Small fort Schlögen
| Small fort Schlögen | |
|---|---|
| Alternative name |
a) Ioviacum b) Iovaco (?) |
| limes | Limes Noricus |
| section | Route 1 |
| Dating (occupancy) | 3rd to 5th century AD? |
| Type |
a) Cohort fort b) Fleet fort, square complex with truncated corners |
| unit |
a) Legio II Italica , b) Cohors V Breucorum ? c) Numerus Maurorum ? d) Classis Histriae ? |
| size | 67.5 × 109.5 m (0.65 ha) |
| Construction | Stone fort |
| State of preservation | No longer visible above ground, the foundation walls of the west gate have been preserved |
| place | Schlögen |
| Geographical location | 48 ° 25 '0 " N , 13 ° 55' 0" E |
| Previous | Burgus Oberranna (northwest) |
| Subsequently | Fort Eferding (southeast) |
The small Roman fort in Schlögen (municipality of Haibach ob der Donau , Eferding district , Upper Austria state ), possibly the ancient Ioviacum , was part of the security systems of the Roman Danube Limes in Austria . It was probably occupied by Roman troops from the 1st to the 5th century and served as an auxiliary camp (auxiliary troops) and possibly also as a base for the Classis Histriae (Danube fleet). In addition to the fort, this article also covers the two watchtowers in Kobling.
Surname
The camp was in the 19th century by the priest Josef Gaisberger (1792-1871) with the Notitia Dignitatum mentioned Ioviacum equated. For the first time Ioviacum was mentioned in the Geographica of Claudius Ptolemy in the list of cities founded by Claudius on the Danube. I.a. a " Claudiovium " was also mentioned there, which was often associated with Ioviacum . Ioviacum is also listed in the Itinerarium Antonini as Ioviaco station on the Lauriacum - Boiodurum route . This route is a section of the Roman imperial road, which is referred to in the literature as the “road along the Danube” or “Donaustraße”. In the Vita Sancti Severini is Ioviacum as oppidum where the presbyter Maximus during a raid of the Heruli to be strangled been mentioned.
The name Ioviacum is probably of Celtic origin. The suffix - acum named after Johann Baptist Keune (1858–1937) a landowner and was usually added to personal names. Since the Roman occupation of most of the Celtic settlement areas, it has been used more and more and, according to Gerhard Rasch, assigned the property or a village to the respective clan. Gaisberger and the historian Eduard Böcking (1802-1870) also tried to derive it from the epithet of Diocletian , Iovius , but this was rejected by Richard Trampler because otherwise it should have been called Iovianum or Ioviana .
However, the identification of the small fort Schlögen as Ioviacum is controversial today, especially the classical archaeologist Lothar Eckhart (1918–1990) saw this location as being far too small for a naval port of the Roman Danube fleet .
location
The place of discovery is at the beginning of the so-called " Schlögener Schlinge ", for a long time a dangerous bottleneck with treacherous eddies, which is now defused by the reservoir of the Danube power station Aschach. Gravel banks and islands often formed here, as well as shallow tributaries. The small fort was located on a ten to eleven meter high terrace between the Andlersbach and Mühlbach, to the west of it the associated vicus on an approximately 17 m high plateau. The older field name "Hochgupf" also refers to this particularly flood-protected location. A street stretched along the western fort wall from the west gate to the south, where it met another street, which probably led over a bridge to the vicus and then continued again in the Limesstraße coming from Haibach along the Danube bank towards Passau. The path leading from today's inn to the Hochgupf once formed the decumanus of the fort. From the Limesstraße there is also a connection via the Freyental in a south-east direction into the Eferdinger basin.
Research history
In 1837 the so-called “Schlögener Excavation Association” was formed around the canon of St. Florian Monastery, Josef Gaisberger. His goal was to carry out the first excavations in Upper Austria using scientific methods (according to the opinion of the time). The association started its first ventures in the years 1837 to 1840 in the area of Schlögen. Reports on the activities of the association for the Museum Francisco-Carolinum in Linz, founded in 1833, were also regularly written and the excavation results were also recorded in drawings. These excavations are considered to be the first systematic excavations in Upper Austria and in the area of the Austrian section of the Danube Limes. The immediate reason for the excavation in Schlögen was the discovery of an aureus of Diocletian made near Haibach in 1837 , which was reported to Linz. Individual sections of the inn garden were explored using iron rods driven into the earth and then several wall structures (parts of the south wall, west wall, western part of the north wall) were exposed in order to be able to determine the course of the fort defenses. Only the extension to the east was known from the exposure of the southeast corner. Parts of the south wall, the west wall and the left section of the north wall could also be examined more closely.
In 1937 the archaeologist Erich Swoboda (1896–1964) carried out an unpublished excavation on the fort area. At the same time, the camp village was also examined. In addition to exposing part of the south wall to the bottom (height of the walls 150 to 160 cm), Swoboda also cut a piece of the east wall for the first time and thus determined the extent of the small fort. He calculated a length of 108 m for the north-south extension of the fort and the width of the fort wall even to be four meters (!). This mistake prompted his colleague Rudolf Egger (1882–1969) to initially speak of a “ late antique fort with particularly strong walls ”.
A “planned emergency excavation” carried out in search cuts by Eckhart from 1957 to 1959 (a total of five campaigns, commissioned by the Upper Austrian State Museum ) now encompassed the entire western part of the fort. By exposing the rounded north-west corner, the west gate and some sections of the fort wall in the north, south and east, some of which were still preserved up to a height of 2.6 m, the fort area could now be precisely determined (0.65 ha ). The foundation walls of several houses in the interior could also be excavated. a. interpreted as Principia and Fabricae (Eckhart 1969). In the west, the fort reached the bank of the Andlersbach, which in ancient times ran a little further east.
Objects found were glass and ceramic vessels, bricks, coins, clothing and costume components, various metals, tools, various utensils, glass, ceramics, eight coins (from Trajan to late antiquity), fibulas, metal varia, tools, implements and militaria (fragments of chain armor and lance tips the Principia). These finds are now kept in the Upper Austrian State Museum / Castle Museum in Linz. In 1959 and 1972 the foundations of the west gate were restored by the Austrian Federal Monuments Office and made accessible to the public. In 1972, during earthworks between the inn and the indoor swimming pool, the Roman wall was destroyed.
In 1984 the archaeologist Christine Schwanzar carried out an emergency excavation in the area of the vicus am Hochgupf. Three grid squares on plots 3576/1 and 3576/2 were examined. Connected wall sections could not be uncovered, but numerous finds such as B. Neolithic scrapers, terra sigillata and other ceramics come to light. Numerous tubule fragments were also found. The area was then placed under monument protection.
The evaluation of geophysical surveys from 2013 showed that larger parts of the fort walls and at least two buildings of the civil settlement are still well preserved. From 2014 to 2015, the bathing building was uncovered under the direction of Stefan Traxler, head of the Roman period, medieval and modern archeology collection at the Upper Austrian State Museum. Its remains were covered with a protective structure on the occasion of the Upper Austrian State Exhibition 2018 and made accessible to the public.
development
The defensive function of the small fort Schlögen results from its geographical location, two sharp bends in the Danube and the mouths of three streams on the left bank and the two smaller ones on the right bank. The steep wall of the right bank was broken through by the Andlersbach, protruding rock ridges made it possible to observe the Roman activities at close range. The impassability of the terrain also made it easier for enemies to approach unnoticed and favored flank attacks. According to Franz Pfeffer, the crew of the Schlögen camp therefore had to secure the Boiodurum-Lauriacum section of the road directly at its exit from a granite massif and a pass crossing at Sieberstal.
The Schlögener Danube loop was otherwise an ideal place for monitoring traffic on the river. If you had slipped past the first checkpoint, the intruders had to follow the bend in the river but pass further border guards and could be intercepted by them from the other bank.
In general, experts assume that the fort was built in the 3rd century AD at the earliest - in the course of the expansion of the Limesstrasse (Franz Pfeffer around 1960) (Eduard Novotny, Rudolf Egger, Erich Swoboda). Due to various small finds, Rudolf Noll dated the first fort building to a much earlier period, i.e. not to the early imperial era. A Caracallas coin and an Antoninian by Licinius were discovered in the layer of fire during the first construction period , which in turn prompted Eckhart to estimate the time when Fort I was built around 200 AD. Together with these two coins, another Antoninian of Probus could be recovered, which speaks for a destruction of the early camp construction in the period between the first tetrarchy and the reign of Constantine I.
For a further attempt at dating, the find pottery could also be used, which, according to Anna-Barbara Follmann and Walter Podzeit, is mainly composed of specimens from Rheinzaben and Westerndorf. This, in turn, suggests that Fort I was built between the late years of the reign of Emperor Hadrian and the end of the Marcomann Wars, since coins in circulation in the area surrounding the camp began with Hadrian (Eckhart 1969). However, Eckhart also put this theory into perspective, since not all coins come from the fort itself, but some also from the vicus, which does not necessarily have to have been created at the same time as the fortification.
After around 100 years of existence, Fort I was probably destroyed by fire around 300 AD. The ruins were then not used for a longer period of time (40–50 years) because the layers I and II were found relatively far apart. In late antiquity , the fort was apparently rebuilt in exactly the same place and in the same dimensions. Strangely enough, this fortification does not correspond to the type of construction of a late Roman complex. According to Eckhart, the reoccupation (based on the find of a Centenionalis , 350-360 AD) should have taken place in the late 4th century AD, which, however, was decidedly rejected by Günter Ulbert in particular . To him, it seemed more than unlikely that the ruins, which had been fallow for several decades, should have been rebuilt in late antiquity exactly according to the scheme of mid-imperial facilities.
Richard Trampler did not fix the end of the fort in Schlögen before 455 AD and not like Josef Gaisberger for the year 477, since the passage in the Vita of St. Severin only mentions vastare ("to devastate"). According to Eckhart, the fort, including the port facility and boatyard, was still in use until the early 5th century AD. Severin probably had a well-developed communications network in Noricum. In the case of Ioviacum / Ioviaco , " a town more than twenty miles from Batavis ", he warned its residents of a barbarian attack and urged them to flee. Severin sent two messengers, the cantor Moderatus, who was not believed, then a citizen from Quintanis , who had evidently himself become an eyewitness to the atrocities of the war and had already given up his hometown. At least the presbyter of Ioviaco , Maximianus, was to be persuaded to flee. Neither messenger did anything. Ioviaco was eventually destroyed, its residents captured or killed, and Maximian hanged.
Fort
It is a rectangular, multi-phase system (period I and II) whose praetentura, however, was not, as usual, “hostile”, towards the northwest, but towards Haibach an der Donau (southeast). The fort walls enclosed an area of approximately 0.65 hectares, the level of which dropped 2 m from north to south towards the Danube. According to the observations in the northeast, their corners were rounded. Here, the original wall crown from period I had been preserved in its fall position. The base area, slightly shifted to the south, is oriented in its longitudinal axis on the banks of the Danube (NNW) and the courses of the Andlersbach and Mühlbach (dimensions: 67.5 m × 109.50 m).
The two construction phases were separated by a clearly recognizable layer of fire (burned clay , charred wood residues). The younger foundations were placed exactly on top of the old ones, so it can be assumed that the layout of the fortress has not changed significantly. The foundations of period I had a wedge-shaped character and were made of dry masonry with a width of about 1.25 m (west side) and in the east with a width of 1.65 m. The foundations of period II consisted of mortared ashlar masonry with an average width of 1.65 m. The width of the west wall was 1.40–1.50 m, the south wall was most damaged by stone robbery and the previous excavations, the east wall could not be excavated, but its location is known from the discovery of the wall in 1937 by Erich Swoboda.
The building material consisted of angular rubble stones of different sizes and debris (gneiss, white granite, quartz, sand, limestone and lime tuff). Because of its proximity to the banks of the Danube, it was probably not possible to create a circular ditch. In the interior, no standard embankment could be found behind the wall. Instead, the battlements consisted of a wooden construction, the remains of which were preserved in the form of charred floor boards, beams and significantly higher holes for beam wedging.
Towers and gates
Of the total of two camp gates, only the western one could be fully excavated and examined. It is a double tower complex that was shifted about one meter to the south compared to its assumed counterpart in the east. The towers were not firmly attached to the camp wall, but only attached to it. Between the northern and southern gate towers (each 3 × 3 m, wall thickness: 0.90 m, inner area: 1.20 × 1.20–1.30 m) ran a 3.30 m wide, paved passage; the pavement consisted of period II. The gate towers probably served as a guardroom and access to the battlement gallery of the fort wall, but because of their small size they are out of the question as a gun platform. Whether the east gate also had flank towers has to remain unanswered to date.
No tower could be found when examining the northeast corner. In Eckhart's opinion, this also applies to the other corners of the camp and further speaks for the absence of intermediate towers. 1.20 m in front of the west gate, an approx. 3 m wide track made of coarse stones divided into three stone layers could also be cut. Because of its shallow depth (approx. 0.20 m below today's level), it should also belong to period II.
Interior constructions
Principia
The walls of the so-called central building were cut in the spring of 1957. The building was about 23 m from the north wall and 24 m from the south. In contrast to the fort, its east-west axis was shifted by 1 m and compared to the axis of the west gate by about 2 m to the north. The distance to the gate was about 24 m. The walls of the Principia were otherwise aligned with the fort wall. The findings produced a square building measuring 22.37 × 18.32 m. The width of the foundations of its north, south and west walls had slipped to the east, so that its exact width could no longer be determined (probably around 0.90 m).
Eckhart divides the building into three zones from west to east: West, three rooms (Sch1, S and Sch2); Middle, only room H, and east, two rooms (L1 and L2).
Sch1 and Sch2 measured 5.85 × 4.5 m or 5.40 × 4.50 m, the space S in between, 5.60 × 7.80 m. Width of the dividing walls: 6.60 or 0.75 m. Dimensions of hall B, 17.70 × 5.75 m, separating wall 0.75 m. Dimensions room L1, 13.25 × 9.70 m, separating wall 0.60-0.70 m. The outer walls of the Principia were bricked in the western part, the eastern part probably only consisted of a half-timbered construction with clay plastering. With a few exceptions, the foundations of the walls belong to period II and were built using drywall construction. Traces of mortar could only be detected in their upper parts. Finds of individual pieces of rough plaster suggest that the walls were partially plastered. In the north and west of room Sch1 the rising masonry was preserved up to a height of 0.40 to 0.60 m, in Sch2 up to a height of 0.45 m. There were no signs of a heating system. Traces of an apse or a basement of the flag sanctuary (aerarium) could not be found either. According to Eckhart, the relatively large room S may have served as an (albeit unusually large) flag shrine (Sacellum) . Room H was intended to be a meeting place for different purposes.
According to the interpretation of the accompanying finds, the Principia were destroyed by a fire disaster.
North building
Between the north wall and the Principia , traces of another rectangular building measuring approximately 10.30 × 13.5 m could be observed. Its distance from the staff building was around 4.10 m. In its construction it was very similar to the Principia . No room subdivisions could be determined, it probably only consisted of a single large interior. Its wall widths varied between 0.75 and 1.20 m. The north building is likely to have been built at the same time as the Principia , so it can also be assigned to period II. Its exact function is controversial; it could have served as a workshop (Fabrica) , storage facility ( Horreum ) , but also as an equipment or weapons store ( Armamentarium ) for the fort crew or the patrol ships stationed here.
South building
South of the Principia Eckhart was able to prove the small remains of an almost completely destroyed house. A few remains of the foundation were found 15 m in front of the south wall and 23.50 m in front of the north wall, the width of which, however, could no longer be determined. The excavator concludes that there is a structure with at least two or three rooms. Presumably it was a two-phase residential building, possibly the praetorium (commandant's house). Drywall foundations and wooden post wedges indicate a wooden structure. The building was destroyed by fire.
Other smaller building remains came to light around the west gate, on the Via principalis and at the Schlögen inn.
Port facilities
During the excavations between 1957 and 1959, Eckhart exposed arched remains of the wall west of the north wall, which he interpreted as the quay wall of period II. These wall sections ran around the entire northwest corner and extended to the east bank of the Andlerbach. The berth between the quay wall and the fort was paved. The discovery of a mooring stone (which served as an anchorage for a wooden stake) and the remains of a wooden post structure (signal mast or boathouse?) Further supported this interpretation. The site has now been leveled, and major changes have also taken place due to the backwater at the Aschach power station and the construction of a jetty for pleasure craft.
In ancient times, the Danube also flowed much closer to the fort than it does today. The access to the main stream of the Danube, or to the fort itself, was probably via a fairway. During the excavation of the camp village in 1960, a stone layer was cut that stretched towards Hochgupf. It can probably also be referred to as a quay. In 1962, during construction work between the Schlögen tavern and the so-called Kellerstadl, 45 m from today's Danube bank, a former embankment secured with large stone blocks was uncovered and examined by Eckhart. Possibly it was a canal that led to the (as yet unproven) north gate of the fort, at the end of which the ships could be pulled ashore for maintenance or repair work.
The berth for the patrol boat flotilla (possibly stationed here) can only have been located a little further up the river in a dead arm (where the remains of an ancient bank wall could actually be found) that had arisen between the Danube and a gravel island. Today it is completely flooded by the backwater of the Danube power plant in Aschach. The gravel island was probably once overgrown with trees and bushes and thus covered the naval port from unwanted observers.
garrison
Lothar Eckhart counts Schlögen among the number castles ; it probably served as the basis for a vexillation of an auxiliary or legionary force.
| Time position | Troop name | comment | Illustration |
| 2nd to 3rd century AD |
Legio II Italica (the second Italian legion), Cohors V Breucorum (the fifth cohort of the Breuker ) |
Brick stamps of the Legion, a Dalmatian unit and the Breucerkohort (found in the vicus) suggest at least the presence of construction vexillations of these units. | |
| 2nd to 3rd century AD | Numerus Maurorum (a group of Moors ) | According to Hannsjörg Ubl, based on some brick stamps found between Eferding and Enns , a Moorish unit could also have occupied the fort. | |
| 4th to 5th century AD | Liburnarii (Marines) | The troop list of the Noric Dux mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum mentions an " Ioviaco " as the basis of a liburnarian unit of the Legio II Italica in late antiquity . The marine infantry stationed here probably provided patrol service on the Danube with their boats. Lothar Eckhart decidedly refused that they should have been placed by the Legion in Lauriacum . In his opinion, they had been assigned by the Passau garrison. | |
| 4th to 5th century AD | Limitanei / Riparenses (border or bank guards) | Eckhart was able to draw some conclusions with regard to the late antique garrison from the better researched buildings (e.g. the Principia) in the western part of the fort. In his opinion, this was an infantry unit of the border troops, who generally lived in the vicus of the camp and stayed in the fort only during service hours. Because of his small size, Eckhart estimates his team strength to be no more than 100-150 men. Due to the proven port and workshop buildings, his crew was probably also familiar with the handling and repair of river ships. |
Vicus
| 3D reconstruction of the vicus around 200 AD |
|---|
| 7reasons |
| Multimedia production Upper Austria state exhibition 2018. |
|
Link to the picture |
The civil settlement was built a few decades before the fort. It probably served as a road station as well as a landing and reloading point for Danube shipping. The vicus lies a little further west of the small fort at the height of the Hochgupfs. The focus of the settlement was along the western main arterial road of the fort. Its west-east axis is an estimated 200 m, the width 70 to 80 m. In the east, the vicus reached up to the Andlersbach. The settlement is thought to have been inhabited from 130 to 488 AD. The spectrum of ceramics found extended into the time before 150 AD, the finds from the middle imperial period were similar to those that were already secured in the fort. The few finds from late antiquity point to a downsizing of the settlement during this period.
At the same time as Eckhart's excavations at the fort between 1957 and 1960, some search trenches were dug in the camp village, which in turn lay in the search area from 1837 to 1840. A total of two construction periods (e.g. strip houses in wickerwork technology) could be observed and numerous finds were made (glass fragments, window glass, ceramics, terra sigillata, coins, various bronze buckles and brooches, bronze fittings, iron tools and tools as well as a Lavez beaker)
In an emergency excavation with three grid squares scheduled at short notice in 1984 by the Upper Austrian State Museum (directed by Christine Schwanzar), further knowledge about the vicus could be obtained. However, the finds were only published in 2003. They prove that the ancient settlement on the Hochgupf must have been built a little earlier than the fort. A fallen wall apparently comes from the bathing complex that was uncovered by the local excavation association as early as 1837–1840.
Bath building
After two unsuccessful attempts in 1838, an excavation carried out by the Schlögen excavation association uncovered several building remains. The building that was discovered with two apses and a hypocaust heater probably served as a bathhouse ( balneum ) for soldiers and civilians. His wall remains are u. a. can be seen on a drawing made by K. Enzlmüller (Building II, see also above). This plan shows a total of three rooms, one behind the other. It belonged to the row type - which often occurs on the Limes - and had an elongated rectangular floor plan. The south area is extended to the south and west by apses. The two northern rooms are divided by a hook-shaped wall. The opening in between is probably a heating channel. The square end piece protruding beyond the building is reminiscent of the cheek of a praefurnium , which probably heated the hypocaust of the two northern rooms. The significance of the jagged structure drawn on the western front is still a mystery. In 2015, the 14 × 6 meter foundations of the bathing building were completely exposed. The masonry was still in an exceptionally good state of preservation. It is believed to have been built between 130 and 150 AD. It was probably in use for about 300 years. The investigations confirmed the function as a bathing building. There were three rooms arranged one behind the other: a hot bath ( caldarium ), a leaf bath ( tepidarium ) and a cold bath ( frigidarium ). The floor and wall of the hot bath and the floor of the leaf bath could be heated by an outside prefurnium. However, it had three apses, one in the hot bath, two in the cold bath, in which the water basins ( piscina ) were placed.
Limes course from Burgus Oberranna to Fort Eferding
| ON / name | Description / condition |
|---|---|
| Watchtower Kobling-Rossgraben | The watchtower was presumably in use from the middle imperial period to late antiquity. It served to observe and secure the mouth of the Kleine Mühl in the Danube and a section of the Mühltal. Its occupation unit is unknown, it is likely that it was assigned from Schlögen.
The tower point was four kilometers north of Haibach, district Kobling-Rossgraben, directly on the banks of the Danube opposite the municipality of Obermühl. Around 1798, the residents of house no. 5 noticed the remains of the old wall, the bricks of which they used to build a cellar and a bakery. For the first time in 1838 by Franz Niederleitinger from the Schlögen excavation association, investigations were carried out on an area of 144 m² - albeit unfortunately only very amateurish - and the remains of a two-room building were discovered. It was a square construction with a side length of eight meters, with 1.26 m thick walls and a foundation depth of 1.58 m. One chamber measured approximately 5.7 mx 3.8 m, the other 5.7 mx 1.6 m. Inside, a 0.95 m thick layer of coal and ash was observed. Possibly it was a fire or cooking place. Some fragments of bricks (of a different shape than in the KK Schlögen) and various ceramics (Terra Sigillata) could still be found. Outside the wall square, burned bones, remains of sigillas, a bronze fibula and a coin from the time of Constantine I were uncovered in a garbage pit filled with ashes. The foundations of the tower were destroyed during dredging work on June 18, 1962 and completely removed. |
| Watchtower Kobling See | The watchtower was presumably also used from the middle imperial period to late antiquity. It was used to monitor the section of the Danube upstream in the direction of Rossgraben as well as downstream. Its occupation troops are unknown, they were probably also assigned from Schlögen. The tower is located a little further west in the Schlögener Schlinge (Kobling Lake), at the southernmost point of the last bend in the river. The area was completely flooded by the reservoir of the Danube power station Aschach. The site was first examined in 1838 by the Schlögen excavation association. In the parish chronicle of Haibach this is mentioned as an excavation on the property of the Seewirtes, house See No. 5. The exposed walls are said to have been very similar to those in Rossgraben. |
Monument protection
The facilities are ground monuments within the meaning of the Austrian Monument Protection Act . Investigations and targeted collection of finds without the approval of the Federal Monuments Office are a criminal offense. Accidental finds of archaeological objects as well as all measures affecting the soil must be reported to the Federal Monuments Office (Department for Archaeological Monuments).
See also
literature
- Lothar Eckhart: The Donaukastell Schlögen in Upper Austria (the excavations 1957-1959). Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1969 (The Roman Limes in Austria, Issue 25), pp. 1-70.
- Kurt Genser: The Austrian Danube Limes in Roman times. A research report. Publishers of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1986, ISBN 3-7001-0783-8 (The Roman Limes in Austria, 33), pp. 44–80.
- Manfred Kandler and Hermann Vetters (eds.): The Roman Limes in Austria. Vienna 1989, pp. 74-80.
- Rudolf Noll: Roman settlements and roads in the Limes area between Inn and Enns. In: The Roman Limes in Austria . 21, 1958, p. 38.
- Richard Trampler: Ioviacum, today's Schlögen and its surroundings, 30th annual report of the Realschule Wien . 1905.
- Manfred Philipp: Fort baths in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire. Dissertation, text volume I, Innsbruck 1999, p. 235.
- Günther Moosbauer: Schlögen - Ioviacum (?). Small fort - vicus . In: Verena Gassner / Andreas Pülz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Austria. Guide to the archaeological monuments , publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2015, ISBN 978-3-7001-7787-6 , pp. 140–141.
- Rene Ployer: Kobling - Rossgraben. Watchtower . In: Verena Gassner / Andreas Pülz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Austria. Guide to the archaeological monuments , publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2015, ISBN 978-3-7001-7787-6 , p. 142.
- René Ployer: The Norwegian Limes in Austria . Find reports from Austria, Materialhefte series B 3, Österr. Federal Monuments Office, Vienna 2013.
Web links
- Location of the fort on Vici.org
- Small fort Schlögen - The Roman Limes in Austria
- The Return of the Legion, Roman Heritage in Upper Austria, State Exhibition 2018
Remarks
- ^ Paul Karnitsch: The old town of Linz in Roman and prehistoric times. J. Wimmer, Linz 1962. The start of sigillata production in Rheinzabern is then to be around 150 AD, see also Charlotte Fischer: 1968, p. 322f .; Hans-Günther Simon : picture bowls and pottery stamps on smooth goods . In: Dietwulf Baatz : Fort Hesselbach and other research on the Odenwald Limes. Mann, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-7861-1059-X (Limes Research, Volume 12), p. 96; Helmut Bernhard : 1981, p. 87 and Fridolin Reutti : Clay processing industry in the Roman Rheinzabern. Preliminary report for the excavations from 1978–1981. In: Germania 61, 1983, pp. 33-69, here: p. 44.
- ↑ There referred to as Iovaco .
- ^ Ptolemy, Geographica 2, 13-14.
- ↑ (249, 1) Lauriaci-Ovilatus 16 , Ovilatus-Ioviaco 27, Ioviaco-Stanaco 18 and Stanaco-Boioduro 20 roman miles.
- ^ Vita Sancti Severini 24, 1: Ad habitatores praeterea oppidi, quod Ioviaco vocabatur, viginti et amplius a Batavis milibus disparatum .
- ↑ See Kurt Genser: The Austrian Danube Limes in Roman times. A research report. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1986, ISBN 3-7001-0783-8 , pp. 57–59 with individual copies.
- ↑ Parz. No. 2583-2587.
- ^ R. Egger: p. 153; see. also Schönberger, p. 76, note 93.
- ↑ Swoboda probably did not recognize the gate towers and simply included them in the wall (distance: east edge of tower-east wall and west edge-fort west wall approx. 4.50 m), Lothar Eckhart: 1969, p. 23.
- ^ Rudolf Noll: 1978, p. 58.
- ↑ 1970, p. 351.
- ↑ 1905, p. 65.
- ↑ CIL 3, 5757
- ^ Find reports from Austria , Volume 2, 1935–38, p. 274.
- ↑ C (O) HVBR , CIL 3, 6010
- ↑ H. Ubl: 1977-78, p. 244, note 25.
- ↑ Notitia Dignitatum Occ. XXXIV 37, Praefectus legionis secundae Italicae militum liburnariorum
- ↑ R. Noll: 1958, p. 44.
- ↑ Bender / Moosbauer, 2003.
- ^ J. Gaisberger: Reports of the Museum Francisco Carolinum No. 4, p. 11 ff.
- ^ Chr. Schwanzar: Find reports from Austria , Volume 23, 1984, p. 306.
- ^ Reports from Franz Niederleitinger to the museum in Linz (see also Eckhart 1969, p. 5), drawing by Enzlmüller.
- ↑ M. Philipp: 1999, p. 235
- ^ Parish chronicle Haibach, p. 36 and p. 44.
Boiotro Castle | Boiodurum Castle | Burgus Passau-Haibach | Burgus Oberranna | Small fort Schlögen | Eferding Castle | Burgus Hirschleitengraben | Lentia Castle | Legion camp Lauriacum | Legion camp Albing | Fort St. Pantaleon-Stein | Wallsee Castle | Locus Felicis | Watchtowers Ybbs | Arelape Castle | Melk Castle | Limestorms in the Wachau | Favianis Castle | Burgus Hollenburg | Traismauer Castle | Zwentendorf Castle | Comagena Castle | Fort Zeiselmauer