Göd-Bócsaújtelep Castle

Göd-Bócsaújtelep Castle
limes	Pannonian Limes; Sarmatian Limes
section	4 (Pannonian Limes)
Dating (occupancy)	valentine ( Frigeridus dux)
Type	Fort
unit	never used
size	400 × 290 m
Construction	planned stone construction
State of preservation	mostly undeveloped; not visible in the field
place	God
Geographical location	47 ° 40 ′ 58.7 " N , 19 ° 9 ′ 47.5" E
height	124 m
Previous	Burgus Tahitótfalu-Balhavár (northwest)
Subsequently	Burgus Hatvan-Gombospuszta (east) ; Burgus Dunakeszi (southwest) ; Transaquincum (south)

Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

The fort Göd-Bócsaújtelep is a never completed Roman military camp , which was intended as a particularly large late antique fortification for the surveillance of the north-western border section on the so-called Limes Sarmatiae . At the same time, the units stationed here should have kept the Sarmatian Jazyans , who lived in the protection of this Limes, but who were difficult to control and fickle, at the side of the Romans. With Göd-Bócsaújtelep, the complex Roman border defense system located around three kilometers to the west on the Pannonian Danube Limes would also have had an advanced observation post in the eastern Barbaricum . On the basis of this largely undeveloped complex, the development process of a late Roman stone fort that got stuck at the stage of determining the ground plan can be clearly understood. The fort area is now in the municipality of Bócsaújtelep, which belongs to the northern Hungarian city of Göd in Pest County .

location

The Limes Pannonicus on the Pilis Mountains

The facility was built on the edge of the eastern Danube lowland, south of the Danube Bend . Coming from the west, the current bends almost at right angles to the south at the exit of this knee and largely maintains this direction in the area of today's territory of Hungary. As the location for the new military site, those responsible for planning chose a gently sloping, flat hill ridge to the northeast, which was about three kilometers from the Danube. This conception at a great distance from the bank cannot be explained by the possible risk of flooding, since the bank terrace in the Göd area is around eight to ten meters above the normal level of the Danube. In addition, the eastern, barbaric part of the Danube terrace was settled by probably Romanized residents as early as the 2nd century AD. In this context, in the Alsógöd district, shards of terra sigillata and glass fragments dating from the same time period came to light on the river bank from the rubble of a falling loess wall . In addition, there were hexagonal floor tiles in different sizes as well as remains of wall paintings.

The Ilka Bach rises from underground springs less than a kilometer north of the fort. This widened towards Felsögöd and originally formed a small lake that is now drained.

development

Projection of the facility, which can be represented by aerial photographs before the excavations.

The Sarmatian Limes, as it is today, was probably already in its earliest stage of development under Emperor Constantine the Great (306–337), but at the latest under his son Constantius II (337–360) and was the guaranteed limit of Rome Sarmatian dominion, originally began at Dunakeszi , where the Romans have maintained a fortified bridgehead since Emperor Valentinian I (364–375), according to the brick temple . For strategic reasons, which should possibly take the pressure off the difficult to defend Danube island Szentendrei (St. Andrä), which extends to this day from the northern apex of the Danube Bend to just outside Budapest , the border line was shortened under Valentinian I. The Göd-Bócsaújtelep fort was built north of the older Sarmatian Limes. The Limes itself was pushed a little to the north, up to the Danube Bend and presumably ended on the north bank of the Danube, opposite the Visegrad-Sibrik fort .

In order to prepare for this postponement, the emperor had the Danube Limes between the Esztergom-Hideglelőskereszt fort and Visegrad-Sibrik secured two to three times as much with burgi and forts as was otherwise customary on the Hungarian Danube Limes in the run-up to the work at the beginning of the 370s . The organization of this personnel and structural engineering feat was in the hands of the Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Valeria ( Dux Valeriae ripensis ) , Terentius and, from 371 onwards, his energetic successor, Dux Frigeridus , and their officers assigned for this purpose. In addition, a number of fortified shipping lands ( Ländeburgus ) were created, which were supposed to enable the Roman troops to transfer into the Barbaricum without problems in order to be able to intercept and fight alleged enemies or intruders more quickly. However, the border shift took place to the disadvantage of the Germanic tribe of the Quads , whose southern border joined the Jazygen area. The Roman Emperor annexed this area contrary to current treaties in an aggressive and undiplomatic manner, which took no account of the interests of the Teutons, which was to take bitter revenge afterwards.

The Munimentum (fortress) mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus is most likely the fort of Göd-Bócsaújtelep, which was built on quadratic ground at that time and whose construction was ordered by Valentinian I in 373.

In addition to the Roman army units, who set up military posts not only on the Danube but also along the Sarmatian border wall, the allied Sarmatians were also involved in the defense of the ramparts.

Research history

A brick stamp fragment with the brand [LEG XGM] AG DALMATICVS , which came out of the ground in 1968 while deep plowing.

The reference to “ruins of some larger building” in the district of Göd, which was first printed in 1910, could refer to this Roman military installation and would therefore be the oldest mention of this ground monument. However, it was not until 1968 that the first Roman fort on the eastern bank of the Danube was identified after the responsible brigade manager of an agricultural production cooperative (LPG) had been made aware of torn bricks of unusual size while deep plowing. In the same year the archaeologists Sándor Soproni , Éva Garam and István Stefaits explored the site during an inspection and picked up several stamped bricks . Soproni then put forward his thesis, which has long been considered a valid standard, that the Castellum contra Tautantum specified in the Notitia Dignitatum must be a mutilated form of the actual name Contra Constantiam constructed by Soproni by the medieval copyists . He saw this thesis as conclusive, since the newly discovered fort was opposite the Constantia garrison on the other bank of the Danube . When the construction of an industrial zone threatened the south-eastern section of the fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep at the turn of the millennium, an emergency excavation was planned. After the investigation in summer 2000 / April 2001, to everyone's surprise, it emerged that Göd was an unfinished fortress that never had an occupation, so the place will probably not have been given a name that has one in late antique literature Found precipitation. Today, various Hungarian scientists are discussing the opinion of the archaeologist Zsolt Mráv that the Castellum contra Tautantum could refer to the military facility previously known as Contra Aquincum . Up until 2000, research in Göd-Bócsaújtelep was only dependent on soil finds from site inspections and thus mainly on pure speculation. Only the ongoing excavations under the direction of Mráv provided a sound scientific background.

Building history

Since the staking out of the 400 × 290 meter large fort area, which was carried out in the course of the survey by Roman surveyors, should have taken a few weeks at the most, this construction project in the quadratic area can be dated quite precisely with the help of the limiting oldest finds. Göd-Bócsaújtelep is a facility that obviously never got beyond the stage of the floor plan marking. If the fort had been completed, it would have been one of the most powerful in the area of the Barbaricum .

The fort was planned as a compressed round, similar to what was also found in late antique urban fortresses, such as Bitburg . According to Mráv, the round towers in particular, with a view of other late Roman fortresses in the province of Valeria, confirm a Valentine date. He saw the Saarbrücken fortifications as the most important parallel in this regard . The roof tiles that were found do not come from already completed buildings, but were only used by the Roman surveyors to mark the walls or to support measuring posts.

Before the defensive walls were measured, the points for the round towers were first fixed from the future center of the fort with thick posts that could be seen from far and then the circumference of their outer wall line was determined, which in Göd-Bócsaújtelep was 10.5 meters (35 Roman feet) . The method used by the Romans to do this is still unknown, as none of the two posts that were found in the tower uncovered by Mráv were in its geometric center. Then a 30 centimeter wide and more than one meter deep trench was dug along the outer wall of the wall. Stones and broken bricks were placed in this trench to mark it permanently. After completing this work step, mortar was applied to the primer layer and two rows of bricks that were connected together were laid over it, which could be leveled . Then the interior and exterior of the 2.7 to 2.8 meters (9 Roman feet) wide defensive wall connecting the towers was marked out. Mráv was able to prove that, contrary to his findings, the wall thickness of the towers had not yet been determined on the planned fort wall.

OF ARN MAXENTI A VIN brick stamp from the backfill of the sewer ditch.

A deep sewer ditch with steep walls and a flat, shovel-wide floor was uncovered near the only tower foundation investigated in 2000/2001, which flowed off towards the Danube valley. The trench followed an imaginary southeast-northwest direction immediately northwest of the excavated tower and then swung slightly in a northerly direction.

The End

The sudden end of the fort expansion and the somewhat delayed abandonment of the Sarmatian Limes were partly brought about by the ruthless politics of Rome itself. A major cause was the disregard of the contracts concluded with the Quads and the associated unjustified appropriation of their southern settlement areas. The barrel finally overflowed with the insidious assassination of the quadratic king Gabinius. Depending on the source ( Zosimos and Ammianus Marcellinus ), a Celestius or Marcellianus , the dux in office since 373/374 , was responsible for this act . Thereupon the Quads, with whom the Jazygen now made common cause, rose and invaded Pannonia.

Despite the ongoing court intrigues, Valentinian I had to appear in person on the Pannonian theater of war in June 374 in order to overthrow his opponents. At the same time, in the spring or early summer of 374, the construction work on Fort Göd-Bócsaújtelep, which had been abandoned after the deposition of Frigeridus , was resumed under the new Dux , Marcellianus, but stopped again in the same year due to the war on the Quads - this time for good. The emperor died during the peace negotiations (on November 17, 375) in the legion camp of Brigetio . Soon after his death and in the course of the effects of the defeat of the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople (378), the Limes Sarmatiae had to be finally given up.

Finds

The excavation site from 2002 did not contain any small Roman finds with the exception of a single shard of gray, late antique ceramics, which came to light in a small exposed sand pit near the tower. Mráv reinforced these meager findings in his assumption that the construction work on the fort could only have lasted for a very short time and that it was not restarted after a completely abrupt halt.

OF AR BONO MAG brick stamp (sesquipedalis later) from the fort area; Site of discovery: Litter find from the Parz plot.

Another brick stamp OF ARN BONO MAG (sesquipedalis later) from the fort area with a motif variation.

The most important finds from this excavation site are undoubtedly the numerous brick stamps . By 1978 Soproni had become known through site inspections, including Tegulae with the stamp of Frigeridus. Additional stamps were discovered during the 2000–2001 excavations. In total, the inventory of different types until 2001 included the following brands:

OF ARN MAXENTI A VIN (3 pieces),
OF ARN MAXENTI ARP (3 pieces),
OF AR BONO MAG (stamp version 1: 3 pieces, stamp version 2: 1 piece) or OF ARN BONO MAG (1 piece),
OF ARAN VRSICINI (1 piece) and
AP IOVINI (1 piece).

In addition, there were valentinian stamps of the Legio X Gemina (10th Legion, the twins ) barracked in Vindobona ( Vienna ):

LEG XG MAG MAXENTI (1 piece).
LEG XG MAG DALMATIVS (1 piece),
LEG XG MAG SATVRNINVS (4 pieces) and
LEGG X GG VRSICINI CENT (1 piece).
LEG XG VR ... (1 piece).

The stamp was added later

FRIGERIDVS VP DVX added to the collection.

These legionary bricks with the aforementioned Magistri figlinarum Dalamtius, Saturnius and Ursicinus agree completely with those of the bridgeheads of Dunakeszi and Bölcske . Apart from these exceptions, no bricks of the X. Gemina have been discovered so far on the Schiffsländen and other similar systems in the area of the Danube Bend and the Danube Island St. Andrä. Mráv therefore suspected previously unknown historical connections between these three plants. The stamps of the OF ARN group (uncertain resolution of the letters to: Officinae auxiliares ripenses ) can be dated to the time of the rule of the emperors Constantius II. (337–361) and Valentinian. Since the stamp abbreviations AR , ARN and ARAN cannot be clearly explained for the time being, the previous translation suggestions remain speculative. According to the archaeologist Barnabás Lőrincz (1951–2012), the bricks of the aforementioned Maxentius can be assigned to the period between 351 and 354 AD, while the singular stamp of Centurion Iovinus appeared at the same time as that of Frigeridus. Other research results, which analyzed the brick stamps of Maxentius in the provinces of Pannonia I and Valeria as well as in neighboring Barbaricum , place the appearance of these stamps either at the end of the 50s of the 4th century or in the last years of Valentinian I. A first mention of the master's name Bonus, on the other hand, already happened at the end of the era of Constantius II or also in the following Valentine epoch. The finds from Göd-Bócsaújtelep fit very well with the already known stamps from the Burgi and Schiffsländen of the Danube area. A single-line, cursive handwritten inscription was discovered on a later (brick), as was also found on Burgus Szob .

By 2002, 16 coins from the fort area were also available, three of which can be assigned to Valentinian I and one to his son and co-emperor Gratian (375–383). These coins were made between 367 and 375, while all other coins are from the older, Constantinian epoch (306–361).

On the floor of the sewer ditch, silver, gilded sheet metal fragments with punched scale patterns were found, which belong to a post-Roman Hunnic or Alanic pommel or saddle wood. This find had found its way into the ground around half a century later and, according to Mráv, could have belonged to a disturbed or looted horse grave, as a few horse bones came to light in the rubble of the canal filling.

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. As archaeological sites according to § 3.1, the Limes complex is a nationally valuable cultural asset. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

literature

Zsolt Mráv : Egy meghiúsult római erődépítkezés Göd mellett (A failed Roman fortress construction Valentinians I near Göd, Hungary). In: Várak, kastélyok, templomok 3, 2008, pp. 8–11.
Zsolt Mráv: Quadian policy of Valentinian I. and the never-finished late Roman fortress at Göd-Bócsaújtelep. In: In: Zsolt Visy (Ed.): Limes XIX. Proceedings of the XIXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies held in Pécs, Hungary, September 2003. University of Pécs, Pécs 2005. pp. 771–782.
Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002 . In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003, pp. 83-114.
Zsolt Visy : 18. Göd - Bócsaújtelep (Ilkamajor). In: Definition, Description and Mapping of Limes Samples. CE Project "Danube Limes - UNESCO World Heritage" 1CE079P4. Budapest 2010. pp. 48-49.
Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 56.

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926-1995) Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-9 , p. 39.
^ ^A ^b Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Budapest 2003. pp. 83–114; here: p. 84.
↑ Ländeburgus Dunakeszi at 47 ° 39 '32.98 " N , 19 ° 7' 12.06" O .47.659161111111 19.120016666667
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 101.
↑ Notitia Dignitatum, IN PARTIBUS OCCIDENTIS, XXXIII.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 99.
^ Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 79.
↑ Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 83.
^ Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 81.
↑ Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 86.
^ Paula Zsidi : Research in Aquincum, 1969-2002. In honor of Klára Póczy. Budapesti Történeti Múzeum 2003, ISBN 963-9340-23-5 , p. 61.
^ Zsolt Mráv: Castellum contra Tautantum. To identify a late Roman fortress. In: Ádám Szabó, Endre Tóth: Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926-1995) Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-9 , p. 354.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 97.
↑ ^a ^b Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 94.
↑ Christine van Hoof: Valentinian I. (375-392) . In: Manfred Clauss (Ed.): The Roman Emperors. 55 historical portraits from Caesar to Justinian. 4th edition, Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60911-4 , p. 346.
^ Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 81. Fig. 82.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 105.
^ Zsolt Mráv: God fortress. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , p. 200.
↑ ^a ^b Barnabás Lőrincz : A későrómai hídfőállások bélyeges téglái Valeriában. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, pp. 53-68.
↑ Translation: “Administration of the Border Troops” According to Titus Kolník: Cifer-Pác - a late Roman station in the Quadenland? In: Jenő Fitz (ed.): Limes. Files of the XI. International Limes Congress (Székesfehérvár, 30.8–6.9.1976). Akadémiai Kiadó. Budapest 1977. ISBN 963-05-1301-3 . P. 187.
↑ ^a ^b Barnabás Lőrincz: The brick stamps of the ship landing of Bölcske. In: Ádám Szabó, Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926-1995) Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-9 , p. 77 ff., Here: p. 80.
↑ Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: pp. 98–99.

[szabó39-1] Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926-1995) Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-9 , p. 39.

[Mráv2003_84-2] A ^b Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Budapest 2003. pp. 83–114; here: p. 84.

[3] Ländeburgus Dunakeszi at 47 ° 39 '32.98 " N , 19 ° 7' 12.06" O .47.659161111111 19.120016666667

[Mráv2003_101-4] Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 101.

[5] Notitia Dignitatum, IN PARTIBUS OCCIDENTIS, XXXIII.

[Mráv2003_99-6] Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 99.

[7] Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 79.

[Mráv2003_83-8] Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 83.

[9] Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 81.

[Mráv2003_86-10] Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 86.

[11] Paula Zsidi : Research in Aquincum, 1969-2002. In honor of Klára Póczy. Budapesti Történeti Múzeum 2003, ISBN 963-9340-23-5 , p. 61.

[mrav354-12] Zsolt Mráv: Castellum contra Tautantum. To identify a late Roman fortress. In: Ádám Szabó, Endre Tóth: Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926-1995) Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-9 , p. 354.

[Mráv2003_97-13] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 97.

[Mráv2003_94-14] Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 94.

[15] Christine van Hoof: Valentinian I. (375-392) . In: Manfred Clauss (Ed.): The Roman Emperors. 55 historical portraits from Caesar to Justinian. 4th edition, Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60911-4 , p. 346.

[16] Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 81. Fig. 82.

[Mráv2003_105-17] Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 105.

[Mráv_2003_200-18] Zsolt Mráv: God fortress. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , p. 200.

[Lőrincz_1999_53–68-19] Barnabás Lőrincz : A későrómai hídfőállások bélyeges téglái Valeriában. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, pp. 53-68.

[20] Translation: “Administration of the Border Troops” According to Titus Kolník: Cifer-Pác - a late Roman station in the Quadenland? In: Jenő Fitz (ed.): Limes. Files of the XI. International Limes Congress (Székesfehérvár, 30.8–6.9.1976). Akadémiai Kiadó. Budapest 1977. ISBN 963-05-1301-3 . P. 187.

[szabó80-21] Barnabás Lőrincz: The brick stamps of the ship landing of Bölcske. In: Ádám Szabó, Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926-1995) Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-9 , p. 77 ff., Here: p. 80.

[Mráv2003_98-99-22] Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: pp. 98–99.