Burgus Szentendre-Hunka

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Szentendre-Hunka
(Burgus Cirpi 3)
limes Pannonian Limes
section 4th
Dating (occupancy) first half of the 4th century AD
to the end of the 4th / beginning of the 5th century AD
Type Burgus
unit unknown
size 30 × 40 m
Construction stone
State of preservation Unexcavated, brick and stone rubble and wall remains; Viewing not possible.
place Szentendre
Geographical location 47 ° 41 '22.3 "  N , 19 ° 5' 0.5"  E Coordinates: 47 ° 41 '22.3 "  N , 19 ° 5' 0.5"  E
height 124  m
Previous Burgus Leányfalu (north)
Subsequently Szentendre Castle (Ulcisia Castra / Constantia) (south)

The Burgus Szentendre-Hunka was a Roman military post that was built as a late antique residential and watchtower ( Burgus ) to control a section of the Danube in the Pannonian Limes ( Limes Pannonicus ) . The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. The remains of the plant that have been excavated and can be visited are located at the foot of the Hunka hill in the town of Szentendre (German: St. Andrä ) in the Hungarian Pest county , northwest of the road 11 to Budapest , on the west bank of the western arm of the Danube. The ceramic shards, which document the transition from late antiquity to the late Middle Ages , are to be emphasized as a special feature of this ground monument .

location

The Limes Pannonicus on the Pilis Mountains

The Szentendre-Hunka sentry post was strategically located on the 25–30 meter high Hunka Hill, a foothill of the Pilis Mountains , in the Pannonian province of Valeria, established in the 4th century AD. The west bank of the western arm of the Danube, rising towards the mountains, is 150 meters away. The hill is 50 meters from the north bank of the Stelin stream. Looking north from the fort, the Roman border fortifications could be kept in view. In the south was the auxiliary force fort Constantia , which had been founded under the name Ulcisia Castra (wolf camp ). A connection was also possible with the stations on the Danube Island Szentendrei (Sankt-Andrä-Insel) . At the foot of the Hunka hill was an important border and military road to the east, which followed the Danube to Aquincum ( Budapest ) with its legionary camp.

Research history

The location was still known as Hunkaburg in the 19th century. During the first investigations, Flóris Rómer (1815–1889), the founder of scientific archeology in Hungary, was unsure about the findings. He thought it possible that the remains of the wall could belong to the ruins of a medieval St. George's chapel. In 1864, the then mayor of Szentendre, Jenõ Dumtsa, found Roman tombstones with inscriptions on the south side of the hill. But it was not until 1957 that Sándor Soproni was able to rule out this assumption beyond any doubt. In 1965, the art historian Zsuzsanna Lovag discovered traces of settlement from the Árpáden period from the 12th to the 13th centuries on the east side of the hill, and in 1975 the archaeologist Sarolta Tettamanti found late Roman and Arpáden ceramics at 7 Szalonka Street. So far, no excavations have taken place at the site, but important surface finds have been discovered.

Building history

According to the brick stamps , the facility was built in the first half of the 3rd century, renovated or rebuilt under Emperor Valentinian I (364–375) as part of the extensive border security program launched at that time, and continued to be used until at least the end of the 4th century. Soproni expected it to be founded at the time of Emperor Caracallas (211-217) and pointed out that the dimensions of the fortification on Hunka Hill differed greatly from those of the late Roman fortifications. A rectangular, around 30 × 40 meter enclosing wall was found, the surface of which is still around 30 meters today. The wall was stabilized at a distance of 3.5 meters with 1.5 meter wide wall templates. A tower is suspected to be inside the area, as another, parallel strip of wall can be detected at a distance of ten meters from this surrounding wall. Without excavations, however, the closer construction of the Burgus will not be clear.

As shards of Slavic character from the 9th century show, the place of Burgus was visited centuries after the Romans left. Important remains of the building were probably still standing at that time. In the Middle Ages, the presumed St. George's Chapel could have been built at this location using material from the tower. The late medieval use of the hill suggests a multitude of sherds that can be found mixed with Roman material on site.

Finds

In addition to the gravestones from late Roman graves as well as secondary elders, such as that of the mounted sergeant (miles sesquiplicarius) Iulius Taurus, some important reading findings were made on site.

Brick stamp

A considerable number of Valentinian brick stamps were found, which provide information about the development of the building history. In addition to the stamp of the Cohors I milliaria Ulpia Pannoniorum (1st double cohort Ulpia Pannoniorum) stamps of the Legio II Adiutrix (2nd Legion Adiutrix), which had its garrison location in Castra Aquincum (Budapest), among others , were found. The 1000-strong Cohors I milliaria Ulpia Pannoniorum was stationed after 118/119 AD in the northwestern Danube fort Solva ( Esztergom ). Further stamps came from Frigeridus dux ( Dux Valeriae ripensis ) and the tribune Valentinus, who was active in Valeria at the same time as Frigeridus, apparently from the year 371. The year Frigeridus took office in the province suggest, among other things, finds of watchtowers between the forts Visegrád – Gizellamajor and Visegrád – Sibrik . The last known stamp is that of Ap Luppiano ord . Luppianus was a centurion who also served at the same time as the Dux Frigeridus in Valeria.

Ceramics

So far, some ceramic shards from the fort area have also been known as reading finds. The material includes smoothed, smoothed decorated and hand-molded fragments. The finds show that the system was still used in the post-Valentine era.

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The Burgus Szentendre-Hunka as well as all other Limes facilities belong to the nationally valuable cultural property as archaeological sites according to § 3.1. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Sándor Soproni: Szentendre – Hunka Hill. In: Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. Az István Király Múzeum Közleményei A. sorozat 22. Székesfehérvár 1976, p. 70.
  • Sándor Sopron: The last decades of the Pannonian Limes . Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3406304532 .
  • Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 9630513072 . Pp. 66-67.
  • Zsolt Visy : The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 . Pp. 77-78.

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 9630513072 , p. 66.
  2. ^ József Hampel : Find reports from Austria-Hungary. In: Archaeological-epigraphic communications from Austria-Hungary 1, 1877, p. 72.
  3. ↑ a b István Dinnyés, Klára Kővári, Zsuzsa Lovag u. a. (Ed.): Szentendre. In: Pest megye régészeti topográfiája. A budai és szentendrei járás. (Magyarország Régészeti Topográfiája VII), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1986. ISBN 963-05-3467-3 . Pp. 247-294; here: p. 274.
  4. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 77.
  5. ↑ a b c d Sándor Soproni: The last decades of the Pannonian Limes . Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3406304532 , p. 67.
  6. ^ Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 9630513072 , p. 90.
  7. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 . P. 78.
  8. ^ A b Sándor Soproni: Szentendre – Hunka Hill. In: Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. Az István Király Múzeum Közleményei A. sorozat 22. Székesfehérvár 1976, p. 70.
  9. ^ Ágnes Sós: The Slavic population of western Hungary in the 9th century. Beck, Munich 1973, ISBN 340600492X , p. 158.
  10. ^ Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 9630513072 , p. 67.
  11. ↑ CIL 3, 10575 .
  12. ↑ Acta antiqua. Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Volume 35. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1994, p. 142.
  13. ^ János György Szilágyi: Inscriptiones tegularum Pannonicarum . DissPann II. Budapest 1933. pp. 53-58, plate XXVIII.
  14. ↑ Limes between the Visegrád – Gizellamajor fort and the Visegrád – Sibrik fort
  15. ^ János György Szilágyi: Inscriptiones tegularum Pannonicarum . DissPann II. Budapest 1933, pp. 53-58, plate XXVIII.