Dux Pannoniae Primae et Norici Ripensis
The Dux Pannoniae Primae et Norici Ripensis (Army Commander of the Pannonia I and Ufernoricums) was from the 3rd century in command ( Dux limitis ) of the Limitanei and fleet units stationed on the border section of the Upper Danube.
Like his western counterpart, the Dux Raetiae , he commanded several provinces. The area of responsibility of the Dux extended to the Limes of the provinces Noricum ripense and Pannonia prima , the Austro-Slovak-Hungarian Danube region between the rivers Aenus (Inn) and Arrabo (Raab). In the hierarchy of the imperial nobility, the Dux - since Valentinian I - assumed the position of a vir spectabilis .
The following duces are known by name:
- Aurelius Senecio (311-312),
- Aurelius Iustinianus (beginning of the 4th century),
- Ursicinus (probably under Valentinan I).
Administrative staff
The Officium (administrative staff) of the Dux comprised the following offices:
- Principem de eodem officio (Head of the Office)
- Numerarium (paymaster)
- Adiutorem (assistant)
- Commentariensem (bookkeeper and legal expert)
- Subadiuuam (assistant)
- Regrendarium (administrator or archivist)
- Exceptores (writers)
- Singulares et reliquos officiales (Ordonances)
In Klosterneuburg, numerous late antique brick stamps of the so-called OFARN group [OF] ficinia [A] uxiliares [R] ipenses [N] orica = “Administration of the Noric Border Troops” were found. These can be dated to the time of the rule of the emperors Constantius II (337–361) and Valentinian I (364–375). Since the stamp abbreviations AR, ARN and ARAN cannot be clearly explained for the time being, the previous translation suggestions remain speculative.
troops
The troop list ( distributio ) in the Notitia Dignitatum lists the Dux garrisons according to their value and their geographical location (from west to east in the direction of the current) on the Danube. Obviously only the Pannonian military bases are listed, which were probably also the seat of a commanding officer. H. without all camps (Ufernoricum) or watchtowers (burgi) that were occupied at that time , such as B. Oberranna . The lists for the border troops on the Danube have different and often contradicting entries. It is also questionable whether the Norico-Pannonian limitanei extend beyond the period between 375–378.
The border in both provinces was organizationally divided into two sections:
- upper section (partis superioris) and
- lower section (partis inferioris) .
Remarkably, they were always backed up by a fifth cohort. According to Karlheinz Dietz, this was probably a misinterpretation of the acronym CHTV (c [o] h [or] t [i] u [m]) by the medieval copyists of Notitia. According to the Notitia Dignitatum , Ufernoricum had a relatively strong army until around 400 . Two legions formed its backbone,
- the Legio II Italica as well
- the Legio I Noricorum .
In addition, three infantry cohorts, four cavalry units and two mounted archers were available. In total, the Dux should ideally have around 10,000 men of varying quality available. Patrol ships (assigned to the legions) were now stationed in several forts. Their crews probably had the function of a kind of electricity police . From the early 5th century, the troops stationed on the central Danube were under a Comes Illyrici . Later the army master specially appointed for the western Illyricum. According to Zosimos's report , around 409 the Magister militum Generidus was in command of the troops on the Danube. His area of responsibility included Dalmatia, the Norico-Pannonian provinces and the two Raetias.
In the last literary source for Ufernoricum, the Vita Sancti Severini , there are no longer any concrete references to the existence of regular crews in the Noric Limes forts visited by Severin. A superordinate Dux or Comes is also not mentioned in Severin's vita. According to the Vita Sancti Severini, when Severin arrived there was apparently only a regular garrison force in Favianis . It was under the command of a tribune called Mamertinus . The Vita also mentions vigiles (= guards who guard Lauriacum ) and the exploratores (= scouts who watch the enemy). They could have been veterans of the two Norican legions or of auxiliary units or their descendants. Rajko Bratoz assumes that in the 5th century the guards in Comagena , Favianis and Batavis mentioned in Severin's Vita were not military farmers or civil militias until around 476, but were still regular units of the western Roman army. In Batavis and Lauriacum , new units were even set up, which perhaps consisted of scattered limits and newly acquired novels. Germanic Foederati were apparently no longer used for this.
Distributio Numerorum
According to the ND Occ. 17 units were available for the Dux (some named in several locations):
cavalry
| Officers / units / castles | comment | Illustration |
|---|---|---|
| Provinciae Noricum ripense | ||
| Limitanei - Equites | ||
| Equites promoti , Ad Mauros | The name means "Selected Horsemen" in Fort Eferding , A, they were probably pulled out of a legion in the 3rd century. | |
| Equites sagittarii , Lacufelicis | A unit of mounted archers in Fort Mauer-Öhling , A. | |
| Equites sagittarii , Lentiae | A unit of mounted archers in Fort Linz , A. | |
| Equites Dalmatae , Arlape | A unit, originally dug up in Dalmatia , riders in Fort Pöchlarn , A. | |
| Equites Dalmatae , Augustianis | A unit of Dalmatian horsemen in Fort Traismauer , A. | |
| Equites promoti , Comagenis | A unit of former legion riders in the Tulln fort , A. | |
| Provinciae Pannonia primae | ||
| Equites Dalmatae , Ala Nova | A unit of Dalmatian horsemen in the Schwechat Fort , A. | |
| Equites Dalmatae , Aequinoctoiae | A unit of Dalmatian horsemen in Fort Fischamend , A. | |
| Equites sagittarii , Gerolate | A unit of mounted archers in the Rusovce Castle , SLO. | |
| Equites promoti , flexo | A unit of former legion riders in the Mosonmagyaróvár fort , HU. | |
| Equites Mauri , Quadrato | A unit of Moorish horsemen, the location of their fort is unknown. | |
| Equites promoti , Arrabonae | A unit of former legion riders in the Győr Castle , HU. | |
| Equites Dalmatae , Ad Herculem | A unit of Dalmatian riders in the Kishegy / Pilismarót fort, HU. | |
| Equites sagittarii , Quadriburgio | A unit of mounted archers, probably stationed in a small fortress, Quadriburgi . Their geographical location is unknown. | |
| Limitanei - Cuneus | ||
| Cuneus equitum Dalmatarum , Flexo | A unit of Dalmatian horsemen in the Mosonmagyaróvár fort , HU. | |
| Cuneus equitum stablesianorum , Arrabonae | A cavalry unit of the Provincial Guard in the Győr Fort , HU. Other such departments can be found in the army
|
Infantry and fleet
| Officers / units / castles | comment | Illustration |
|---|---|---|
| Provinciae Noricum ripense | ||
| Limitanei - Legiones | ||
| Praefectus legionis secundae Italicae , Lauriaco | The Legio II Italica was the Norican regular Legion and since the marcomannic wars of Marcus Aurelius, 171 n. Chr. In the camp of the Upper Austrian section of the Danube Enns , A, stationed. Presumably two of their vexillations served ,
|
|
|
Praefectus legionis secundae Italicae , partis inferioris , Lentiae |
A vexillation of the Legio II Italica in Fort Linz , A, which secured the "lower section" of the Danube. | |
| Limitanei - Cohortis | ||
| Tribunus cohortis , Boiodoro | Cohort unspecified in the ND in Fort Passau -Innstadt, D. | |
| Tribunus cohortis , Asturis | Cohort unspecified in the ND in the Zwentendorf fort on the Danube , A. | |
| Tribunus cohortis , Cannabiaca | Cohort in Fort Zeiselmauer , not specified in the ND , A. | |
| Tribunus cohortis , Caratensis | The tribune stationed here commanded a cohort that may be identical to the Catarienses . A unit of the pseudocomitatenses led in the field army of Comes Illyrici . It is not known where their fort was. | |
| Classis | ||
|
Praefectus legionis primae Noricorum militum liburnariorum et cohortis Quintae , partis superioris , Adiuvense |
A division of marines and the fifth cohort of Legio I Noricorum in Fort Wallsee , A. They secured the "upper section" of the Danube. | |
| Praefectus classis , Arlapensis | Patrol boat flotilla of the Legio I Noricorum in the fort of Pöchlarn , A. | |
| Praefectus classis Lauriacensis (Lauriacum) | A patrol boat flotilla of the Legio II Italica in the legion camp of Enns , A. | |
| Praefectus legionis secundae Italicae militum liburnariorum , Ioviaco | A division of marines of Legio II Italica in the small fort Schlögen , A. Presumably there was also a shipyard here . They probably provided patrol duty on the Danube with their boats. | |
| Praefectus legionis liburnariorum primorum Noricorum , Fafianae | A division of marines of the Legio primae Noricorum in Mautern an der Donau , A. It was almost certainly set up to reinforce the Noric border army under Emperor Diocletian , as it did not appear in the sources until the last decades of the 3rd century. Along with
a presumed vexillation of the Legio I Noricorum stationed in Fort Comagenis (Tulln) was drafted into the field army of Comes Illyrici as pseudocomitatenses in the event of a crisis . |
Notitia Dignitatum, list of troops of the Magister Peditum : shield sign of the Lanciarii Comaginenses
|
| Praefectus classis , (Co) Maginensis | A patrol boat flotilla of the Legio I Noricorum in Fort Tulln , A. |
| Officers / units / castles | comment | Illustration | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Provinciae Pannonia primae | |||
| Limitanei - Legiones | |||
| Praefectus legionis decimae geminae , Vindomarae | The soldiers among the praefecti legionis decimae geminae were members of the Viennese legion, the legio X Gemina Pia Fidelis . In the early 4th century, their remaining troops were still in Vindomarae ( Vindobona / Vienna), A, where this legion has been traceable since the early 2nd century. One of their vexillations , the decimae geminae , is listed in the Notitia Dignitatum under the Comitatenses des Magister militum per Orientem (Eastern Empire). | ||
| Limitanei - Legiones / Classis | |||
| Praefectus classis Histricae , Vindomarae | From the Middle Imperial period, Vindobona was also a naval base for a squadron of the Danube fleet. In the Notitia Dignitatum a praefectus classis Histricae, [C] Arr [n] unto siue Vindomanae is recorded. The relocation of the Classis Histricae from Carnuntum to Vindobona in the 4th century probably also brought about an upgrading of the location. | ||
|
Praefectus legionis quartae decimae geminae militum liburnariorum et cohortis quintae (of Legio XIIII), partis superior , Carnunto |
The marines of the milites liburnarii , commanded by a praefecti legionis , are a division of one of the oldest legions in Upper Pannonia. Only their fifth cohort was still in their former headquarters in Bad Deutsch Altenburg , A, where the Legion had been stationed since the 2nd century. One of their vexillations , the Quartodecimani , was in the army of the Magister Militum per Thracias (Eastern Empire). | ||
| Praefectus classis Histricae , (C) Arr (n) unto (= Carnuntum ) | A flotilla of patrol ships, which probably emerged from the Classis Pannonica and was stationed in the legion camp Bad Deutsch Altenburg , A. It was moved to Vindobona ( Vienna , A) in the 4th century . | ||
|
Praefectus legionis decimae et quartae decimae geminae geminarum militum liburnariorum , Arrabonae |
These associations, located in the Györ fort, HU, consisted of Liburnarii who were assigned to these two legions. The Liburna was a type of ship that over time became synonymous with Roman warships. As Liburnarii one called such Flußkampfschiffe in late antiquity and the crew and Marines. According to the Notitia, four Danube legions had such liburnary units: the
|
||
| Limitanei - Cohortes | |||
| Tribunus cohortis , Arrianis | Cohort unspecified in the ND in the Klosterneuburg fort , A. | ||
| Gentes | |||
| Tribunus gentis Marcomannorum | An array of Marcomannic federations . The location of the tribune is not indicated in the notitia. His residence is believed to be in the vicinity of the Vindobona legionary camp or on the Oberleiser Berg , north of the Danube in the Barbaricum . The Vita Sancta Ambrosii Mediolanensis Episcopi mentions an exchange of letters between the Marcomanni ruler Fritigil and Bishop Ambrosius of Milan . Ambrose advised her that her husband should serve the Romans. This episode is often associated with this marcomann tribune in research. It is an indication of the transfer of entire Marcomannic tribal associations to the Roman Empire ( receptio ), which were then probably settled in Ufernoricum, near Vienna, in Burgenland and western Hungary. Your fighters, as federal councils, should probably strengthen the border protection between Vindobona and Carnuntum . Perhaps the federation garrison in Comagena (Tulln) mentioned in Severin's vita (before 467) descended from these warriors. |
See also
Remarks
- ^ Officium autem habet idem vir spectabilis dux hoc modo
- ↑ Hannsjörg Ubl 1982. First the equestrian associations, then the legionary cohorts and flotillas, and finally the border guards.
- ↑ Dietz 1993, pp. 298 and 312.
- ↑ Peter Heather 2011, p. 470.
- ^ Zosimos 5:46, 2.
- ↑ S. Jilek: On the history of the troops of Mautern. In: The Mautern-Favianis fort (= The Roman Limes in Austria Volume 39). Vienna 2000, pp. 353-362.
- ^ Vita Sancti Severini 1, 4; 4, 2; 20, 1.
- ^ Rajko Bratoz 1983.
- ↑ Peter Stadler 1988, p. 298.
- ↑ sub dispositions
- ↑ ND occ .: V.
- ↑ Notitia Dignitatum Occ. 5, 109; 5, 110; 5, 259; 7, 58-59.
- ↑ Notitia Dign. Occ. 34.28
- ↑ ND occ. XXXIV, 24, Paulinus, vit. Ambros. 36, Gassner / Pülz 2015, pp. 123–124, Lafer 2003, pp. 266–267.
literature
- Herwig Friesinger , Fritz Krinzinger : The Roman Limes in Austria. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-7001-2618-2 .
- Hannsjörg Ubl : Austria in Roman times . In: Severin: Between Roman times and the migration of peoples . Exhibition catalog Linz 1982, pp. 99–107.
- The Romans on the Danube, Noricum and Pannonia . Exhibition catalog Landesausstellung Schloß Traun, Petronell / Lower Austria 1973. In it: Herma Stiglitz : Military and fortifications on the Austrian Limes . P. 45ff, Sándor Soproni : Military and fortifications on the Pannonian Limes . P. 59ff.
- Zsolt Visy : Historical overview . In: From Augustus to Attila. Life on the Hungarian Danube Limes . Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1541-3 , p. 11.
- Alexander Demandt : History of Late Antiquity. The Roman Empire from Diocletian to Justinian . CH Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-44107-6 , p. 241.
- Herwig Wolfram : Salzburg, Bavaria, Austria: The Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum and the sources of their time . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-486-64833-0 , p. 108.
- Michael S. DuBois: Auxillae: A Compendium of Non-Legionary Units of the Roman Empire. Lulu Press 2015, ISBN 978-1-329-63758-0 .
- Rajko Bratoz: Severinus von Noricum and his time. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1983, Philosophical-Historical Class: Memoranda, ISBN 3-7001-0584-3 .
- Peter Stadler: The population structures in the 5th century in Austria according to Eugippius and the archaeological sources. In: Teutons, Huns and Avars. Exhibition catalog Nuremberg and Frankfurt, 1988. homepage.univie.ac.at PDF
- Karlheinz Dietz: Cohortes, ripae, pedaturae. On the development of the border legions in late antiquity. Self-published by the Seminar for Ancient History, Würzburg 1993.
- Renate Lafer: Barbarians in the border defense of the middle section of the Danube: The example of Noricum and Pannonia. In: Visy Zsolt (ed.): Limes XIX. Proceedings of the XIXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. University of Pécs, Pécs 2003.
- Michael Zerjadtke: The “Dux” office in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages: The “ducatus” in the field of tension between Roman influence and its own development. Walter de Gruyter, 2018. [1]
Web links
- The Roman Limes in Austria
- The Roman Limes in Slovakia. Archived from the original on February 1, 2011 ; accessed on March 7, 2018 .
- The Dux in the Notitia Dignitatum (English)
- Notitia Dignitatum
- The Lusoria project of the University of Regensburg
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