Dux Britanniarum
The Dux Britanniarum (literally: " Duke / Army leader of Britain", ie of all British provinces) was a high officer in the late Roman army of the West in Britain . The office was established by either Diocletian or Constantine I in the late 3rd or early 4th century AD.
Well-known Duces:
- Fullofaudes (up to 367),
- Dulcitius (from 367),
- Coelius or Coelestinus (early 5th century).
The Notitia Dignitatum (ND) lists three high command posts of the army in Britain, in addition to that of the Dux Britanniarum that of the
The Dux Britanniarum was in command of the troops in the northern region (provinces of Britannia secunda and Valentia ) and Hadrian's Wall . At the imperial court, the Dux belonged to the highest class of viri spectabiles .
His area of responsibility (tractus) encompassed the Wallzone and its surrounding area to the River Humber in the southeast with the city of Deva / Chester as well as today's Yorkshire , Cumbria and Northumberland to the mountains of the Southern Pennines . Its headquarters were in the city of Eboracum . The main purpose of this buffer zone was to protect the economically important and prosperous southeast of the island from attacks by the tribes of the Scottish lowlands ( Picts ) and Irish looters ( Scots ) .
Administrative staff
The Officium (administrative staff) of the Dux comprised the following offices (Officium autem habet idem vir spectabilis dux hoc modo) :
- Principem ex officiis magistrorum militum praesentalium alternis annis. (Head of the office, is newly appointed every year by the army master)
- Numerarios ex utrisque officiis omni anno ( purser, reappointed annually)
- Adiutorem (assistant)
- Commentariensem ut supra (chief accountant and legal expert)
- Subadiuuam (assistant)
- Regrendarium (administrator)
- Exceptores (lawyers)
- Singulares et reliquos officiales (bodyguards and other officials)
troops
The troubled north of the island has always been dominated by the military. The soldiers of the Dux were probably recruited almost without exception in Britain. The Notitia Dignitatum lists with the crews on Hadrian's Wall (together with some bases on the Cumbrian coast ) a total of 38 units under his command. Archaeological finds show that other units must also have been stationed here, although they are not mentioned in the Notita. Most of them were erected during the 3rd century. For a long time, this list of troops was considered antiquated due to the relatively large number of mid-imperial unit names in research, only retained in the Notitia Dignitatum because Britain was never officially abandoned by the Romans.
All of the units given below are part of the limit . Some of them were also available to the Comes Britanniarum , the commander of the mobile field army ( Comitatenses ) . The list of Dux Britanniarum was certainly completed before that of the Comes Britanniarum . However, the version handed down by the medieval copyists is no longer likely to be based on the first edition of the Notitia Dignitatum . Otherwise there would have to be B. still appear the Seguntienses , which was previously stationed at Segontium (today Caernarfon in Wales ), but can only be found in the lists of the Magister Peditum and in the ranks of the Illyrian field army (guard unit). The reason for this is that the units of the British limitanei were thinned out more and more in the crises of the early 5th century in order to initially be transferred as pseudocomitatenses either to the British or Gallic field army.
In Chapter XL, in addition to the administrative staff, 14 prefects and their units are given with their stationing locations. Then the garrisons follow along Hadrian's Wall (item per lineam Valli) roughly translated as "stationed along the line of the Wall", but not always directly on Hadrian's Wall:
Distributio Numerorum
According to the ND Occ. the following units were available to the Dux :
cavalry
| unit | comment | Illustration |
|---|---|---|
| Northern UK | ||
| Limitanei - Equites | ||
| Praefectus Equitum Dalmatarum , Praesidio | The riders stationed there were members of Dalmatian tribes. It is one of the two cavalry units of this provenance listed in the Notitia for Britain; the other was in the army of the Comes litoris Saxonici per Britanniam . The location of their fort, Praesidio , is uncertain. It has been suggested in research that the term does not refer to a specific place, but to the headquarters of the provincial governor (" Praeses ") in Eburacum (York). The name Praesidium was widespread and can be found throughout the Roman Empire. Also in the British section of the Itinerarium Antonini (Iter I) a place called " Praetorio " is given, Rivet and Smith decided to equate it with Brough-on-Humber ( Petuaria ), albeit with reservations. Another possibility for the location of the late antique fort could be Bridlington on the North Sea coast. The coastal erosion was very pronounced there, which means that the fortress could have been completely destroyed by the tides over time . | |
| Praefectus Equitum Crispianorum , Dano | The Dano or Danum fort stood in what is now Doncaster . Although no inscriptions on this unit have survived, this may be due to the fact that it was registered under a different name in the troop lists before the Notitia was compiled. It could have been named after Crispus , the eldest son of Constantine I. He was executed on the basis of an alleged conspiracy in 326 on the personal orders of the emperor. The retention of his name in this unit shows that he probably did not fall under the damnatio memoriae (non-commemoration / extinction), which was otherwise rigorously handled in the empire . More realistic, however, is that they were named after Crispiana , a town on the Upper Danube in the province of Pannonia . A much less likely candidate for this is Crispitia , a fort on the lower Danube, where the Auxilium Crispitienses , army of the Dux Daciae ripensis , were stationed. | |
| Praefectus Equitum catafractariorum , Morbio | This armored rider unit may have been in what is now Piercebridge, or around Greta Bridge in County Durham. It is one of those three cataphract units that - apart from those of the Scholae palatinae (Guard) - are mentioned in the West. She is also not recorded in the army of the Magister Equitum , as she was probably for a time in the ranks of the Limitanei des Dux. The other two recorded in the Notitia were in the eastern half of the empire. The Equites Catafractarii Iuniores were comitatenses in the field army of the Comes Britanniarum and were assigned to it relatively late. Apparently they were the only armored horsemen on the remote island in the early 5th century. It is very likely that it is one and the same unit. If there was a junior unit, there must have been a senior group, although there is no such group in the Notitia. Only one tombstone from Lyon mentions a NUM (ero) EQ (uitum) CATAF (ractariorum) SEN (iorum). So far, no inscriptions of these Equites Catafractarii are known from Britain . This may be because they belonged to a different unit before the Notitia was compiled, or simply not been stationed there long enough to leave an altar or some other epigraphic record. | |
| Cuneus Sarmatarum , Bremetenraco (no officer specified) | A cavalry unit made up of members of the Sarmatians . Epigraphic evidence of a Sarmatian cavalry unit in Britain is provided by two inscriptions. An inscription of N (umerus) EQ (uitum) SAR [m (atarum)] BREMETENN (acsensium) is known from the year 241. Exactly where, according to the Notitia dignitatum, the cuneus sarmatarum was stationed. Today Ribchester in Lancashire. However, it is 100 kilometers south of Hadrian's Wall. | |
| Hadrian's Wall | ||
| Limitanei - Alae | ||
| Tribunus Alae Petrianae , Petrianis | Their fort stood at today's Stanwix. It was the largest military camp on Hadrian's Wall. The unit is known from other sources as Ala Gallorum Petriana milliaria civium Romanorum et torquata . It was the only known 1,000-strong cavalry unit in Britain. A tombstone from there depicts a rider carrying a large oval shield. Unfortunately, you can only see the inside, so the shield painting on the outside cannot be seen. | |
| Praefectus Alae primae Asturum , Conderco | The first squadron of Asturians were originally recruited in the Spanish region of Asturias and were among the auxiliary forces. Their fort stood in what is now Benwell , a little west of Newcastle-upon-Tyne . The last epigraphic reference to this unit dates from between 205 and 209 AD. The discovery of a funerary inscription from Arbeia (South Shields) could mean that it was also stationed there, but this assumption must be treated with caution as it is for the freedmen ( libertus ) one of their riders was set. A tombstone from Alcalá del Río ( Ilipa ) in southern Spain reports that the deceased served with the Ala I Asturum in Britain, although it is unclear at what time he was stationed there. The youngest - surely datable - inscription of this unit from Benwell was carved in the stone in the year 238. It is almost certain that the castle occupied it throughout the 3rd and 4th centuries, as it is also listed in the Notitia at this location. | |
| Tribunus Alae secundae Asturum , Cilurno | The fort of the second squadron of the Asturians stood in what is now Walwick-Chesters in Northumberland. It seems to have been stationed there at the latest in 184 and is mentioned in several other inscriptions from this place. A tombstone from Chesters shows the deceased riding his horse with sword raised. Unfortunately, his sign is not shown there. Like the Ala I Asturum , this unit was originally recruited in Asturias, Spain. | |
| Tribunus Alae Sabinianae , Hunno | This unit is also called Ala I Pannoniorum Sabiniana , a cavalry regiment of the auxiliaries. Their headquarters, the fort Hunno (or Onnum ), stood at what is now Halton Chesters in Northumberland. Sabiniana refers either to the Italic people of the Sabines or to their first commander, Sabianus, like e.g. BT Pomponius Petra at the Ala Petriana . However, it is not known who this Sabianus was. An inscription from Savaria ( Szombathely in Hungary) gives a vague trace of him, it names T. Cnorius Sabinianus as the founder, an EX PRAEF ALAE CONTARIO, d. H. a prefect of a lance carrier unit. In contrast, Pannoniorum clearly refers to the province of Pannonia , where the unit was believed to have originally been set up. An early 3rd century inscription from Halton Chesters refers to the brother of a soldier from the garrison stationed there who came from the neighboring western province of Noricum . It shows that the connections to this region had not yet been completely lost up to this point in time. The unit may also have been stationed in the province of Hispania before being transferred to Britain. A tombstone from Aldeia Nova, Portugal could be an indication of this. As with all of the limit units mentioned in the Notitia, the sign of the Ala Sabiniana is not shown there either. However, a lead seal was found (AL (a) E SAB) with an eagle embossed on the back. This probably refers to a legionnaire unit. It is noteworthy that the Sabini , auxilia palatina in the army of the Comes Italiae , presumably carried an eagle as a shield sign. Since these two units have very similar sounding names, one could draw the conclusion that the unit stationed in Hunno also had eagles painted on their shields. |
Infantry and fleet
| unit | comment | Illustration |
|---|---|---|
| Northern UK | ||
| Limitanei | ||
| Praefectus Legionis sextae | Originally one of the main legions of Britain, the Legio VI in Eburacum / York. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to have had a permanent garrison in late antiquity. One would also expect that this Legion (its full name was Legio VI Victrix Pia Fidelis Britannica ) would still be stationed in York at that time . Their absence, however, may indicate that the unit had just been relocated while the Dux Britanniarum's list was being compiled in the Notitia Dignitatum . Possibly the Legio VI. also in connection with the otherwise historically inconceivable Primani iuniores in the army of the Comes Britanniarum . | |
| Praefectus Numeri directorum , Verteris | The Verteris fort is today's Brough-under-Stainmore in the former county of Westmorland, now Cumbria . The Norman residential tower (Keep) there was built on the site of the former Roman fortress. The name of this unit is difficult to decipher; it could mean the unity of the upright, or the unity currently instituted in Verteris. | |
| Praefectus Numeri exploratorum , Lavatres | These soldiers were used as scouts. Probably originally also a Gallic unit of the Pseudocomitatenses with the Magister Equitum per Gallias as commander in chief. A troop with the same function was available to the Comes litoris Saxonici per Britanniam and was garrisoned in Portus Adurni (Portchester). The fort Lavatres standing in today Bowes in Yorkshire , County Durham ; a Norman tower was built there on the site of the Roman fortress. The unit stationed in Portus Adurni does not seem to be a vexillation of the aforementioned troops. Epigraphic sources give two other units of Exploratores for Britain: an N (umeri) EXPLOR (atorum) BREMEN (iensium) on an altar found in Bremenium (High Rochester); and a unit from EXPL [oratores Habitacenses] on a dedication from Habitancum (Risingham) dated 209 AD . The latter is also referred to as [n] UME [rum e] XPLOR [ator (um)] . It is unclear which of these two units corresponds to the one given in the Notitia. The Bowes unit was also led by a prefect, which is unusual for an auxiliary infantry force. It could be descended from a partially mounted unit, the Cohors I Aelia Hispanorum milliaria equitata .
Otherwise, the Notitia mentions only two other units of Exploratores: the men under the Praefectus militum exploratorum in the army of the
|
|
| Praefectus numeri defensorum , Barboniaco | Defensores means "defender" and was stationed in Bravoniacum (now Kirkby Thore in Cumbria ). Epigraphic records show that a cavalry unit also stood there for some time. Defensores would not fit a cavalry unit, a classic attack force, but would be more suitable for infantrymen. Indeed, of the five other Defensores units listed in the Notitia, four are known to be infantry:
In view of the fact that the Defensores seniores and the Defensores iuniores belonged to the pseudocomitatenses , it is entirely possible that the number in Barboniaco can be equated with one of these units, while the other could well be one and the same as the Defensores des Dux Mogontiacensis , stationed in the Fort Confluentibus ( Confluentes , today Koblenz). |
|
| Praefectus Numeri Solensium , Maglone | That unit could have been the rest of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix , according to Arnold Hughes Martin Jones . Fort Maglone , the headquarters of this number , was in what is now Old Carlisle in Cumbria, not to be confused with the town of Luguvalium (Carlisle), about 17 km away . The name component Solensium refers to Sol Invictus , the "undefeated sun god", the protective deity of the emperor in the west, Constantius Chlorus . His son and successor Constantine I also placed himself under his protection before later converting to Christianity. Probably the unit was renamed at the end of the 3rd century. In the Notitia two other legions bear this honorary name: the
both in the army of the Magister Militum per Thracias (Eastern Empire). The British unit could also have been reorganized at that time, perhaps by Constantius Chlorus or his son, but since the other Solenses units mentioned in the Notitia are legionary formations, in this case it would be almost certain that all three divisions were descended from the same legion , maybe from the Legio XX . This was one of the three main legions of Britain. However, it is the only one that no longer appears in the Notitia. The final proof of their existence is the depiction of the legion emblem on the coins of the usurper Carausius . His successor Allectus was defeated and deposed by Constantius Chlorus a hundred years before the first compilation of the Notitia. Whether Carausius included the Legion in his coin program to assure himself of their loyalty or to show that they were loyal to him is today - in the absence of other sources - unprovable. Since one of the other British main legions, the Legio VI , does not appear on its coinage, everything points to an attempt to buy the loyalty of the Twentieth through gifts of money; the Sixth could have voluntarily joined Carausius. Both theories could explain a renaming of the Legio XX to the Solenses . If their soldiers refused to follow Carausius and remained loyal to the central government, he was probably given them as a name of honor under the Constantines, as they were certainly anxious to remove all traces of the usurpers as much as possible in order to consolidate their rule over the island. In the Notitia there are also two other units that have been named after usurpers. More likely, however, is a renaming after the rebellion. Also note that in the Notitia two units of the Limitanei Cavalry also had the honorary name of Sol: the
The numerus in Maglone was given by a prefect, which could mean that it was also a cavalry unit, namely the one found on many inscriptions from Old Carlisle, the Ala Augustae ob virtutem appellata . Since almost all known inscriptions of the Ala come from Old Carlisle (the last datable, RIB 897, dates from the year 242), it seems quite possible that it was later incorporated into the Numerus Solensium . |
|
| Tribunus Alae primae Herculeae , Olenaco | Their fort stood at what is now Elslack, North Yorkshire. The place is also over 100 km south of Hadrian's Wall. The unit cannot be identified with certainty. Related inscriptions from her fort are not known. Perhaps it was renamed in late antiquity, such as B. the Ala Augusta Gordia , last attested in 242 in Old Carlisle ( Maglone in the Notitia Occ.) | |
| Praefectus Numeri barcariorum Tigrisiensium , Arbeia | Translated "a group of ferrymen from the Tigris", stationed in the fort and supply depot of Arbeia , today South Shields. The original recruiting area of this unit was apparently a region along the banks of the Tigris , which was no longer part of the Roman province of Syria . | |
| Praefectus Numeri Nerviorum Dictensium , Dicti | Probably a unit of the Celtic Nervii , stationed in the fort Dictum . Where the latter was is uncertain, it could have been what is now Wearmouth in County Sunderland . However, the serial number is not given - in contrast to the men under the Tribunus cohortis tertiae Nerviorum and the Tribunus cohortis sextae Nerviorum - the two other nerve units in the army of the Dux. It could mean that it was originally transferred to Dicti as the vexillation of one of the units in Britain . Since they were headed by a prefect, implies that they were either legionnaires or cavalry soldiers ( equitata ) before. In the Notitia a unit of nervous legionnaires is recorded, a palatine unit that was resident in the eastern empire and is therefore rather improbable as a parent unit of the Numerus Nerviorum Dictensium . But it is more likely that the number comes from one of the British cohorts. However, it is also known that none of the five nerve cohorts (I, II, III, IV, VI) recorded for Britain were equites . However, there is another option. The Cohors prima Nervia Germanorum milliaria equitata is indicated on a military diploma dated July 17, 122 and on several (undated) inscriptions from Burgh-by-Sands , Netherby and Birrens . A mutation of the unit name Nervia (more often Nervana ) to the Nerviorum of the Notitia (via Nervii) would be entirely plausible. If it actually descends from this unit, its name would rather be traced back to the emperor Nerva (96-98) and not to the tribe of Nervii resident in the province of Belgica . | |
| Praefectus Numeri Longovicanorum , Longovicio | This number is one of many examples in the Notitia that are simply given under the name of their garrison location , instead of with a serial number, tribal name, etc. In this case, it was in the Longovicium fort (Lanchester in the County of Durham). It most likely descends from an auxiliary cohort, the Cohors I Lingonum equitata . The Lingons were a tribe resident in Gaul who settled in the area around what is now Langres in France (the " Civitas Lingonum ", which is specified in the " Notitia Galliarum " as part of the province of Lugdunensis I ); The unit was probably originally recruited there. Other units have left inscriptions in Lanchester, but these are not as numerous as those of the Lingon cohort. Prefects usually commanded legionnaires, cavalry, or naval units instead of auxiliary infantry. One of the inscriptions on site, dated around 200 AD, mentions a tribune as the commander. The Cohors I Lingonum equitata in Lanchester was commanded in the course of time by officers in the rank of tribune as well as by prefects, as is confirmed by some other epigraphic evidence from there. It is believed that their equestrian division was commanded by a prefect. The horsemen were perhaps later separated from the infantrymen - as a separate force - probably in the course of the army reforms in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries. Alternatively, the unit could have been converted into a cavalry unit, such as B. the men under the Praefectus numeri Maurorum Aurelianorum . See also the Cohors II and IV Lingonum stationed on Hadrian's Wall , which were commanded by tribunes. One of the most interesting inscriptions from Lanchester contains the text passage VEX SVEBORVM LON GOR, it names a vexillation of the Suebians, who were probably part of the Cohors I Lingonum ; The latter are given as LON (gones), like the entry in the Notitia. The Suebi, on the other hand, were Germanic tribes. | |
| Praefectus Numeri Vigilum , Concangios | Translated as "a band of guards", further written evidence of the presence of this unit is a brick stamp with the letters NV from Chester-le-Street, the former fort of Concangios | |
| Praefectus Numeri supervenientium Petueriensium , Deruentione | ||
| Tribunus Cohortis sextae Nerviorum , Virosido | ||
| Tribunus Cohortis tertiae Nerviorum , Alione | ||
| Stanegate | ||
| Tribunus Cohortis quartae Gallorum , Vindolana | ||
| An unknown unit in the fort Luguvallii | ||
| Hadrian's Wall | ||
| Tribunus cohortis quartae Lingonum , Segeduno | ||
| Praefectus Cohortis primae Cornoviorum , Ponte Aeli | The Cornovians are unique among indigenous units in that, unlike the rest of the British cohorts, they were stationed in their homeland. The Cornovian (or Kornen ) people settled in what is now the counties of Cheshire and Shropshire , north-west England. Their metropolis was Viroconium Cornoviorum (Wroxeter), near Shrewsbury . It is the only known British unit posted to Hadrian's Wall. It probably stood on the wall until the Romans withdrew in the 5th century. | |
| Praefectus Numeri Maurorum Aurelianorum , Aballaba | The wall fort was located in what is now Burgh by Sands. A Numerus Maurorum Aurelianorum Valeriani Gallienique has been attested in Britain since 250. Perhaps they were assigned as equites scutarii Aureliaci to the field army of the Comes Britanniarum . | |
| Tribunus Cohortis secundae Lingonum , Congavata | ||
| Tribunus Cohortis primae Frixagorum , Vindobala | ||
| Tribunus Cohortis prima (secundae) Asturum , Aesica | The wall fort stood at what is now Great Chesters. The partially mounted cohort had been stationed on Hadrian's Wall since 184 at the latest. Their presence there is attested by a building inscription. She reports that in the 3rd century her soldiers were instrumental in rebuilding the fortress' granaries under the command of the legionary centurion Valerius Martialis (which legion is unknown). In the Notitia, however, it is given the order number I, probably a copy error made by medieval copyists. | |
| Tribunus Cohortis primae Batavorum , Procolitia | The soldiers of this troop originally came from the Lower Rhine. Their settlement area was around the current cities of Rotterdam, Sleidrecht, Geldermalsen and Tiel, all in what is now the Netherlands. In Britain it has been traceable since 122 AD. From the Notitia, the rank of its commanding officer is known for the Procolitia of the 4th century. Since the troops appear in this late antique document, they could have stood there until the dissolution of the Roman-British army. | |
| Tribunus Cohortis primae Tungrorum , Borcovicio | The wall fort, also known as Vercovicium , stood at today's Housesteads. In the previous centuries it was still listed in the British provincial army as cohors milliaria . A Tungri guard unit appears in the army of Comes Illyrici . It could therefore be that these were promoted to palatinae there. The Tungri were probably first after their departure from Britain in the Italy army of peditum Magister classified and later transferred to the newly established Illyrian field army. It is also noteworthy that the Tongrecani seniores , one of the legiones palatinae of the Italian army (whose name probably has the same origin), also has a similar shield pattern. | |
| Cohortis secundae Dalmatarum , Magnis | ||
| Praefectus Cohortis primae Aeliae Dacorum , Amboglanna | ||
| Tribunus Cohortis primae Hispanorum , Axeloduno | ||
| West Cumbria Coastal Defense | ||
| Praefectus Cohortis secundae Thracum , Gabrosenti | ||
| Tribunus Cohortis primae Aeliae classicae , Tunnocelo | ||
| Tribunus Cohortis primae Morinorum , Glannibanta | ||
| Praefectus Numeri Pacensium , Magis |
literature
- Alexander Demandt : History of Late Antiquity. The Roman Empire from Diocletian to Justinian 284-565 AD . Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-57241-3 (Beck Historical Library).
- Nick Fields: Rome's Saxon Shore Coastal Defenses of Roman Britain AD 250-500 . Osprey Books, 2006, ISBN 978-1-84603-094-9 (Fortress 56).
- Arnold Hugh Martin Jones : The Later Roman Empire, 284-602. A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. 2 vols. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1986, ISBN 0-8018-3285-3 .
- Simon MacDowall: Late Roman Infantryman, 236-565 AD. Weapons, armor, tactics . Osprey Books, 1994, ISBN 1-85532-419-9 (Warrior 9).
- Ralf Scharf: The Dux Mogontiacensis and the Notitia Dignitatum . de Gruyter, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-11-018835-X .
- Fran & Geoff Doel, Terry Lloyd: King Arthur and his world , translated from the English by Christof Köhler. Sutton, Erfurt 2000, ISBN 3-89702-191-9 .
- Guy de la Bedoyere: Hadrian's Wall, History and Guide . Tempus, Stroud 1998, ISBN 0-7524-1407-0 .
- John Morris: The Age of Arthur , Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1973, ISBN 0-297-17601-3 .
- Michael S. DuBois: Auxillae: A Compendium of Non-Legionary Units of the Roman Empire. Lulu Press 2015, ISBN 978-1-329-63758-0 .
- Rob Collins: Hadrian's Wall and the End of Empire: The Roman Frontier in the 4th and 5th Centuries. Routledge, New York, London 2012.
- A. Rivet & Colin Smith: The Place-Names of Roman Britain; Batsford, London, 1979.
- Eduard Boecking; "Notitia dignitatum et administrationum omnium tam ciuilium quam militarium in partibus orientis et occidentis", Adolph Marcus, Bonn, three volumes + index (1839-1853); Volume 1, the East; 1839, Volume 2, The West 1; 1840, Volume 3, The West 2; 1850, index 1853.
- Leiva Petersen, Klaus Wachtel: Prosopographia Imperii Romani saec. I. II. III., Pars VI "; Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1998.
Web links
- The Dux in the Notitia Dignitatum (English)
- Notitia Dignitatum
- Database Roman Inscriptions of Britain (English)
Remarks
- RIB = Roman inscriptions in Britain
- ↑ John Morris suspects that Coelius is the mythical Coel Hen . He is believed to have been the last military governor installed by the Romans. After the Romans left, he rose to become the High King of Northern Britain.
- ↑ sub dispositione viri spectabilis ducis Britanniarum (literally: "at the disposal of the most honorable military leader of the British provinces")
- ↑ sub dispositions
- ↑ Rivet / Smith 1979, p. 442.
- ↑ ND Orr. XLII
- ↑ ND Oc. VII, 200; XL, 21, tombstone: CIL 13, 1848 .
- ↑ RIB 594 , RIB 595 , RIB 583
- ↑ RIB 2030
- ↑ South Shields: RIB 1064 , Benwell: RIB 1334 , RIB 1337 , Alcala del Rio: ILS 2712 .
- ↑ RIB 1463 , RIB 1481 .
- ↑ RIB 1433 , AE 1997, {{{2}}} , AE 1779a, {{{2}}} , CIL 16, 69 and AE 1997, {{{2}}} , inscription Savaria: CIL 3, 4183 , Gravestone Aldeia Nova: AE 2013, {{{2}}} , lead seal: RIB 2411.85,
- ^ ND Occ. XXIX
- ^ High Rochester: Altar CIL 7.1037 = CRIB 1270, Risingham: RIB 1235 = CIL 7.1002 and RIB 1243 = CIL 1010, ND Occ. XXVIII
- ↑ RIB 765 , Gravestone of a cavalryman in Africa (Ksar Sbahi / Gadiaufala) D (is) M (anibus) s (acrum) / P (ublius) Lic (inius) Agato / pus veteran / us praeiectus / in Britan (n) ia (m) eq (ues) / alaris milita / ns Brauniaco / di {s} missus / repetens Gadi / aufala (m) pat [riae] / suae vix [it ann (os)] / LXXXI [3] / fili (i ) ips (i) P (ublius) Li [c (inius)] / Ianu (a) rius / [3] e .
- ↑ Old Carlisle: RIB 890 , RIB 893 , RIB 894 , RIB 895 , RIB 897 , RIB 902 , RIB 905 , RIB 907 .
- ^ RIB 897
- ↑ CIL 16, 69 , Burgh-by-Sands: RIB 2041 , Netherby: RIB 966 , Birrens: RIB 2093 , RIB 2097 .
- ↑ RIB 1075 , RIB 1091 , RIB 1092 .
- ↑ RIB 2042
- ^ RIB 1463
- ^ ND Occ. VII
Comes Britanniarum | Comes litoris Saxonici per Britanniam | Dux Britanniarum | Dux Belgicae secundae | Dux tractus Armoricani et Nervicani | Comes tractus Argentoratensis | Dux Mogontiacensis | Dux Germaniae primae | Dux provinciae Sequanicae | Comes Italiae | Comes Illyrici | Dux Raetiae primae et secundae | Dux Pannoniae Primae et Norici Ripensis | Dux Valeriae ripensis | Dux Pannoniae secundae ripariensis et Saviae | Dux provinciae Tripolitanae | Comes Africae | Dux et praeses provinciae Mauritaniae et Caesariensis | Comes Tingitaniae | Comes Hispaniarum