Burgus Szentendre-Dera

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Burgus Szentendre-Dera
(Burgus Ulcisia 1)
limes Pannonian Limes
section 4th
Dating (occupancy) Constantinian
Type Ländeburgus
Construction stone
State of preservation not preserved above ground
place Szentendre
Geographical location 47 ° 38 '28.8 "  N , 19 ° 4' 47.6"  E
height 102  m
Previous Fort Szentendre (Ulcisia Castra / Castra Constantia) (north)
Burgus Szigetmonostor-Horány (north-east)
Burgus Dunakeszi (north-east)
Fort Göd-Bócsaújtelep (north-east)
Subsequently Burgus Budakalász-Luppa csárda (south)

The Burgus Szentendre-Dera is a completely excavated former Roman military camp , which as a late antique Ländeburgus secured the surveillance of a Danube crossing to the Hungarian Danube island Szentendrei (St. Andrä) on the Pannonian Limes . The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. The complex was built on the west bank of the river, in the area of ​​the Roman province of Valeria, and was located south of the old town and the fort of Szentendre in Pest County .

Location and research history

The Limes Pannonicus on the Pilis Mountains
The ship-like bridgehead in an attempt at reconstruction

Traces of prehistoric settlement were found at the later site of the Burgus . In the 2nd century AD, the Dera brook probably formed the border between Lower and Upper Pannonia. The bridgehead-like ship landing was created directly on the west bank of a tributary of the Danube, which is separated by the St. Andrä Island, which divides the river for a long distance from north to south. Analogous to other sites, there could also have been such a Ländeburgus on the opposite bank, on the island, in order to optimally secure the transition between them. The facility (located at the southern mouth of the Dera brook) was located on the southeastern edge of the Pilis Mountains , around which the Danube flows in a large arc, the Danube Bend , coming from the west and bending to the south. The Roman guards had a clear view of the eastern Barbaricum from their post . To the north-west, on the east bank of St. Andrä, stood the also easily visible Landeburgus of Horány , which controlled a crossing over the Danube. A road leading across the island connected him to the military station on the Dera brook. To the north of Szentendre-Dera there was visual contact with the cohort fort Szentendre; in the south, also on the west bank, to Burgus Budakalász-Luppa csárda .

The Ländeburgus was excavated in 1934 by the archaeologist Lajos Nagy (1897–1946). Today nothing can be seen of the ground monument at the former site in the wooded bank area.

Building history

Floor plan of the exposed remains of the wall

The construction of the Burgus of Szentendre-Dera differs somewhat from the usual building schemes on the Hungarian Limes. The northern Burgus Verőcemaros-Dunamező or the late Roman Contra Florentiam excavated in the south of the province of Valeria can be used as a comparison . The Hungarian archaeologist Soproni assigned the Ländeburgus of Szentendre-Dera to the Veröce type (see also the Ländeburgus at Szob to the northwest ). The reason for this lies in the earlier period when Szentendre-Dera was built. Possibly the fortification arose in the course of the Limes Sarmatiae , an extensive rampart system built under Constantine the Great (306–337) or Constantine II (337–340), which bent as a buffer zone from the Danube bend over the Tisza to the south and near the provincial border town Viminatium rejoined the Limes. This militarily secured area in the Barbaricum was settled by the Sarmatian tribe of the Jazygens , allied with Rome . After the defeat at Hadrianopolis in 378, however, this line of defense upstream of Valeria's eastern border collapsed.

A square residential and watchtower measuring 20 × 20 meters formed the western end of the complex. At both of its eastern corners, a wall bent at right angles to the north and south, stretched almost 5 meters, and then angled again in an L-shape parallel to the east on the banks of the Danube. At the ends of the two wall sections, a square, 7.5 × 7.5 meter large watchtower was added, the east side of which stood directly on the water ( Ländeburgus ).

The state castle of Szentendre-Dera was evidently still in use under the rule of Emperor Valentinian I (364-375). During this time, alterations or repairs must have been made, as evidenced by a single brick stamp of Ap Luppiani ord . The Centurion Luppianus named on this stamp served in the Pannonian border army at the same time as Frigeridus , who was appointed military commander in chief of the province . Frigeridus officiated between 371 and 373 AD as Dux Valeriae ripensis (General of the Province of Valeria). The excavation documents show that the two smaller towers built directly on the banks of the Danube were demolished at a later date, perhaps around 380 AD. A similar finding was found in the Burgus of Verőcemaros-Dunamező.

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The Burgus Szentendre-Dera as well as all other Limes facilities belong as archaeological sites according to § 3.1 to the nationally valuable cultural property. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Jenő Fitz (Ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary (= Bulletin du musée roi Saint Etienne. Series A, Volume 22). Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Székesfehérvár 1976.
  • Zsolt Mráv: On the dating of the late Roman ship lands on the border of the province of Valeria ripensis. In: Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003. pp. 33–50.
  • Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest 1978, ISBN 9630513072 .
  • Sándor Soproni: The last decades of the Pannonian Limes. CH Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3406304532 .
  • Zsolt Visy : The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3806204888 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ At 47 ° 39 '53.97 "  N , 19 ° 4' 22.76"  O .
  2. ↑ 183. Szentendre, mouth of the Dera brook. In: János Banner (ed.): The Péceler culture. Archaeologia Hungarica 35. Budapest 1956. p. 62.
  3. ^ Jenő Fitz: The administration of Pannonia in Roman times. Volume 2. Encyclopedia, 1993. ISBN 9638477008 . P. 374.
  4. ↑ a b Sándor Soproni: The last decades of the Pannonian Limes . CH Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3406304532 , p 69.
  5. ↑ a b c d Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 9630513072 , p. 71.
  6. ↑ At 47 ° 36 '30 "  N , 19 ° 4' 20"  O .
  7. ^ Sándor Soproni: Limes Sarmatiae In: A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve 2/1969. Szeged, 1969, pp. 117-133.
  8. ^ Zsolt Mráv : Castellum contra Tautantum. To identify a late Roman fortress. In: Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth: Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) . Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, (Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II), ISBN 963-9046-83-9 , p. 331.
  9. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3806204888 , p. 25.
  10. ↑ a b Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary . Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 79.
  11. ^ János György Szilágyi: Inscriptiones tegularum pannonicarum. DissPann II. Budapest, 1933. Plate XXVIII, pp. 53-58.
  12. ↑ Notitia Dignitatum, IN PARTIBUS OCCIDENTIS, XXXIII.
  13. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz : A későrómai hídfőállások bélyeges téglái Valeriában. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, pp. 53-68.

Web links

Animated film about Burgus on You Tube