Uxelodunum Castle

Stanwix Fort
Alternative name	a) Uxelodunum , ; b) Uxelodum , ; c) Axeloduno , ; d) Uxellodamo , ; e) Petrianis
limes	Britain
section	Hadrian's Wall
Dating (occupancy)	Hadrianic , ; 2nd to early 5th centuries AD?
Type	Equestrian and cohort fort
unit	a) Legio XX Valeria Victrix (Bau vexillation ), ; b) Legio VI Victrix (Bau vexillation ), ; c) Ala Petriana
size	Area: ; 194 × 213 meters, 3.9 ha
Construction	a) wood and earth fort, ; b) stone fort
State of preservation	square floor plan with rounded corners, ; not visible above ground
place	Carlisle / Stanwix
Geographical location	54 ° 54 '18 " N , 2 ° 56' 2.4" W Coordinates: 54 ° 54 '18 " N , 2 ° 56' 2.4" W.
Previous	Camboglanna Castle (east)
Subsequently	Aballava Castle (west)
Upstream	Castra Exploratorum (outpost) (northwest)

Coin portrait of Hadrian

Findings sketch

Church Street in Stanwix, with St. Michael's Church in the background

Findings sketch NW intermediate tower, 1984

Information board for the fort at St. Michaels Church

Brick stamp of Legio IX Hispania from Stanwix

Stanwix Primary School

Antinous medallion from Stanwix

Roman finds from Stanwix

Uxelodunum (also known as Petrianis ) was a Roman auxiliary fort in the urban area of Carlisle , in the suburb of Stanwix, County Cumbria , England .

It belonged to the chain of fortresses of Hadrian's Wall ( per lineam valli ), which consisted of 16 forts, and secured its western sector. Uxelodunum probably replaced a watchtower from the 2nd century AD and was the largest on the wall in terms of area. The second common name for the fort was derived from the unit stationed there in the fourth century. At times it housed a cavalry force of 1000 men and was probably the seat of the high command for the garrison units stationed directly on the northern border until the 4th century. According to the Notitia Dignitatum , it was occupied by the Roman military until the early 5th century.

Surname

There are several ancient written sources that name this fort: the Notitia Dignitatum (western part), the Ravenna cosmography and three Roman drinking vessels ( "Rudge Cup", Staffordshire Moorlands Pan and Amiens patern ).

Uxelodunum is almost certainly the original name of the fort. On the Rudge Cup it appears as Uxelodum , on the Staffordshire Moorlands Pan and the Amiens patern as Uxelodunum . In the Notitia the fort is referred to as Axeloduno , but as the location of a Hispanic cohort. It is commonly equated with Stanwix Castle. The Cohors I Aelia Hispanorum is said to have been stationed in this fort in late antiquity , but there is also evidence of Netherby. In light of this, it seems possible that the ND entry for the Castra Exploratorum outpost has been merged into Axelodunum (perhaps due to a transcription error) . The main troop ala Petriana is said to have been - according to the ND - in Petrianis ( Castrum Petriana = the fort of the Petrians). In the relevant entry in the 7th century Ravenna cosmography by the geographer of Ravenna , the castle is again - slightly modified - entered as Uxellodamo .

Uxelodunum is probably a Latinized form of a Celtic toponym and means “the great fortress” or “elevated place”. The prefix Ax / Uxe stands for water in the Welsh Gaelic language. Other river names on the British Isles are also derived from this (e.g. Exe, Ax, Usk, Esk). Uxelodunum could also go back to Uxellinus , an Iron Age god with attributes similar to those of the highest Roman state god Iupiter. The name could therefore be translated as "the fort on the water" or "the fortress of Uxellinus". The current place name comes from the old English stane-wic (= "stone settlement "), the core of which was probably in the castle ruins.

location

Uxelodunum was the thirteenth link in the fortress chain of Hadrian's Wall ( vallum aelium ). The camp is located approximately 64 km west of Castlesteads ( Camboglanna ) and 8 km east of Burgh by Sands ( Aballava ). It stood on a plateau sloping slightly to the northwest over the north bank of the Eden , which there flows through Stanwix, a suburb of the city of Carlisle . Today there is St. Michael's Church and Stanwix House. From the plateau one had a good view to the south over the present city area, in the direction of the northern Pennines and the valley of the Eden up to the Lake District . The area in the north could still be monitored from a distance of 5 km. A road connection probably existed to the outpost forts Castra Exploratorum (Netherby) and Blatobulgium (Birrens) in the northwest and to Luguvalium (Carlisle) and Eburacum (York) in the south. In the late 2nd century the ramparts belonged to the province of Britannia inferior , from the 4th century to the province of Britannia secunda .

Research history and range of finds

In 1790, the gravestone of a Roman cavalryman and a relief of the goddess of victory Victoria were discovered in the wall of the old parish church. The first scientific excavations on the fort area were carried out between 1932 and 1934 by Frank Gerald Simpson and Ian Alexander Richmond. The dimensions of the stone fort and the positions of a corner tower and an intermediate tower could be determined. In 1934 a number of Roman finds were recovered from the river bed of the Eden (at Rickerby Park). This included jewelry, components of cavalry equipment and cookware. They came from the workshop of a bronze smith in the vicus and had probably gotten from the fort into the river through erosion over time. The course of the south trench ( vallum ) could be followed up to the south-east corner of the camp. Traces of the fort ditches on the south wall and Hadrian's Wall in this section were also observed. Traces of elongated, barrack-like buildings could also be observed (courtyard of Stanwix Primary School). In 1939 the remains of an east-west oriented granary were excavated during construction work to expand the schoolyard. In 1940 the southwest corner tower and individual sections of the south and east wall were located. In 1976 GH Smith carried out excavations on Brampton Road, on the site of the civil settlement. In the 1980s, individual sections of the northern and southern defenses were excavated and partially preserved. An area on the grounds of the Cumbria College of Art, a little east of the fortress, covered with a 0.6 meter-wide layer of clay between 1991 and 1992, was interpreted by the archaeologists of the Carlisle Archaeological Unit (CAU) as the parade ground of the fort. The excavation of the CAU in 1997 confirmed the discoveries made by FG Simpson and subsequently established that the remains of the Roman building were up to 1.5 m deep between 0.2 m and 0.4 m below the playground. In 2017 the fort bath north of the Eden (Eden Bridge) was discovered on a cricket ground. In the same year, a 3D laser scan (LIDAR) of the site was carried out, with which the structures that were still present could be determined more precisely.

The finds from the various excavations were distributed to the Tullie House Museum / Carlisle and the Museum of Newcastle. Inscriptions found in Stanwix include an altar for the mother goddesses , donated by Asinius Senilis, and an altar donated for the consul of AD 167, Ummidius Quadratus and the emperor Lucius Verus . In 2017, two Roman inscriptions were discovered near the fort bath. One was dedicated to the Roman Empress Julia Domna , carved three years after the death of her husband Septimius Severus when her son Caracalla was emperor. The other, a funerary inscription, once stood at the burial site of a veteran who died at the age of 60 and who had served in the Ala Petriana . A large number of artifacts were found in the bathroom itself. These include an iron arrowhead, bone hairpins (suggesting women also used the bath), more than 100 superbly preserved coins from the second and third centuries AD, and pottery.

development

In 122 Emperor Hadrian ordered a barrier wall to be built in northern Britain, reinforced by watchtowers and forts, from the Tyne to the Solway Firth, to protect the British provinces from the constant incursions of the Picts from the north. Most of the wall was built by soldiers from the three legions and men of the Classis Britannica stationed in Britain .

Little is known about the history of the fort. First a small wood-earth fortification was built by the Romans around 122 AD in Stanwix. Auxiliary infantry was probably stationed there at that time. It was rebuilt in stone around 160, simultaneously with the reconstruction of the western section of Hadrian's Wall and after the abandonment of the Antonine Wall . In addition to guarding the wall, his crew probably also secured a ford or bridge over the Eden and the Caldew, as well as the road to Scotland that passed here. There were only three crossings for civil border traffic on Hadrian's Wall, the one in Uxelodunum , the others in Banna (Birdoswald) and Onnum (Halton-Chesters) - the so-called Portgate . After completion of the stone fort , the ala Petriana , the largest auxiliary cavalry unit of the Britannia, was stationed there. The western sector of the wall was the most dangerous section of the northern border, both because of the land's topography, which favored invaders, and because of the hostile barbarian tribes. These included in particular the Novantae and Selgovae, who settled in what is now the administrative district of Dumfries and Galloway. So the Romans had good reasons to station their only 1000-strong ala there. The headquarters or the high command for the wall garrisons was probably located in Uxelodunum . Furthermore stood on the road from Luguvalium (Carlisle) to Eburacum (York), the root stock of legio VI left , a chain of signal stations. They enabled the Prefect of Stanwix to contact the legionary legate in York within a short time in the event of an alarm in order to request reinforcements if necessary. During the excavations at the rear of the Cumbria Park Hotel (north wall of the fort), there was a clear absence of ceramics from the 3rd and 4th centuries. Perhaps it had been temporarily abandoned by the army during this period. Since the fort is still mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum , it seems to have been occupied by regular soldiers at least until the early 5th century.

Fort

Most of the area of the Roman fortress lies northeast of St. Michael's Church. During emergency excavations in the course of construction work behind the two pubs Crown and Thistle Inn in the area of the former camp, it was found that the Roman layers had largely been destroyed when the ground was later leveled. At the Castle Park Hotel (parking lot) and St. Michael's Church there are information boards about the castle. It obviously went through several construction phases in the 2nd century:

Construction of a wood-earth warehouse
Demolition of the wood-earth warehouse and construction of the stone fort
later expansion of the stone fort to the north and west

Wood and earth fort

At the time of Hadrian a small wood-earth camp was set up to secure the temporary wood-earth wall. Its northern longitudinal axis was aligned parallel to the wall. The camp walls were not connected to Hadrian's Wall. The southern moat ( vallum ) in the area of the fort was cut through by the moat of the wood-earth fortress. In the middle of the 2nd century it was replaced by the stone fort, probably at the same time as this section of Hadrian's Wall was rebuilt in stone.

Stone fort

The multi-phase stone fort had a square floor plan with rounded corners (playing card shape), measured approximately 194 meters (north-south) × 213 meters (east-west) and covered an area of about 3.9 hectares. It is believed that the fort was after Oriented east. The long axis ran parallel to Hadrian's Wall. It was the largest auxiliary troop fort on the wall. The stone fort was later extended to the south-west and north-west, right up to the wall, as was customary with the cavalry camps on Hadrian's Wall. The latter now served as the north wall of the fort. In addition, it was surrounded by three moats. Traces of them could be discovered on the west, east and south walls (Romanby Close). During the excavations in 1984, about 24 meters of the north-western wall including the rear earth ramp, including the foundations of a 8.71 m² intermediate tower, were uncovered in the parking lot behind the Cumbria Park Hotel on Scotland Road. The foundations consisted of rubble stones bound in clay. On the back wall they were a little wider than those on the side walls. The floor consisted of sandstone gravel and was partly paved with stone slabs. Probably the platform for a ladder or stairs. The tower could be entered at its rear through a 1 meter wide door. The entrance to the tower was paved with sandstone slabs. This section of the fortification was probably built at the time of Antoninus Pius (ceramic finds). A small part of it (seen in a corner of Mulcaster Court) has been preserved and made available to the public. Another intermediate tower that belonged to the south wall was found on the site of the Stanwix House. In the churchyard (Brampton Road) there is also a slight, approximately 0.3 meter high bump that runs from south-west to north-east, a remnant of the south-east fort wall. None of the four camp gates are visible today. According to the medieval standard, they are likely to have been provided with a double passage and each flanked by two towers. From the south gate a road ran east of Church Lane to the banks of the Eden, not far east of today's bridge.

Only a few details of the interior are known. The interior of the fort probably also had the standard buildings for mid-imperial camps: in the center a headquarters ( principia ), one or two granaries ( horrea ) and staff barracks ( centuria ). The main street of the camp ( via principalis ) connected the west and east gates. The excavations in 1932 revealed u. a. Wall sections of ancient buildings that were lined up parallel to the north wall of the fort. Their function is unknown. Excavations in 1940 in the southern part of the Stanwix Primary School's schoolyard uncovered the remains of a granary and another Roman building. The position of the granary was later made clear by red markings on the ground on the school playground. The Carlisle Cricket Club pavilion in Edenside, west of Eden Bridge, was flooded in 2005 and 2015. As part of the preparations for the relocation of the building, archaeologists were able to examine the area more closely. The first finds already gave evidence of a Roman bathhouse from the 4th century. The work brought to light further finds and finds of high quality. It is probably the bathhouse that was used by the cavalry of the Ala Petriana . Unveiled u. a. Hypocausts, sewers plastered and painted walls, and terracotta tiles that covered the floor. However, its location is acutely threatened by floods, which is why it is not sure whether the building can be preserved and made accessible to the public.

Hadrian's Wall

Nothing can be seen of the wall in this section today. Originally it was only to be taken to the Stanwix camp. A little later, however, the Roman builders decided to extend it - as in the case of Wallsend ( Segedunum ) in the east - to the coast near Bowness ( Maia ). This is also because the Solway Fjords were easy to cross at low tide. A remnant of the stone wall was uncovered by Simpson in 1932 on the grounds of the playground of Stanwix Primary School. An investigation by the CAU in 1997, also inside the school playground, uncovered a seven-meter-long earth wall at the back of the stone wall, possibly remnants of the original wood-earth wall. The section of the stone wall that directly adjoined the fort is now built over with houses and gardens.

The exact position of the (watchtower 65B) could not be confirmed; it was probably demolished when the fort was expanded.

Military road

The wall-accompanying road, the so-called military road , which largely ran along the south side of the wall, could not be observed in this section. In 1976, Smith examined the remains of a paved road east of the fort that was about ten meters wide. It ran close to the south side of Hadrian's Wall and was in use until the Middle Ages. Presumably it followed exactly the line of the Roman military road. At Tarraby Lane it deviated a little from the wall and led directly towards the position of the east gate, which the archaeologists suspected. The course of the street on the west side of the camp could not be traced either. Today nothing can be seen of the military road.

Südgraben

The course of the Vallum on both sides of the fort is known from the excavations in 1932 and 1976. In 1932, Simpson found his tracks 100 yards east of Dykes Terrace. A Simpsons dig at the western end of Rickerby Park in 1934 confirmed its previously assumed course, including a kink towards Hadrian's Wall before turning to the river bank. Simpson tried to clarify the course of the Vallum south of the fortress between 1933 and 1934. There he found another trench, which later turned out to be one of the fort's defensive trenches. The Vallum in this area may have been destroyed by centuries of erosion of the river bank. In 1976, English Heritage employees also excavated a section of this trench west of Dykes Terrace. In the east he could be followed south of the Knowfield Nurseries through a garden to just before the southeast corner of the fort. Here he then presumably deviated in the direction of Eden in order to bypass the fort.

Wall bridge

The rampart bridge, built in Hadrianic times, stood north of today's confluence of the Eden with the Caldew, the rampart itself ran southwest of the equestrian camp in the direction of Willow Holme. The exact position of the Roman road bridge is not known. During Roman times, the Eden is likely to have run further south of the current river bed, the discovery of another Roman bridge stone suggests that the road led over the river as well as over the adjacent alluvial land - either on a long arched bridge construction or a combination with dam paths has been. William Camden reported stone blocks lying in the river in 1600 and suggested that they were part of the bridge foundations. In August 1951, in the course of dredging work on behalf of the River Board, 5–26 meters from the southwest bank of the Eden, numerous sandstone blocks measuring 87 × 48 × 30 cm were uncovered, which probably came from one of the flow breakers . Chiseled holes suggest that they were held together by lead dovetail clips (see Willowford Roman Bridge ). The stones apparently all came from a nearby quarry (St. Bees Sandstone). Its superstructure was probably made of wood like that of the bridge in Newcastle ( Pons Aelius ). An inscription mentions the Century of Vesnius Viator (now the Carlisle Museum) who participated in the construction of the bridge. The bridge was the junction of the road from Luguvallium to the north, the Stanegate (the main connection to the east) and the road that led across the river to the fort.

garrison

Uxelodunum was probably occupied by regular Roman auxiliary soldiers ( auxilia ) from the 2nd to the early 5th century . Legionnaires are likely to have temporarily stood in the camp. They were usually not assigned to garrison service on the border, but sent special forces for the more demanding construction projects on Hadrian's Wall. In late antiquity, its crews were part of the Limitanei .

The following units either provided the fort's crew or may have stayed there for a limited time:

Time position	Troop name	description
2nd century AD	Legio sextae Victrix ("the sixth legion, the victorious")	The presence of members of this legion is confirmed by a building inscription. The Legion's headquarters were in Eburacum (York).
2nd century AD	Legio vicesimae ("the twentieth legion")	Building inscription found on Castle Street in 1792 According to a building inscription, the soldiers of the first cohort of this legion helped set up the camp. The Legion's headquarters were in Deva ( Chester ).
2nd century AD to 5th century AD?	Ala Gallorum Petriana to Torquata Milliaria Civium Romanorum ("the Gallic squadron of Petra, twice awarded for bravery, 1000 strong, Roman citizens")	Honorary inscription of the ala Petriana from Carlisle Figurine of a Roman cavalryman of the 2nd century (Roman Museum Butchery Lane, Canterbury) The unit was set up in the reign of Augustus (27 BC-14 AD) from tribes resident in Central Gaul. It is believed to have been named after its first commandant, Titus Pomponius Petra. The troops were in Moguntiacum (Mainz) at 56 . According to the historian Tacitus , she was on the side of Vitellius in the civil war of the four-emperor year of 69 . The unit came to Britain under the rule of Vespasian with the army of Quintus Petillius Cerialis in 71. At that time it was still 500 men strong ( ala quingenaria ). Under Domitian (81–96) their soldiers were given Roman citizenship and an award for bravery ( torques ). It may have been based in Corbridge initially . It was moved to Carlisle during the reign of Trajan (98-117) and increased to one thousand men. An Ala milliaria represented a significant combat and power potential and was one of the elite units of the auxiliary troops. It was also the only auxiliary unit of this size in Britain. During this time she also received her second award for bravery for her missions in Dacia . Its commander was the highest-ranking officer on the northern border until the introduction of the Office of Dux for Northern Great Britain in the 4th century. During the reign of Antoninus Pius (138-161) she came to Stanwix. Their existence and presence on the British Isles is attested by several ancient written sources (tombstones, lead fragments, military diplomas ) from Britain. It also appears in the Notitia Dignitatum (created in the late 4th or early 5th century) in the list of troops of the Dux Britanniarum . At that time it was commanded by an officer with the rank of prefect. It was probably stationed on the wall until the end of Roman rule.
4th century?	Cohors prima Hispanorum (the first cohort of Hispanics)	This unit was originally excavated in Spain. According to Notitia, she was stationed in " Axeloduno " in the 4th century under the command of a tribune and belonged to the Limitanei des Dux Britanniarum . However, the majority of researchers identify Axeludono as the warehouse in Stannwix. Either this unit shared the fort at that time with the ala Petriana , which according to Notitia is said to have been in Petrianis , or the copyists made a mistake when copying the Notitia and the Spanish cohort was stationed in another camp, perhaps Maia (Bowness-on-Solway). With the Romans, however, it was not uncommon for castles to be named after their garrison units (e.g. Quintanis or Legio ). According to prevailing opinion, the riders of the ala Petriana could only have stood in Stanwix, which was large enough for a force of 1000 men. Inscriptions in this respect from Northern Great Britain are known for the 2nd century from Alauna (today Maryport, in the Notitia " Ailione ") and for the 3rd century from Castra Exploratorum (Netherby), an outpost north of the wall (no longer mentioned in the Notitia) . So far there is no epigraphic evidence of their presence in Stanwix.

Vicus

As with most of the fortifications, a civil settlement ( vicus ) developed around Uxelodunum over time . The scholar John Horsley and the Bishop of Cloyne reported in the 18th and 19th centuries that the remains of ancient buildings were still clearly visible on the steep slope facing the River Eden, southeast of the camp; The latter suspected, however, that most of the civilians were resident in the nearby Luguvalium (Carlisle). For a fort of this size, the archaeological traces of the presence of civilians in its vicinity were actually remarkably small. Today there are no visible remains of its buildings.

The full extent of the vicus area is not known or has not yet been confirmed. From the excavations it is known that it spread east and west of the camp. In the mid-1970s some foundation trenches could be observed near the south trench of the wall (on Brampton Road), and there was probably a pottery workshop here in the 2nd century. Possibly the vicus in the south also extended beyond the Vallum. Traces of the vicus were also found in 1986 on the site of the former Miles McInnes Hall (Caruana), located on the west side of the Roman fortress. They could be dated to the second half of the second century AD. The Roman buildings there had been almost completely destroyed over time. In addition, “strong masonry” was found in the churchyard, which was mixed with a lot of Roman earthenware. It is possible that the settlement expanded further towards Carlisle. Further remains of Roman buildings were found at Stanwix Bank. It is unlikely that the area south of the fort - below a steep cliff on the high bank of the river - was also built on.

A gravestone from the first century and some traces of settlement from the second century are also worth mentioning, found in 1931 by F. G. Simpson, about 60 meters west of the castle. In 1934, a bronze smith's workshop was discovered below the fort (Kings Meadows). Parts of the inventory had been washed into the river and consisted of military and civilian items. They could be dated to the middle of the second century AD. What was striking, however, was the lack of funds for the period between the 3rd and 4th centuries. This suggests that the Bishop of Cloyne may have been right in his theory and that the civilian population migrated or was relocated to Luguvalium over time .

Burial ground

The burial ground that belonged to the fort and its vicus was to the east of the fortress. In 1872 some Roman urn graves were discovered by chance on Croft Road. When houses were being built in 1936, further cremations could be observed there. The true extent of the burial ground has not yet been determined. The western part of the cemetery is possibly still in the area of the listed area. Two tombstones from the Stanwix cemetery name Marcus Troianus Augustus - set by his wife Aelia Ammillusima - and the other a cavalryman. Both are no longer on site, one is kept in Drawdykes Castle, the other in the Senhouse Museum, Maryport.

literature

Guy de la Bédoyère : Hadrian's Wall: history and guide. Tempus, 1998, ISBN 0-7524-1407-0 .
R. Hogg: The historic crossings of the River Eden at Stanwix, and their associated road systems, Trans Cumberland Westmorland Antiq. Archaeol. Soc., New ser. 52, 1952.
RG Collingwood, RP Wright: The Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Oxford 1965.
Roger JA Wilson: A Guide to the Roman Remains in Britain. 4th edition, Constable, London 2002, p. 530.
Ingo Maier: Numeration of the new edition of the compilation 'notitia dignitatum'. (Cnd) "; Appendix 4.
Guy de la Bédoyère: The Roman Army in Britain. MC Bishop, The garrison: Part I.
Shepard Frere, Margaret M. Roxan , R. S. O. Tomlin: The Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Vol. II, Fasc. I; Allan Sutton, Gloucester 1990.
John Collingwood Bruce: The Roman Wall: A Description of the Mural Barrier of the North of England. 3rd edition; Longmans, London 1867, p. 292.
Hadrian's Wall Map and Guide by the Ordnance Survey (Southampton 1989);
Ronald Embleton, Frank Graham: Hadrian's Wall in the Days of the Romans. Newcastle 1984, pp. 310-311.
Sheppard Frere: Britannia - A History of Roman Britain. London 1967.
JA Dacre: An Excavation on the Roman Fort at Stanwix. Carlisle 1984
JA Dacre: Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society. No. 85, 1985.
Eric Birley: Research on Hadrian's Wall. 1961.
Albert Rivet, Colin Smith: The Place names of Roman Britain. Batsford, London 1978.
RG Bruce, I. Richmond: Handbook to Roman Wall. 12th edition, 1966.
Charles Daniels: The eleventh Pilgrimage of Hadrian's Wall. 1989,
I. Caruana, JC Coulston: A Roman bridge stone from the River Eden. Trans Cumberland Westmorland Antiq. Archaeol. Soc., New ser, 87, Carlisle 1987.
MWC Hassall: Aspects of the Notitia Dignitatum, British Archaeological Reports, supplemental series 15, Oxford 1976, pp. 112-114.
David J. Breeze: Roman Forts in Britain. Shire Archeology, Oxford 2002.
David J. Breeze: John Collingwood Bruce's Handbook to the Roman Wall, 14th edn, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2006.
Nick Fields: Rome's Northern Frontier AD 70-235. Osprey, Oxford 2005.
Wolfgang Moschek: The Roman Limes: a history of culture and mentality. BoD - Books on Demand, 2011.
Michael DuBois: Auxillae. A compendium of none Legionary Units of the Roman Army. 2015. ISBN 978-1-329-63758-0
J. Heurgon: Découverte à Amiens d'une patère de bronze émaillée avec une inscription relative au mur d'Hadrien. Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, 93/2, 1949.
J. Heurgon: The Amiens patera. Journal of Roman Studies, No. 41, 1951.

Remarks

RIB = Roman inscriptions in Britain

↑ Notitia Dignitatum Occ . XL, 28, A. L. F. Rivet / Colin Smith 1979, p. 221, 293-294 and 483, Guy de la Bédoyère, 1998, p. 114.
↑ Guy de la Bedoyere 1998, p. 112, J. C. Bruce, 1966, pp. 193-196.
↑ Eric Birley 1961, pp. 205-208, J. C. Bruce, 1957, pp. 206-209, RIB 2025 , RIB 2026 , John Collingwood-Bruce 1966, p. 194, RIB 2030 , Archeology news network: https: // archaeologynewsnetwork .blogspot.co.uk / 2017/05 / roman-bath-house-found-in-carlisle.html # EFfHscTBkCSis8Ra.97 .
↑ Sheppard Frere, 1967, p. 137, J. A. Dacre, 1985, pp. 53-69, Wolfgang Moschek, 2011, p. 213.
↑ Dacre, 1985, pp. 53–69 and 1984, pp. 60–62, Charles Daniels, 1989, pp. 30–32, Guy de la Bédoyère, 1998, p. 114, JC Bruce, 1966, p. 191– 196.
↑ Hogg 1952, pp. 149–152, J. C. Bruce, 1966, p. 196, Caruana and Coulston 1987, p. 50, Breeze 2006, p. 347, RIB 2031
↑ RIB 2027
↑ RIB 2028
↑ Tacitus Historien I.LXX and IV.XLIX, Notitia Dignitatum Occ .: XL, 45 Praefectus alae Petrianae, at Petrianis , military diploma from Stannington from September 16, 124, CIL 7, 1195 , RIB 1172 , tombstone of the standard bearer ( signifer ) Flavinus from Corbridge, today Hexham Abbey, RIB 2030 Gravestone fragment of a Roman cavalryman from St. Michael's Church in Stanwix. Whether the deceased was also a member of ala Petriana is unknown, RIB 2411.84, lead fragment from Stanwix with stamp ALP, RIB 957 , Michael DuBois, 2015, p. 349.
↑ Notitia Dignitatum Occ .: XL, 45 Tribunus cohortis primae Hispanorum Axeloduno , D. J. Breeze, B. Dobson 1976, M. W. C. Hassall 1976, pp. 112-114, A. L. F. Rivet, Colin Smith 1979, p. 221.
^ John Horsley, Britannia Romana 1732, Bishop of Cloyne, Lysons Magna Britannia, Vol. 4, 1816, p. 139, Peter Salway, 1965, pp. 98-100, Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society, no. 31, 1931, p. 69 and No. 32, 1932, p. 147, Eric Birley 1961, p. 206. John Collingwood-Bruce, 1966, p. 194.
↑ RIB 2029 , RIB 2030

Web links

[1] Notitia Dignitatum Occ . XL, 28, A. L. F. Rivet / Colin Smith 1979, p. 221, 293-294 and 483, Guy de la Bédoyère, 1998, p. 114.

[2] Guy de la Bedoyere 1998, p. 112, J. C. Bruce, 1966, pp. 193-196.

[3] Eric Birley 1961, pp. 205-208, J. C. Bruce, 1957, pp. 206-209, RIB 2025 , RIB 2026 , John Collingwood-Bruce 1966, p. 194, RIB 2030 , Archeology news network: https: // archaeologynewsnetwork .blogspot.co.uk / 2017/05 / roman-bath-house-found-in-carlisle.html # EFfHscTBkCSis8Ra.97 .

[4] Sheppard Frere, 1967, p. 137, J. A. Dacre, 1985, pp. 53-69, Wolfgang Moschek, 2011, p. 213.

[5] Dacre, 1985, pp. 53–69 and 1984, pp. 60–62, Charles Daniels, 1989, pp. 30–32, Guy de la Bédoyère, 1998, p. 114, JC Bruce, 1966, p. 191– 196.

[6] Hogg 1952, pp. 149–152, J. C. Bruce, 1966, p. 196, Caruana and Coulston 1987, p. 50, Breeze 2006, p. 347, RIB 2031

[7] RIB 2027

[8] RIB 2028

[9] Tacitus Historien I.LXX and IV.XLIX, Notitia Dignitatum Occ .: XL, 45 Praefectus alae Petrianae, at Petrianis , military diploma from Stannington from September 16, 124, CIL 7, 1195 , RIB 1172 , tombstone of the standard bearer ( signifer ) Flavinus from Corbridge, today Hexham Abbey, RIB 2030 Gravestone fragment of a Roman cavalryman from St. Michael's Church in Stanwix. Whether the deceased was also a member of ala Petriana is unknown, RIB 2411.84, lead fragment from Stanwix with stamp ALP, RIB 957 , Michael DuBois, 2015, p. 349.

[10] Notitia Dignitatum Occ .: XL, 45 Tribunus cohortis primae Hispanorum Axeloduno , D. J. Breeze, B. Dobson 1976, M. W. C. Hassall 1976, pp. 112-114, A. L. F. Rivet, Colin Smith 1979, p. 221.

[11] John Horsley, Britannia Romana 1732, Bishop of Cloyne, Lysons Magna Britannia, Vol. 4, 1816, p. 139, Peter Salway, 1965, pp. 98-100, Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society, no. 31, 1931, p. 69 and No. 32, 1932, p. 147, Eric Birley 1961, p. 206. John Collingwood-Bruce, 1966, p. 194.

[12] RIB 2029 , RIB 2030