Ulcisia Castra. Publications by the Pest County Museum Directorate. Exhibition catalogs. Szentendre 2003.
  • Éva Maróti: A late Roman glazed Ascos from Szentendre. In: Communicationes archaeologicae Hungariae , 1996, pp. 117-123.
  • Éva Maróti, Judit Tópal: Szentendre római kori temetője. The Roman burial ground of Szentendre. In: Studia Comitatensia 9, 1980, p. 177 ff.
  • Tibor Nagy: The unrecognized honorary names of the Syrian cohort of Ulcisia Castra In: Studia in Honorem Veselini Beševliev. Jusautor, Sofia 1978. pp. 208-216.
  • Sándor Soproni: Szentendre a rómaiak korában. In: Szentendrei füzetek II – III, Szentendre 1987.
  • Sándor Soproni: The last decades of the Pannonian Limes . C. H. Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-406-30453-2 .
  • Sándor Soproni: The Caesar Caracallas and the Syrian cohort of Szentendre. In: Alba Regia 18, 1980, pp. 39-51.
  • Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó. Budapest 1978. ISBN 963-05-1307-2 .
  • Endre Tóth : A Dunakanyar útjai és Szentendre római kori neve. In: Endre Tóth: Studia Valeriana. Az alsóhetényi és ságvári késö római erõdök kutatásának eredményei. Dombóvár 2009, ISBN 978-963-06-7863-6 . Pp. 66-75.
  • Endre Tóth: Szentendre római kori nevéről (About the Roman name of Szentendre). In: Archaeológiai Értesítő 131, 2006, pp. 27–31.
  • Zsolt Visy : 14. Szentendre - Római tábor. In: Definition, Description and Mapping of Limes Samples. CE Project "Danube Limes - UNESCO World Heritage" 1CE079P4. Budapest 2010. pp. 40-41.
  • Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 56.
  • Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , pp. 78-79.
  • Zoltán Kádár : A szentendrei scrinium ábrázolásai a későantik császárkultusz vonatkozásában (The relationship between the representations of the Scrinium of Szentendre and the imperial cult of late antiquity). In: Folia archaeologica , 15, 1963, pp. 69-76.

Web links

Commons : Ulcisia Castra  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c István Erdélyi : The Avar burial ground in Dundaklász-Dunapart (Danube bank). In: Announcements of the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 7.1977. Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest 1978, p. 45.
  2. ^ Sándor Soproni: Limes Sarmatiae. In: A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve 2/1969. Szeged, 1969, pp. 117-133.
  3. ^ Zsolt Mráv: Castellum contra Tautantum. To identify a late Roman fortress. In: Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth : Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) . Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, (Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II), ISBN 963-9046-83-3 , p. 331.
  4. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 25.
  5. ↑ a b c d Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó. Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 68.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h Dorottya Gáspár: Christianity in Roman Pannonia. Archaeopress, Oxford 2002, ISBN 1-84171-288-4 , p. 112.
  7. ↑ a b c d e Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 56.
  8. ^ Zsolt Visy: Definition, Description and Mapping of Limes Samples. CE Project "Danube Limes - UNESCO World Heritage" 1CE079P4. Budapest 2010. p. 40.
  9. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , pp. 77-78. Especially also fig. P. 77.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 78.
  11. ↑ a b AE 1982, 00817 .
  12. ^ The Roman Inscriptions of Hungary (RIU) 3, 840.
  13. ↑ a b c Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 69.
  14. ^ AE 1965, 9 .
  15. ↑ Endre Tóth: The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia . In Archaeologiai Értesitő 134 . Budapest 2009. p. 42 (including footnote)
  16. ↑ Endre Tóth : The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. Archaeologiai Értesitő 134. Budapest 2009. p. 52.
  17. ^ Notices from the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. No. 14/1985. Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest 1985, p. 122.
  18. ↑ CIL 16, 36 .
  19. ^ Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 71.
  20. ↑ a b Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliary troops in Pannonia during the principle time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Research Society of Vienna City Archeology. Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 42.
  21. ↑ CIL 03, 03640 .
  22. ↑ RIU-03, 00853.
  23. ↑ a b CIL 03, 10581 .
  24. ↑ AE 1982, 0081 .
  25. ↑ CIL 03, 03639 .
  26. ↑ CIL 03, 03638 .
  27. ↑ RIU 3, 865 = B. Lörincz, The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. I: The inscriptions (RHP). Vienna 2001, 434.
  28. ^ RIU 3, 869 = RHP 441.
  29. ^ AE 1937, 139 .
  30. ↑ Éva Maróti, Judit Tópal: Szentendre római kori temetője. The Roman burial ground of Szentendre. In: Studia Comitatensia 9. 1980. p. 177.
  31. ↑ a b Wilfried Menghin : The Longobards. Archeology and history. Theiss, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-8062-0364-4 , p. 122f.
  32. ↑ CIL 3, 3638 .
  33. ↑ CIL 3, 3639 .
  34. ↑ CIL 3, 14354.01 .
  35. ↑ CIL 3, 3527 .
  36. ↑ Éva Maróti, Zsolt Mráv: Kiadatlan római kori kőemlékek Pest megyéből. (Unpublished Roman stone monuments from Pest County.) In: Studia Comitatensia. Múzeumtörténeti és Régészeti Tanulmányok. No. 28, Szentendre 2004, p. 254.
  37. ^ Klára Póczy: Cities in Pannonia. Athenaeum, Frankfurt am Main 1978, p. 52.
  38. ↑ AE 1939, 8 .
  39. ↑ At 47 ° 41 '38.22 "  N , 19 ° 2' 54.25"  O .
  40. ^ Zsolt Visy : The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 79.