Segedunum

This article deals with the auxiliary fort on Hadrian's Wall. For other places with the same name see Segodunum .

Wallsend Fort
Alternative name	a) Segedunum , b) Segeduno , c) Seduno
limes	Britain
section	Hadrian's Wall
Dating (occupancy)	Hadrianic , 2nd to early 5th centuries AD
Type	a) Alen and cohort fort b) Harbor
unit	a) Legio II Augusta (building vexillation ), b) Legio VI Victrix (building crew), c) Cohors II Nerviorum civium Romanorum , d) Cohors IIII Lingonum equitata
size	Area: 1.7 ha
Construction	Stone construction
State of preservation	Square complex with rounded corners, foundations of inner buildings and the enclosure visible, reconstructed storage bath
place	Wallsend
Geographical location	54 ° 59 '16.5 "  N , 1 ° 31' 56.3"  W Coordinates: 54 ° 59 '16.5 "  N , 1 ° 31' 56.3"  W.
Previous	Arbeia Castle (east)
Subsequently	Fort Pons Aelius (west)

Aerial view of the fort area
Webaviation
Link to the picture (please note copyrights )

Coin portrait of Hadrian

Section of Hadrian's Wall between Newcastle and Wallsend, John Horsley, 1732

Findings plan of the stone fort II, 3rd century AD

View of the archaeological park, on the left in the background the rebuilt camp bath

A fragment of the Legio VI building records from the main gate of the camp

Reconstruction of the wall on Buddle Street, view from SO

Fragments of a Roman armor

Preserved remains of Hadrian's Wall near the visitor center

Consecration altar of the centurion Iulius Honoratius

Segedunum was a Roman auxiliary forces fort in the municipality ( Parish ) from Wallsend , District North Tyne , County Tyne and Wear , England .

It was part of the chain of fortresses on Hadrian's Wall ( per lineam valli ), which consisted of 16 forts, and secured its eastern end point on the banks of the Tyne. The camp was used for about 300 years, probably from 125 to 400 AD, and is one of the best-researched fortifications on the wall today. Today the excavation site is best known for the rebuilt camp bath, a replica of the wall and the museum's observation tower. The Hadrian's Wall Path -Wanderweg begins (or ends) here.

Surname

The name of the fort was handed down in the Notitia dignitatum , a register of the late Roman administration from the 4th century, as Segeduno and in the cosmology of the geographer of Ravenna from the 7th century as Seduno . Probably the name of the fort was originally pronounced Serduno and over time it was merged into Segeduno . Its importance is disputed in research. Maybe it comes from the Celtic, from the designation for "mighty" or "victorious". Maybe also from " sego " (= strength) and " dunum " (= fortified place) or " sixdun " (= dry / waterless hill) . For Rivet and Smith, the ancient place name is derived from a (hypothetical) Indo-European root, segh . It probably means "power" or "force". According to the ND, Wallsend was occupied by a cohort of lingons from Gaul . It is also possible that many of their soldiers either came directly from the Gallic oppidum Segodunum on the Suin (Saône-et-Loire, Bourgogne) or had relatives there.

The current place name (= end of the wall) is derived from Hadrian's Wall and has been in use since 1085.

location

Segedunum is the first link in the fortress chain of Hadrian's Wall ( vallum aelium ). The location of the fort was well chosen. It was a narrow plateau above the north bank of the river, from where one can see the river valley of the Tyne ( Tinea ) in an easterly direction to the port of Arbeia (South Shields) and upstream in a westerly direction to the Tyne bridge at Pons Aelius (Newcastle upon Tyne) could monitor. In the late 2nd century the region around Segedunum belonged to the province of Britannia inferior , from the 4th century to the province of Britannia secunda .

Research history

Until the late 19th century, the fort was largely overbuilt. Only small residues remained visible. In 1885, John Collingwood reported to Bruce that in 1884 he had come across the remains of the eastern fort wall on a grassy hill. He learned from the local population that the section of the wall that reached from the southeast corner of the fort to the river was still partially visible. He feared that the remaining undeveloped area of ​​the Roman fortress would also be released as building land for industrial and residential buildings. The decline of coal mining and the shipbuilding industry in Wallsend by the middle of the 20th century finally made it possible to almost completely uncover the fort.

The first investigations at the west gate were carried out in 1929. From 1975 to 1976, some 19th century houses in Wallsend were demolished. This enabled the southern part of the fort to be excavated between 1975 and 1984 . The outlines of the camp were recorded and the remains of the foundations of the camp headquarters were preserved. In 1979 the south-eastern section of the fort was examined by Charles M. Daniels. These excavations revealed the remains of the southern and eastern defenses. At the same time, the positions of the crew quarters, some intermediate towers and the camp streets could be determined. In total, over 700 ancient artifacts came to light during the excavations. Among them, the remains of a chain mail ( Lorica Hamata ), brass pans, a drinking bowl and a portable divine shrine that came to light in the barracks are particularly noteworthy. In the commandant's house one came across u. a. on the severed head of a Minerva statue and on a sculpture of Fortuna . At the western hatch there was an inscription stone and in the principia some fragments of pottery from the time of the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain. A candlestick and a fragment of a stone toilet seat were recovered from the hospital . The latter is so far the only such find in England. The toilet seats of the rebuilt camp bath were designed according to his model.

The fort area was photographed from the air in 1977 and 1992. During the excavations from 1997 to 1998 it was found that the Roman camp was built directly over an Iron Age settlement. The pottery found in the fort dates from between the 2nd and late 4th centuries. The Segedunum project started in 1997 and, after the excavations were completed, the aim was to convert part of the area of ​​the former Swan Hunter shipyard into a museum or exhibition area and to completely reconstruct the bathing building. The museum and the exhibition grounds were opened in June 2000.

In 1814 the pastor and historian John Hodgson reported on the discovery of the bathhouse during the laying of coal wagon tracks. Roman coins and a cauldron were found as additional finds. When they were exposed, however, the remains were badly damaged. Their location was marked on a map, after which they were forgotten again. After studying old maps and records, it was possible to identify the location of the original Roman bathhouse under the Ship in the Hole pub , which has now been demolished . During exploratory excavations in May 2014, Roman ceramics, fragments of waterproof cement, some columns of the hypocaust and building blocks were found. As a result, remnants of the wall and a well-preserved cold water basin were found.

development

In 122 the Emperor Hadrian ordered a barrier wall, reinforced by watchtowers and forts, to be built from the Tyne to the Solway Firth in northern Britain, in order to better protect the British provinces from incursions by the Picts from the north. The wall was built mainly by soldiers from the three legions stationed in Britain and by men from the Classis Britannica .

The fort was one of the most recently built ramparts. Its construction was necessary because the direct view of the Arbeia fort , near the mouth of the Tyne from Pons Aelius , was not given because of the great distance. Originally the wall was supposed to end at the Pons Aelius fort . Between 125 and 127, however, the decision was made to extend the wall a little further to the east and to build a new fort there in order to be able to better protect the area around the bridge at Pons Aelius and the brigands who had settled here . The new wall section reached from Wallsend to Byker, the easternmost borough of Newcastle .

Around 410 the Roman army withdrew from Hadrian's Wall. After that, the region suffered more and more from incursions by the Picts and Anglo-Saxons. When the Saxons devastated the whole north in 547, Segedunum was probably also affected. The fort was probably used by the local civil population for some time. It is possible that later Anglo-Saxons also settled there (ceramic finds in the Principia). At the time of the Norman invasion (1066) it was probably given up and the settlement of Wallsend was founded further inland. Probably the aim was to reduce the risk of being caught off guard by raiders who came sailing up the Tyne.

In the centuries that followed, the ruins were only used as pastureland. After 1778, the first coal mines were built in their vicinity and the fort area was gradually built over by the terraced houses of a miners' settlement, later the Swan Hunter shipyard and the Simpson hotel. Presumably around 1884 the fort had almost completely disappeared. In the 1970s, the 19th century houses were demolished and the southern part of the camp was exposed. After that, the excavation site was left to itself for many years. In the course of an invitation to tender for the National Lottery Award, an extensive revitalization project was finally set in motion, which included the construction of a visitor center and museum, including the creation of an archaeological exhibition area.

Fort

Little can be seen of the fort above ground. Only the southern half of the fortress area was excavated, the northern half is covered by Buddle Street and residential buildings. Of all the ramparts, it protrudes furthest beyond the line of Hadrian's Wall. The camp had a square floor plan with rounded corners (playing card shape), as was typical for mid-imperial forts. It measured 138 meters from north to south, 120 meters from west to east and covered an area of ​​approximately 1.7 hectares. Segedunum has seen several repairs and alterations in its history. A total of three stone construction phases could be identified during the investigations.

• Phase I (125): At this time the fence ( vallum ), the headquarters ( principia ), the commandant's house ( praetorium ), a warehouse ( horrea ), presumably a hospital ( valetudinarium ) at the west gate, workshops ( fabrica ) became team barracks ( contubernium ) and horse stables ( stabula ) pulled up. The soldiers' quarters and stables were initially made of wood. They were also replaced by stone buildings in the late 2nd century. In the case of the equestrian barracks, the horse stables were integrated into them. The buildings consisted of nine chambers for the common soldiers and larger accommodations at the ends for the officers (so-called head buildings).

• Phase II (180 to 230): A small bathroom was installed in the commandant's house. Subsequently, a cistern was added at the west gate and the team barracks and stables were rebuilt in stone. The Principia and the Horreum were structurally united and expanded by a street hall extending from east to west. An additional hatch was built into the western wall, which enabled secure access to the vicus. A hospital ( valetudinarium ) was built in the SE corner of the fortress . A large storage basin was built at the west gate to distribute fresh water to the fort buildings and to flush the latrines. The canals that supplied the hospital can still be seen.

• Phase III (late 3rd to early 4th century): Most of the buildings dating from the Middle Imperial period were demolished and replaced by workshops and huts. The barracks were also completely rebuilt. The classic, strip-shaped rooms were replaced by individual chambers. The camp hospital was also demolished and simple strip houses built over it. The interior was partially paved.

Enclosure

The approximately four meter high defense consisted of a stone wall reinforced with six intermediate towers. At the back of the fort wall, an earth wall was heaped up which additionally supported it and served as a battlement. The four corners of the fort were secured by corner towers. The camp was surrounded by a 6.4 m wide ditch ( fossa ), the width of the berm was about seven meters.

The four gates in the north, south, west and east each had two passages which were separated from each other in the middle by two pillars ( spina ). The east and west gates were not in the center of the defense, as in the classic medieval forts, but a little further north. All the gate structures were flanked by two square towers, which were also placed behind the wall. The east gate was partially rebuilt in 1912 in Wallsend Park (Hall grounds). The excavations of 1929 showed that the west gate and the wall that reached the fort here were structurally a unit and must have been built at the same time. To the southwest of the west gate, there was a small hatch next to an intermediate tower. Remarkably, none of the gates is likely to have been blocked or walled up in the late phase of the Roman occupation, as could otherwise be observed in many other ramparts.

Interior development

Of the inner buildings of the Hadrianic period, only those in the central area of ​​the camp ( latera praetorii ) were built of stone. The six infantry and four cavalry barracks, together with the buildings in the southern corner of the fort, were originally made of wood. The cavalrymen were housed in four barracks in the rear part of the fort ( retentura ) and the six infantrymen in the front ( praetentura ). A replica of a soldiers' room and stable can be seen in the museum. In between were the commandant's quarters, the camp administration and the other functional buildings. The two main streets running from east to west ( via Principalis ) and north to south ( via Decumana ) were offset or interrupted by the central buildings. The battlements could be reached via a road that ran around the entire camp ( via Sagularis ). To the south of the central building ran another street from east to west, the Via Quintana .

Hadrian's Wall

The wall reached the fort on the southern flank tower of the west gate. He left it again at the corner tower of the SE corner and walked about 300 meters to the river bed of the Tyne, where it probably ended at the high water mark on its eastern end. The spot is marked by a plaque on the shipyard site. In Roman times there was perhaps a statue of Hadrian or a monument dedicated to him. Remnants of it have not yet been discovered. According to a building inscription found near Wallsend around 1857 (now lost), this section of the wall was built by the Legio II Augusta . However, it was a little less wide (1.98 to 2.29 meters) than the rest of the wall and was not protected by a ditch in front. The border section from Wallsend to the North Sea coast (Fort Arbeia ) was secured by the Tyne, whose estuary spread out here.

At the northwest corner of the fort, north of Buddle Street (A187), an 80 meter long section of Hadrian's Wall was reconstructed up to the top of the wall (4 meters high). A staircase leads to the parapet walkway secured with a railing. At the rear part of the wall was plastered and provided with red grouting (so-called dummy masonry), which are supposed to simulate more massive stone blocks. Traces of such plastering have been archaeologically proven in some places on the original wall and also in other Limes forts. Furthermore, a phallus relief was inserted into the wall, such reliefs were considered symbols of luck and were also found on some other sections of Hadrian's Wall (e.g. on the bridge near Chesters ). The foundations of the original wall have been preserved before the reconstruction and - a few stone layers high - near the banks of the Tyne. In front of the wall there were some holes made in Roman times, in which there were still remains of thorn bushes ( cippi ). They probably acted as an obstacle to the approach. Support posts were once set in most of the holes. It is believed that it is the remains of a temporary wooden fortification that was supposed to protect the soldiers involved in the construction of the stone wall. Today they are marked with wooden pegs.

garrison

A building inscription from the main gate of the camp shows that during the construction of the fort a. a. Soldiers of the Legio VI Victrix were involved. John Collingwood Bruce also reports the discovery of an inscription that the Legio II calls Augusta . In the 2nd century two Celtic auxiliary units ( auxilia ) were stationed here one after the other . Both units had a crew strength of approximately 500 men (120 riders, 380 infantrymen). A roof tile found in Wallsend with the stamp of the Ala prima Hispanorum Asturum , however, is not sufficient evidence that this u. a. from the Benwell fort ( Condercum ), the unit known to be stationed in Segedunum .

The following auxiliary units are known or may have been crewed for Segudunum for a limited time:

Time position	Troop name	description
2nd century AD	Cohors secunda Nerviorum civium Romanorum (the second cohort of Nervians, Roman citizens)	The Nervians were recruited in the province of Gallia Belgica , now Belgium . The unit was moved to the fortress at the end of the second century. She probably came to Britain as part of the unit of the Petillius Cerialis , 71 AD; along with five other Belgian cohorts. A stone slab (altar base?) With a dedication inscription by the standard bearer and the commander of the cohort to the god Mercury was found in the west of the camp.
2nd to 3rd century AD	Cohors quartae Lingonum equitata (the fourth partially mounted cohort of Lingons)	The Lingons were a Gallic tribe from the province of Germania Superior who were recruited in the region around Langres (" Civitas Lingonum "), Dijon and north of Macon in what is now France. Presumably they originally also belonged to the Cerialis auxiliary troop contingent. According to the inscription on a Iupiter altar , the cohort was temporarily commanded by a centurion of the Legio II Augusta , Julius Honoratus. Two other consecration altars for Iupiter were donated by Prefects of the Lingonia Unit, Cornelius Celer and Aelius Rufus. The cohort was also used in the construction of Hadrian's Wall for simpler work - such as digging the moat - as the discovery of an inscription stone south of the wall, near Mile Fort 59 , attests.
4th century AD	Cohortis quartae Lingonum	From the Notitia Dignitatum , troop list of the Dux Britanniarum , the rank of commanding officer, a tribunus , is known for the 4th century Segeduno . The force could have stood there until the dissolution of the provincial army in the 5th century.

Thermal bath

The north facade of the rebuilt storage bath

Plan of the camp bath

Roman hollow bricks from Bath

Reconstructed wall decorations in the leaf bath

Water basin in the cold bath

Medusa fountain in the apse of the hot bath

Roman ceramics in the museum's collection

Viewing platform at the museum building

The wall replica from 1907 with commemorative plaques embedded on both sides marks the eastern end of Hadrian's Wall on the banks of the Tyne, view from the south.

The bath house ( balineum ) stood outside (southwest) of the fort. It is believed to have been used jointly by the soldiers and the civilian population. On a map from 1857, the bath house is drawn in about 121 m south of the southwest corner of the fort, near the river bank. It stood in a depression with a small stream flowing through it, which was supposed to guarantee the water supply. The bath was reconstructed in 2014, a bit away from the original location, based on the model of the thermal baths on the Wall. It is the only rebuilt Roman bath in Britain to date. His design is based in large part on research on the Chesters Camp Bath. The excavations in Wallsend, Chesters , Benwell , Carrawburgh, Bewcastle and Vindolanda suggest that the military baths on Hadrian's Wall were built according to a uniform plan. The thermal baths from the Hadrian era (120) are likely to have been in operation for around 150 years.

The replica of the thermal baths can be entered in the east through the hall. It serves as a changing room ( apodyterium ) and fitness room ( gymnasium ). The clothes can be stored in wall niches on the left wall. But it was also used for other purposes such as B. Personal hygiene, as a social meeting point, for entertainment (board games) etc. used. On his right side a door leads to the communal toilet.

The toilet ( latrivina ) had seven stone seats. The fragment of such a toilet seat was excavated in the hospital. They are built over a water channel that washes away the faeces immediately. A water channel runs in front of the seats, which is used to clean the sponge sticks.

Behind the wall on the left is one of the firing systems ( prefurnium ), the second, somewhat larger, is on the west side of the building. They are used to heat the hot water basin, the underfloor heating and the hot air extractors in the walls. The hypocaust heater consists of a series of supports made from stacks of bricks with a larger tile plate on top, on which the floor ( opus signinum ) of the hot bath rests. The hot air from the prefabricated rooms circulates in the underfloor chambers and is diverted to the outside through the roof through hollow brick ducts in the walls. In a corner of the hot room ( laconicum ), in front of prefurnium I (see plan room C), a gap was left open in the floor and on the wall in order to better illustrate the construction of the heating system to the visitors.

The heated rooms house the leaf bath ( tepidarium ) and the hot bath ( caldarium ). After visiting the hot bath, you can cool off at a small fountain whose gargoyle represents the head of Medusa . The well was modeled on a copy excavated in southern England.

Finally, you get into the cold bath ( frigidarium ), the water basin there is sealed with waterproof cement . The frescoes in the cold bath show different types of marine animals and were designed according to Pompeian models. The painted seated statue in the niche, the goddess Fortuna with a cornucopia ( cornucopia is). It is based on a discovered in the camp Therme Castle Birdoswald copy the template for the niche was excavated in Lagerbad of Castle Ravenglass, Cumbria.

A small garden was laid out immediately next to the bathhouse. Various types of plants were used in it, which the Romans a. a. for cosmetic purposes and to cure diseases.

Vicus

To the north-east of the fort one came across traces of the camp village that lay between the wall and the fort. It stretched nearly 600 meters to the west along the military road. The area of ​​the vicus is now completely built over. During the excavations, traces of several streets were found, as well as evidence of craft activities, including alleged pottery kilns . During the excavations, remains of buildings were uncovered that could be dated to the 3rd century. Further investigations in the years 1997–1998 yielded knowledge about the southern and western part of the vicus. The settlement was apparently fully or partially fortified with a ditch and an earth wall in the 3rd century. Remnants of this fortification were discovered about 65 meters west of the fort, it ran south of Hadrian's Wall. It is believed that it turned south 75 meters from the banks of the Tyne. Another section of the defense system was observed at the Swan Hunter shipyard in 2001. The vicus was now secured in the north by Hadrian's Wall, in the east by the fort, in the west by the earth wall and in the south by the river. The camp village and its defenses were abandoned in the late 3rd century. From the 4th century onwards, only markets are likely to have been held there.

Temple and sundial

The discovery of an unlabeled altar, coins and an inscription found in 1783 mark the possible location of a Roman temple southwest of the fort, about 40 m from the fort bath. The inscription, found in the northern foundations of Tynemouth Monastery, referred to a statue erected in a temple and was believed to have come from Wallsend. The altar was surrounded by a circle of twelve stones, possibly serving as a pointer for a sundial .

Mercurius shrine

In 1978 Charles Daniels found an object made of lead, 75 mm high and 36 mm wide, during excavations in the cavalry barracks. It was a portable divine shrine from the 4th century that could be closed with two rectangular doors. At the top is a semicircular gable, which is decorated with symbols of the sun god (wheel, whip). The relief in the bulge represents the god Mercurius . His head, inclined slightly to the right, wears a winged helmet and curly hair. A cloak is draped over his right shoulder and is held together with a round brooch. In his right hand he carries an object of unknown function, the fingers of his left hand are spread wide apart. The symbols of a sea god (dolphin, reined sea horse) are depicted at his feet. The doors have pins at both ends that can be hooked into ring-shaped eyelets on the sides of the shrine. They are decorated with a diamond-shaped pattern and stylized shells and diamonds.

Archaeological Park

The fort site is operated by the Tyne & Wear Museum as a branch of the Segedunum Roman Fort, Baths and Museum. In the archaeological park attached to the museum, the remains of the foundations of some interior buildings can be seen. Stone and gravel markings and information boards at the positions of the NE corner, the south wall and at the four gates are otherwise the only visible parts of the Roman fortress. In order to make the dimensions of the camp and the positions of the most important buildings as vivid as possible for the visitor, the archaeologists have marked the course of the ancient walls and streets with rubble stones and different colored gravel embankments:

1. Original blocks: if possible, they were left in the places where they were exposed.
2. Quarry stones: foundations of the defense
3. gray gravel: soils
4. pink gravel: Oval fillings in the barracks mark the urine pits of the horse stables, small piles of gravel mark the hearth.

The Roman artifacts found in Wallsend are on display in the museum building. The archaeological park can also be viewed from a 34-meter-high observation tower with an elevator . A computer animation in the tower illustrates the changes that the fort area has undergone over the course of 2000 years. All over the city, signs with English-Latin inscriptions remind visitors of the town's Roman past. Wallsend is also the starting point of Hadrian's Wall Path National Trail, a hiking trail to the western terminus of the wall at Bowness-on-Solway.

See also

• Hadrian's Wall
• Mile fort and watchtowers on Hadrian's Wall

literature

• John Hodgson: History of Northumberland. 1840, issue 3.
• Henry MacLauchlan: Memoir to the Survey of the Roman Wall. , 1858.
• Eric Birley: Research on Hadrian's Wall. 1961.
• William Richardson: The History of the Parish of Wallsend. City of Newcastle Upon Tyne. Education and Libraries Directorate, Newcastle u. T. 1923, ISBN 1-85795-034-8 .
• Frank Graham: Roman Wall, Comprehensive History and Guide. Self-published, 1979, ISBN 0-85983-177-9 .
• John Collingwood Bruce: Handbook to the Roman Wall. 1863, Harold Hill & Son, ISBN 0-85983-140-X .
• John Collingwood Bruce, Ian Alexander Richmond: Handbook to the Roman Wall. 12th edition, 1966.
• ALF Rivet, Colin Smith: "Segedunum", The Place-Names of Roman Britain. Batsford, London 1979.
• Charles Daniels: The eleventh Pilgrimage of Hadrian's Wall, August 26–1. September 1989.
• Paul T. Bidwell, ME Snape, Nick Holbrook: The Roman fort at Wallsend and its environs: a survey of the extent and preservation of the archaeological deposits. 1993.
• Guy de la Bédoyère : Hadrian's Wall: history and guide. Tempus, 1998, ISBN 0-7524-1407-0 .
• R. Chamberlin: Hadrian's Wallsend. History Today, Vol. 50, Aug. 8, 2000.
• M. Wainwright, "Togas and hot tubs on the Roman way," article in The Guardian, June 13, 2000 issue.
• Jeffrey L. Davies: The Roman Fort at Wallsend (Segedunum). Excavations in 1997-1998, Britannia 36, ​​2005, pp. 515-516
• John T. Koch: Celtic Culture. 2006, ISBN 1-85109-440-7 .
• C. Michael Hogan: Hadrian's Wall. Edition A. Burnham, The Megalithic Portal, 2007.
• Nick Hodgson: Hadrian's Wall 1999-2009.
• Tony Wilmott: Hadrian's Wall: archaeological research by English Heritage 1976-2000. 2009.
• Lindsay Allason-Jones: A Lead Shrine from Wallsend. Britannia, Vol. 15, Society for the Promotion of Roman studies, 1984.
• Hadrian's Wall Map and Guide by the Ordnance Survey. Southampton 1989.
• Ronald Embleton, Frank Graham: Hadrian's Wall in the Days of the Romans. Newcastle 1984, p. 45.
• RG Collingwood, RP Wright: The Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Oxford 1965.

Remarks

• RIB = Roman inscriptions in Britain

1. ^ William Richardson 1923
2. ^ R. Chamberlin 2000, JT Koch 2006, M. Wainwright 2000, Rivet / Smith 1979, pp. 452-453.
3. ↑ Guy de la Bedoyere 1998, pp. 39-40
4. ↑ Guy de la Bedoyere 1998, p. 39
5. ↑ J. Collingwood Bruce, 1863, William Richardson 1923, Frank Graham 1979, RIB 1308 , Guy de la Bedoyere 1998, pp. 38-40.
6. ↑ Frank Graham 1979, Eric Birley 1961, pp. 159–160, John Collingwood Bruce, Ian Alexander Richmond, 1966, pp. 40–43, Charles Daniels 1989, pp. 77–83, N. Hodgson 2009, pp. 73– 76.
7. ^ John Collingwood Bruce 1863, ND Occ: XL XVIII, Britannia No. 7: 1976, p. 388.
8. ↑ RIB 1303
9. ↑ RIB 2014 , RIB 1299 , RIB 1300
10. ↑ J. Collingwood Bruce 1966, p. 43, J. Hodgson 1840, pp. 170-172, information board Kaltbad.
11. ↑ Frank Graham 1979, Eric Birley 1961, p. 160, Nick Hodgson 2009, pp. 73-76.
12. ^ RIB 1305 , Henry MacLauchlan 1858, footnote on p. 7.
13. ↑ Lindsay Allason-Jones 1984, pp. 231-232, Guy de la Bedoyere 1998, p. 40.
14. ↑ Guy de la Bedoyere 1998, p. 39, C. Michael Hogan 2007

Web links

• RIB Roman Inscriptions of Britain inscription database
• Hadrian's Wall photo album on Flickr
• Satellite photo of the fort area, location of Roman monuments on Vici.org.
• Segedunum on Castles-Forts-Battles.co.uk, pictures and description (English)
• Picture gallery show grounds and fort bath (English)
• Image gallery construction of the storage bath (You Tube)
• Image gallery Lagerbad on Flickriver
• Video reconstruction of Hadrian's Wall (You Tube)
• In Search of Segedunum: Film about the excavations of August 1975 (You Tube)
• CAD reconstruction of the fort (You Tube)
• Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums: Illustration of the Mercury shrine
• The wall from Arbeia to Maia. Film production with 3D-CGI models, images and explanations of the individual Roman forts along Hadrian's Wall, Part II on You Tube.
• Roman place names in Britain
• Segedunum on Roman Britain
• John Collingwood Bruce: The Roman Wall: A Description of the Mural Barrier of the North of England. 1867, with numerous pictures of wall remains, altars, inscriptions etc.