Burgus Szob

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Burgus Szob
(Burgus Solva 34)
limes Pannonian Limes
section 3
Dating (occupancy) valentine
Type Ländeburgus
size 17.60 × 9.50 inner surface ( core work )
Construction stone
State of preservation almost completely destroyed; not to be visited
place Szob
Geographical location 47 ° 49 '4.2 "  N , 18 ° 51' 15.6"  E
height 103  m
Previous Esztergom-Hideglelőskereszt Castle (southwest)
Subsequently Burgus Pilismarót-Malompatak (southeast)

The Burgus Szob is a former Roman military camp , which in the area of ​​the Barbaricum, as a late antique bridgehead-like fortification , secured the surveillance of a Danube crossing at the Pannonian Limes ( Limes Pannonicus ) . The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. The facility, which was almost completely destroyed after dike measures, was located 200 meters from the mouth of the Eipel , west of the small Hungarian town of Szob in Pest County when it was found .

location

The Limes Pannonicus on the Pilis Mountains

Already during the younger pre-Roman Iron Age there was a grave field from the Latène period near Szob . In the courtyard of the Gregersen Castle, Scythian burials were found for an agricultural population as well as Celtic graves in peaceful harmony. The late Roman Ländeburgus was built in the lowlands of the north bank of the Danube directly on the river. Nearby to the west is the mouth of the Eipel, which had to be secured. To the north of the complex, the land, which was inhabited by the Germanic tribe of the Quadi in antiquity, rises to the Pilsen Mountains , up to 938 meters high , which surround the Eipel in a large, west-facing arc. On the southern bank of the Danube, opposite Szob, there was a dense chain of watchtowers in late antiquity, the predecessor structures of which went back to the middle Roman Empire. There was a line of sight to the Esztergom-Hideglelőskereszt castle in the south-west , which was situated on a rocky hill on the northern edge of the Pilis Mountains that fell steeply into the river valley .

Research history

A German-language map from the 18th century shows the remains of Roman buildings on both sides of the Danube in a somewhat distorted to scale and locally shifted representation. In addition the explanation: dd - rudera of an old bridge according to the statement of dasiger Leuthe . One of the walls depicted there is identified as Burgus Szob. Later, Flóris Rómer (1815–1889), the founder of scientific archeology in Hungary, described the complex in detail during a site inspection in the middle of the 19th century. After that, the ruin was still in good condition. In 1908 the archaeologist Gábor Finály (1871–1951) uncovered the complex. A mammoth project on the Danube started in 1977, the Gabčíkovo –Bős-Nagymaros barrage system, largely destroyed the Szob castle , which had been open to the public up to that point. The archaeologist Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) described the complex as destroyed in 1976 .

The protests by Hungarian environmentalists that became loud from 1984 and the immense costs that ultimately led to the end of the nature and culture-destroying project in 1989 came too late for Szob. In the same year, however, a rescue excavation was initiated on the preserved north wall, led by the archaeologist Mihály Nagy. His research lasted until 1990.

Building history

The provincial castle of Veröcemaros-Dunamezö shown here was similar in its basic concept to that of Szob.
Reconstructed plaster with painted ashlar masonry, as was also found in Szob.
View from the Szober ferry over the Danube in southeast direction. In the area of ​​the Danube valley narrowed by the mountains, the Visegrád – Gizellamajor fort was on the right bank. The left bank was then inhabited by the quadrupeds.

Judging from the descriptions by Rómer, the fortifications near Szob, which were still two to four meters high at that time, could have been compared with that of Verőcemaros-Dunamező . Finaly's excavation results also allow the same conclusion. According to the dimensions of the complex explored by Rómer, its total length including wing walls should have been 53 meters. However, this information does not agree with measurements made later. Since the destruction of the ship's land-like bridgehead is no longer possible, the correctness of the traditional figures cannot be confirmed. Szob thus eludes a precise representation of the floor plan. Rómer determined 2.80 meters for the wall thickness. The western wing of the wall is said to have been 15.20 meters long, the eastern 11.30 meters. At the two outer ends of these wings there was probably once a smaller tower. Other numerical values ​​are based on two 15.6 meter long walls. Finaly specified the inner area of ​​the central building as 17.60 × 9.5 meters, with the walls standing on a 3.20 meter wide foundation. On the Danube side, Rómer measured a thickness of 3.80 meters on this building. The masonry was built using a mixed technique of stones and bricks. According to Rómer, "aborted wall blocks" were visible 17 meters from this tower. Soproni suspected that these blocks could have been a remnant of the wing wall extending from the central building, which the Danube had already destroyed. As Nagy discovered when he was excavated in 1989, the outside of the structure was plastered white. Painters used red paint to imitate brickwork on this plaster. This painting for military buildings had a long tradition in the Roman army and can also be found on Limes forts in the middle of the imperial period in Germany. In addition, in 1989 two trenches were found that once protected the structure as an approach barrier and ran parallel to the only remaining masonry. This wall was part of the core work of the Ländeburgus and delimited the building to the north.

Only sparse archaeological information is available about the Danube-side expansion of the Ländeburgi, as the erosion caused by the river for over one and a half millennia has removed almost all traces. For a long time, scientific research believed that the fortified ship berths enclosed by defensive walls were open to the Danube. This idea could be corrected using old traditions and drawings. So today the image of a facility that was also closed on the river side and only had a special entrance or a larger opening there is spreading. Possibly to pull ships ashore to protect them from enemy attacks, as the classical philologist Wilhelm Schleiermacher (1904–1977) assumed.

Finds

Brick stamp

The finds from Szob include brick stamps of Frigeridus dux and Caris tribunus . This stamp and the appearance of the complex lay its origin in the reign of Emperor Valentinians I (364–375). At least a renovation can be assumed under this emperor. Frigeridus officiated between 371 and 373 AD as Dux Valeriae ripensis (General of the Province of Valeria). A brick (later) with an italic inscription, which was scratched before burning , also belongs to the ship's landing .

Burial place

A late Roman beaker made of bluish-white glass, which was made around the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries, came to light from a grave uncovered near Szob. The piece has glass threads in the form of applied wavy lines and came to light in a very similar form at several sites in Pannonia - including in nearby Pilismarót , at the Brigetio legion site and at the Dunaszekcső fort (Lugio / Florentia) .

Coin hoard

Around 40 kilometers from Szob along the Eipel valley to the north, a mid-imperial coin hoard was discovered in 1930 on the ancient territory of the Quadi, in the Barbaricum near Vyškovce nad Ipľom (Ipolyvisk) , the 1067 silver denarii from all reigns of the emperors Nero (54-68) to Antoninus Pius (138-161) included. The final coin was dated to the year 153 AD. The hoard was one of the most important coin finds in what was then Czechoslovakia . The ancient historian and numismatist Vojtěch Ondrouch (1891–1963) took over his first treatment . He estimated the time of the stoppage of this treasure because of the little worn condition of the younger coins in the years 153-161 n. Chr., She did not look directly related to the 166 n. Chr. Incipient marcomannic wars .

Post-Roman times

Finds from women's graves prove the presence of Ostrogoths / East Germans in Szob for the first half of the 5th century and the Huns also owned a small burial ground on the local Calvary, which was certainly not related to the Ländeburgus. In addition, Avars built a burial site at Szob-Homokok dűlő that was uncovered in 1927 by János A. Horváth. Later, before the Hungarians arrived, there was a Slavic settlement with graves around Szob. With the progressive land acquisition these Slavs were driven out of Hungary. To what extent the Roman ship landing was still preserved at this time is unknown. The transition at Szob came back into the annals during the struggle for supremacy in Hungary. The Hungarian army under its Grand Duke Árpád (* around 845, † around 907) crossed the Danube at Szob during an attack on Pannonia, which was then part of the Roman-German Empire, and stormed a castle on the river. Even today there is a Danube ferry at this place.

Limes course from Burgus Szob to Burgus Pilismarót-Malompatak

The towers were always close to the southern bank of the Danube. It was their job to guard the largely unoccupied north bank.

Traces of the Limes structures between Szob and Pilismarót.
route Name / place Description / condition
3 Pilismarót Szob Ferry (Burgus Solva 12) Due to the preparatory work on the Gabčíkovo – Bős-Nagymaros barrage project, parts of the Pilismarót-Basaharc III tower (Burgus Solva 12), which Sándor Soproni had explored in 1978 and 1979, were examined in detail during a rescue excavation in 1981. The place hid prehistoric, Roman and Arpáden cultures with corresponding finds. The excavator, Endre Tóth , was only able to work on the southern ditch of a presumed mid-imperial wooden tower site, as the rest of the structure was under the flood protection dike that had already been built. This rectangular trench had rounded corners and enclosed an area of ​​around 52 meters. The finding was extraordinary, as numerous incomplete human skeletal remains and 779 animal bones were found in the 2.40 to 2.70 meter wide section of the trench. The recovered pottery was dated to the second century. Militaria also emerged from the ground. The tower was probably besieged and destroyed by Teutons during the Marcomann Wars between AD 166 and 180 . After the war, the place was leveled with the people and animals killed in the fighting. Nothing is visible here today. Fragments of roof tiles were found, but no stamped tiles.

The individual animal species recovered from the ditch and the amount of their bones:

Animal species Bone count Number of individuals comment
Beef ( bos ) 266 Medium-sized animals (114 centimeters), large (max. 127.3 centimeters) and very large animals (max. 139.7 centimeters). The large and very large oxen were used as draft animals. This is also proven by the discovery of an iron hook that belonged to a yoke.
Dog ( canis ) 232 Three dogs (210 bones); 22 other remains of other individuals. The dogs were medium-sized (max. 56.6 centimeters) and large (max. 60 centimeters). A large puppy was 17 inches tall.
Horse ( equus ) 197 A mare (127 bones) with a foal (48 bones). The foal lay directly under the mare's skeleton; 22 more bones and teeth from other individuals
Pig ( sus od. Porcus ) 46 The pig bones came to light along with human remains and fragments of Tegula.
Sheep ( ovis ) 25th The bones found were of medium size.
Goat ( capra ) 5
Red deer ( cervus ) 3
Roe deer ( capreolus ) 2
Poultry ( gallina ) 1
Wild boar ( aper ) 1
European hare ( lepus europaeus ) 1

It was found that the pigs were killed before March / April, which goes well with the killing of the mare and her foal, who died in January / February.

3 Pilismarót-Basaharc (Burgus Solva 13) The Valentinian Burgus Pilismarót-Basaharc IV (Burgus Solva 13; also called Watchtower 4) examined by Soproni in 1978 is 150 meters from the ferry station in Szob on the river bank. Only its southern side remained. The Danube destroyed most of the remains of this square station. The preserved south wall was 10 meters long and one meter wide. A ground-level entrance, 0.97 meters wide, was found on the opposite side of the Danube. Inside, a staircase could still be found on the southwest corner. The square trench surrounding the facility at a distance of 8 meters had rounded corners. The finds at this place date from late Roman times. This included characteristic ceramics, coins from the emperors Valentinian I and Valens (364–378) as well as Valentine bricks from Frigeridus dux , Terentianus tribunus and a variant of the stamp type TEMP VRS from Legio X Gemina, which was also assigned to the Valentine period . Minor construction remains are visible in the area.
3 Pilismarót-Basaharc (Burgus Solva 14) Around 500 meters to the east and approximately opposite the ship station of Szob on the north bank, Burgus Solva 14 (Pilismarót-Basaharc V; also called Watchtower 5) near Pilismarót-Basaharc by Soproni was initially superficially examined and in 1980 completely due to a rescue excavation also caused by the barrage project . The foundation of the 7.5 × 7.5 meter tower was 1.15 meters thick. Bricks found were stamped with Quadriburgium and Frigeridus dux . Thus the complex belongs to the Valentine period. In the course of the excavation, a double moat of a wooden watchtower (Burgus Solva 14a) was found under the late antique Burgus. In addition to Terra Sigillata shards, a denarius from the reign of Emperor Nerva (96–98) comes from there .
3 Pilismarót-Duna melléke dűlő (Burgus Solva 15) Also under pressure from the barrage project, the archaeologist Endre Tóth completely excavated the remains of Burgus Pilismarót-Duna melléke dűlő I (Burgus Solva 15; also called Watchtower 1) in 1981. The internal dimensions of the square burgus were 9 × 9 meters, its walls were one meter thick. A square trench with rounded corners surrounded the complex. A coin from the year 367, during the reign of Valentinian I, was found on the cast floor. On the west side of the late antique fortification, the southern half of an older, also square trench with rounded corners was uncovered in a width of 21.2 meters, which belonged to a presumed wooden Burgus site (Burgus Solva 15a). The pottery that came into the ground when the ditch was made comes from the 4th century.
3 Pilismarót-Duna melléke dűlő (Burgus Solva 16) Nothing has survived from the Burgus Solva 16. Soproni found coins from the 2nd century as well as terra sigillata shards at this point. Based on the findings, the archaeologist speculated that a wooden watchtower had stood there.
3 Pilismarót-Duna melléke dűlő (Burgus Solva 17) The late antique tower Pilismarót-Duna melléke dűlő II (Burgus Solva 17; also called Watchtower 2), discovered in 1955 during a site inspection under a field and an adjacent path along the Danube, was about 600 meters northwest of the Pilismarót ship station and was on a one meter high Hill has been built. In 1966, Soproni carried out a first minor review of the size and chronology of this facility, before the archaeologist carried out a rescue excavation in 1979 as part of the preparatory work for the Gabčíkovo – Bős-Nagymaros barrage project, during which this tower site was completely exposed. The system was destroyed a short time later by work on the Danube bed. The internal dimensions of the square tower made of Opus incertum were 8 × 8.07 meters with a wall thickness of one meter. The entrance was on the southwest side. In addition to characteristic ceramic shards of the 4th century, nine fragmentary tegulae were found, which show a stamp of the TEMP VRS type, which research places in the Valentine period. The same type of stamps were found on tower 24, built in 372 near the Visegrád quarry. A tegula (roof tile) that was broken several times was regarded as an important find, bearing the detailed incised drawing of a horse with the inscription caballum Mariniano / Ursicino magistro (the horse of the master Marinianus Ursicinus). Soproni assumed that this was an ironic diatribe. Marinianus Ursicinus was identified as Magister figlinarum of the Legio X Gemina (10th Legion, "the twins") at the beginning of the 370s.
3 Pilismarót ship station (Burgus Solva 18)
Burgus Solva 18, Pilismarót ship station, excavation plan
Only around 800 meters southeast of Burgus Solva 17 and around 200 meters from the Pilismarót shipping pier, the late antique Burgus Solva 18 (also called Pilismarót pier / ship station or watchtower 3) was built by Pilismarót-Duna melléke dűlő about 50 meters from the Danube identified. János A. Horváth had already mentioned the complex, which was built on a 1.5–2 meter high hill, from which a brick temple of the Caris tribunus came. The ruins of the tower, around 50 meters from the bank of the Danube, had formed a small hill 1.50 to 2 meters high, which stood out conspicuously in the flat terrain. In 1966 a complete excavation took place under Soproni. The square tower , made of Opus incertum , measured 8.60 (northeast wall) × 8.62 (southeast wall) × 8.59 (southwest wall) × 8.60 (northwest wall) meters, the wall thickness varied between 0.93 and 0.96 meters . The foundation had an outer wall protrusion of 20 to 25 centimeters. The north corner of the tower had been broken out by stone robbers below the ancient level. Larger stone blocks were walled up at the corner of the tower. The stone material came from the nearby andesite and the masonry was carried out with a high quality lime mortar. Traces of plastering were discovered outside and inside the tower. On the south-west side, facing away from the Danube, the 1.13 meter long imprint of the threshold stone of a ground-level entrance in the center of the tower had been preserved. But the south-western end of the threshold stone fell victim to the stone robbers. The northern corner of the tower was additionally supported by a 42 centimeter wide and 12 centimeter thick wall template. At the end of the work, the ancient builders also grouted the outer and inner surfaces of the rising masonry with mortar. Inside the tower there was a layer of rubble about 30 centimeters thick, including a 20 centimeter thick layer with broken roof tiles and underneath the rotten remains of a 10-20 centimeter thick terrazzo-like floor that had been laid on the loamy earth with poor mortar. In the southwest corner of the interior of the tower were the 1.90 × 1.45 meter remains of a rectangular foundation made of stones, which was only installed after the tower was completed without a foundation. The mortar found there was identical to that of the tower. The archaeologists interpreted the foundation as the remains of a staircase. As an obstacle to the approach, the system was surrounded on all four sides by a ditch nine to ten meters away, which was four meters wide and 1.65 to 1.80 meters deep and had rounded corners. The few finds that were found included many Valentine brick stamps from the Caris tribunus and fragments from the late migration period. Today the tower hill can be seen as a slight elevation in the terrain.
3 Pilismarot Malompatak (Burgus Solva 19) Just a little further south on the banks of the Danube are the remains of the Pilismarót-Malompatak castle

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. in Budapest. As archaeological sites according to § 3.1, the Limes complex is a nationally valuable cultural asset. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

General

  • Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary (= Bulletin du musée roi Saint Etienne. Series A. Volume 22). Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Székesfehérvár 1976.
  • Zsolt Mráv : On the dating of the late Roman ship lands on the border of the province of Valeria ripensis. In: Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-3 , pp. 33–50.
  • Sándor Soproni : New research on the Limes stretch between Esztergom and Visegrád. In: Roman frontier studies 1979. 12th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. BAR Oxford 1980, ISBN 0-86054-080-4 , pp. 671-679.
  • Sándor Soproni: The last decades of the Pannonian Limes . Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-406-30453-2 .
  • Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 .
  • Endre Tóth : Roman watchtowers from Pilismarót. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae. 1983, Budapest 1984, pp. 67-79.
  • Zsolt Visy : Definition, Description and Mapping of Limes Samples. CE Project "Danube Limes - UNESCO World Heritage" 1CE079P4. Budapest 2010, pp. 14–15.
  • Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , pp. 49-50, 53.
  • Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 70.

Individual studies

Burgus Solva 12

  • Tibor Kemenczei, Ilona Stanczik: A Pilismarót-szobi révnél végzett ásatás 1979-ben. The excavation at Pilismarót-szobi rév in 1979 . In: Dunai Régészeti Közlemények 1979 (1981), pp. 5-9.
  • Sándor Soproni: Pilismarót-Basaharc 3 és 4. őrtornyok . In: Dunai Régészeti Híradó 1 , 1979, pp. 23-30.
  • Endre Tóth: Pilismarót-Szobi rév, római erődítmény (Pilismarót-Szobi rév, Roman fortress) . In: Dunai Régészeti Közlemények 1979 , pp. 77-82.
  • István Vörös: Skeleton of mare with foal from the Roman fortress at Pilismarót-Szobi rév - Egy vemhes kanca csontváza a Pilismarót-Szobi révi római kiserődben. In: Folia Archaeologica , 49/50, 2001/2002, pp. 181-198.

Burgus Solva 13

  • Sándor Soproni: Pilismarót-Basaharc 3 és 4. őrtornyok . In: Dunai Régészeti Híradó 1 , 1979, pp. 23-30.

Burgus Solva 17

  • Sándor Soproni: Pilismarót-Duna melléke dűlő 2. római őrtorony. (Pilismarót-Duna melléke corridor. Roman watchtower 2.). In: Dunai Régészeti Közlemények 1979 (1981), pp. 83-86.

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 77.
  2. ^ B. Hellebrandt Magdolna: Celtic Conquest and Settlement in Northern Hungary. In: Zalai Mùzeum 8. Zalaegerszeg, 1997, pp. 69–70.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 53.
  4. ^ Jenő Fitz: The Roman Limes in Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 119.
  5. ↑ a b Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 245.
  6. ↑ a b c d Sándor Soproni: The last decades of the Pannonian Limes . Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-406-30453-2 , p. 77.
  7. ^ Jenő Fitz: The Roman Limes in Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 119
  8. ^ Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 3-406-30453-2 , p. 78.
  9. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz ): Römische Kastelle . von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 86.
  10. ^ Zsolt Mráv: Az "előretolt helyőrség" - késő római kikötőerőd Dunakeszin. In: Dunakeszi helytörteneti szemle, December 2009. p. 5.
  11. ↑ Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 245.
  12. ↑ Notitia Dignitatum, IN PARTIBUS OCCIDENTIS, XXXIII.
  13. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz : A későrómai hídfőállások bélyeges téglái Valeriában. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, pp. 53-68.
  14. ↑ The late Roman fortress of Göd. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Magyar Nemzeti Muzeum. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest 2003, pp. 83–114; here: p. 97.
  15. ^ László Barkóczi: Pannonian glass finds in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1988, ISBN 963-05-4286-2 , pp. 76 and 93.
  16. ↑ a b Vojtěch Ondrouch: The Roman denarfund from Vyškovce from the early imperial period. Pressburg 1934. p. 6.
  17. ^ Vojtěch Ondrouch: The Roman denarfund from Vyškovce from the early imperial period. Pressburg 1934. p. 5.
  18. ↑ Volker Bierbrauer : The Ostrogothic grave and treasure finds in Italy. Centro italiano di studi sull'alto Medioevo, Spoleto 1975. p. 59.
  19. ↑ Nada Miletic: The early medieval grave field in Rakovcani near Prijedor. In: Scientific communications from Bosnia and Herzegovina 5. Bosnisch-Herzegovinisches Landesmuseum, Sarajewo 1975. pp. 177–243; here: p. 192.
  20. ↑ Ilona Kovrig: The Tiszaderzs cemetery. Cemeteries of the Avar period (567-829) in Hungary 1. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1975, pp. 159-160.
  21. ^ Ágnes Sós: The Slavic population of western Hungary in the 9th century. CH Beck Verlag, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-406-00492-X , p. 157. Fig .: Locations at Szob.
  22. ^ Ágnes Sós: The Slavic population of western Hungary in the 9th century. CH Beck Verlag, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-406-00492-X , p. 50.
  23. ↑ Route = numbering follows Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary (Theiss 1988) and Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. (Akadémiai Kiadó 2003).
  24. ↑ Burgus Solva 12 at 47 ° 48 '37.38 "  N , 18 ° 51' 19.19"  O .
  25. ↑ a b Sándor Soproni: New research on the Limes stretch between Esztergom and Visegrád. In: Roman frontier studies 1979. 12th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. BAR Oxford 1980. ISBN 0-86054-080-4 . Pp. 671-679; here: p. 674.
  26. ↑ a b c d István Vörös: Skeleton of mare with foal from the Roman fortress at Pilismarót-Szobi rév - Egy vemhes kanca csontváza a Pilismarót-Szobi révi római kiserődben. In: Folia Archaeologica , 49/50, 2001/2002, pp. 181-198; here: p. 193.
  27. ↑ István Vörös: Skeleton of mare with foal from the Roman fortress at Pilismarót-Szobi rév - Egy vemhes kanca csontváza a Pilismarót-Szobi révi római kiserődben. In: Folia Archaeologica , 49/50, 2001/2002, pp. 181-198; here: p. 181.
  28. ↑ a b c d e Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 49.
  29. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 70.
  30. ↑ a b c István Vörös: Skeleton of mare with foal from the Roman fortress at Pilismarót-Szobi rév - Egy vemhes kanca csontváza a Pilismarót-Szobi révi római kiserődben. In: Folia Archaeologica , 49/50, 2001/2002, pp. 181-198; here: p. 182.
  31. ↑ Endre Tóth: Roman watchtowers of Pilismarót. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest 1984, pp. 67-79.
  32. ↑ Burgus Solva 13 at 47 ° 48 '36.29 "  N , 18 ° 51' 38.59"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 239.
  33. ↑ Burgus Solva 14 at 47 ° 48 '35.03 "  N , 18 ° 52' 9.7"  O ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 239.
  34. ^ Jenő Fitz: The Roman Limes in Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 55.
  35. ↑ Burgus Solva 15 at approximately 47 ° 48 '33.23 "  N , 18 ° 52' 28.48"  O .
  36. ↑ Burgus Solva 16 at approximately 47 ° 48 '30.43 "  N , 18 ° 52' 41.45"  O .
  37. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 50.
  38. ↑ Burgus Solva 17 at approximately 47 ° 48 '25.72 "  N , 18 ° 53' 1.98"  O .
  39. ↑ a b c Jenő Fitz: The Roman Limes in Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p 57.
  40. ↑ a b Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 33.
  41. ^ Sándor Soproni: Marinianus Ursicinus magister. In: Folia Archaeologica 37. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest 1986, p. 183.
  42. ↑ The late Roman fortress of Göd. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Magyar Nemzeti Muzeum. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest 2003, p. 105.
  43. ↑ Burgus Solva 18 at 47 ° 48 '2.45 "  N , 18 ° 53' 46.97"  O ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 235.
  44. ^ Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 34.
  45. ↑ a b Sándor Soproni: Pilismarót landing stage . In: Archaeologiai értesítő 93. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1966, p. 223.
  46. ↑ Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 237.
  47. ↑ Burgus Solva 19 at 47 ° 47 '26.3 "  N , 18 ° 54' 5.4"  O .