Antonine Wall

Antonine Wall
Alternative name	a) Vallum Antonini b) Grim's Dyke
limes	Britain
Dating (occupancy)	2-3 Century AD
Type	Barrage with forts and moats
unit	a) Legions b) Auxilia
size	Length: 65 km Width: 5 m Height: 4 m
Construction	Wooden sod brick construction
State of preservation	Nordgraben is still largely visible
place	Strathclyde and Central Region
Geographical location	55 ° 58 ′ 0 ″  N , 4 ° 4 ′ 5 ″  W Coordinates: 55 ° 58 ′ 0 ″  N , 4 ° 4 ′ 5 ″  W
Previous	Hadrian's Wall (south)
Subsequently	Gask Ridge (north)

The forts on Antonine Wall

Location of the Antonine Wall and Hadrian's Wall

Portrait of Antoninus Pius

Remnants of the wall near Bar Hill

The Antonine Wall at Bar Hill between Twickar and Croy, seen from the west

The Wall near Westerwood

Exposed stone foundation of the wall at Bearsden

Remnants of the wall at Bar Hill

Remains of the hypocaust facility of the Bar Hill thermal baths

The Wall at Bonnybridge

Infrared image of the fort near Kinneil, near Bo'ness in the eastern sector of the wall

Remains of the thermal bath at Bearsden Fort

Finds from Antonine Wall, exhibited in the Hunterian Museum (Glasgow)

The Antoninuswall (from Latin Vallum Antonini "Wall des Antoninus") was part of the Britannian Limes . It was the second large rampart built by the Romans in northern Britain. The wood-earth fortification is less well known than Hadrian's Wall, which is located further south and is entirely made of stone . Shortly before the middle of the 2nd century AD, Emperor Antoninus Pius gave it up and began building a new, temporary wall further north, which ran along the narrowest part of the British Isles. The protection it was supposed to offer from the Caledonian raids, however, was short-lived. It was given up again towards the end of the century, Hadrian's Wall was manned again and was used for border surveillance until the beginning of the 5th century. In the early 3rd century, the Antonine Wall was occupied only once - for a short time - by Roman troops.

location

The Antonine Wall was in a much more favorable topographical position than its counterpart in the south. The barrage was built at the geographically narrowest point ( Central Belt ) of Scotland , at Clota ( Firth of Clyde ) and Bodotria ( Firth of Forth ), across the Central Lowlands . It stood about 150 km north of Hadrian's Wall. This strategically favorable location was already recognized by Gnaeus Iulius Agricola and is still used today as a road route. Its length of around 60 km (a little more than half of Hadrian's Wall ) stretched from Old Kilpatrick Fort in the west , in Dunbartonshire , on the north bank of the Clyde, to the easternmost fort Carriden at Bridgeness on the Firth of Forth. From the southern heights of the Forth, Carron and Kelvin valleys, it dominates the surrounding area and offers an excellent view to the north. The exact route between Bridgeness and Carriden is still uncertain, but the most carefully worked out building inscriptions come from here. On the south bank of the Carron, the wall stretches over the basalt knolls of Croy- and Bar Hill to the Kilsyth Hills up to the Campsie Fells. At the castles Inveravon and Balmuildy it crosses the rivers Avon and Kelvin. In the western section, too, the wall was preferably built on hills (Kilpatrick Hills).

function

According to the current state of research, the Roman limits of the imperial era primarily served to regulate and monitor daily border traffic and to collect customs duties. In principle, this also applied to the plants in Britain . He was supposed to temporarily take over the functions of Hadrian's Wall. This also brought them much closer to the settlement areas of the Highland tribes, who were constantly threatening the province. The almost complete lack of approach obstacles such as B. Palisades or similar, however, throws a special light on this building and ultimately on the overall conception of the policy of conquest of a ruler who never left Italy during his entire reign. The precise motives of the emperor for building the wall are unclear. Apparently, shortly after assuming power, he saw the need to reintegrate a larger area into the empire and secure it with a wall. Perhaps this should dispel any doubts about his military competence. So Antoninus Pius was able to be acclaimed as emperor in 142, in the tradition of his militarily successful predecessors . Whether he held a triumphal procession in Rome because of this is controversial, as the sources do not mention anything of the kind. In this way Antoninus stood out in a striking way from Hadrian , who had renounced such productions.

development

Around 30 years after the invasion of Britain, the Romans invaded Scotland under Agricola . Within seven years he had taken much of the country under his control. A few forts were built along the later line of the Antonine Wall, others along the Gask Ridge in Perthshire. From the mid-80s AD, the Roman troops were withdrawn again because they were needed more urgently elsewhere in the empire. Around 122 AD, Emperor Hadrian established the northern border on the Tyne-Solway Isthmus with the construction of Hadrian's Wall. After Hadrian's death, Antoninus Pius (138–161 AD) rose to become Roman emperor. Antoninus decided, for strategic reasons, tactical convenience or economic interests, to re-occupy those areas in Scotland that had formed the northern border of the empire under Agricola in the 1st century AD. In the years 139–141 there were supposedly clashes with the local tribes. It is possible that their territories should now be officially incorporated into the empire, as the Romanization was increasingly having an effect on them too. During this time, however, there was also serious unrest in the Lowlands, as the traditional hillforts were evacuated under pressure from the Romans and the population had to move their homes to the plains, where they were easier to control. In such uprisings it was far more difficult for the army to intervene quickly from the distant Hadrian's Wall.

The profit for Rome, however, was only small (compared to the effort made for it), even if the reoccupation brought the agriculturally more productive area of ​​the Votadinii back under the rule of Rome. It is unlikely that there would be major fighting, as the Romans had already largely brought the area under their rule. Since the army, instead of occupying all of Caledonia (Caledonia), only advanced as far as the Forth-Clyde Line and the wall was not built in stone from the beginning, it can be assumed that no permanent occupation of this region was planned. The wall is still an impressive feat as its core structures were completed within two years.

The army marched on several roads in the Central Lowlands that had existed since the 1st century AD. They were also secured by fort chains. The garrisons from the Pennines forts also had to be used for the campaign . Yet this mountainous country has not been completely demilitarized. With the exception of a few key positions, Hadrian's Wall was abandoned and the moats made passable with earth dams. Only small remaining crews remained in the fortifications or legionaries were stationed there as substitutes. The outpost forts such as Birrens and High Rochester remained occupied or were re-established, such as Risingham on Dere Street between 205 and 208. In the course of the construction of the wall, some forts from the time of the Agricola, such as B. Glenlochar and Raeburnfoot reoccupied or new small fort built.

The construction of the wall lasted from 142 to 144 AD after the governor Quintus Lollius Urbicus occupied the area north of Hadrian's Wall in the first years of Antoninus Pius' reign . It probably took another twelve years to complete the entire infrastructure of the border facility. Beyond the wall there were further outposts on the deployment routes into northern Caledonia, roughly as far as Perth in the northeast. On the north bank of the Clyde, a road led from Old Kilpatrick to a harbor at Dumbarton. It was already far outside the area occupied by the Romans, this shows that the army also had the land in front of the wall under control. Outposts were set up on the Tay to secure the Five Peninsula and serve as an early warning system. At Watling Lodge a road led to the old Gask Ridge forts Bertha, Strageath and Ardoch , which were also again occupied by Roman garrisons.

Despite the addition of the Romans many built in the lowlands along the major roads of temporary camps could the resident Picts - and Celtic strains but never subdue permanently. As early as 155 the wall seems to have been given up on short notice. Shortly afterwards, however, it was occupied again. Already around 160, before the death of Antoninus, the majority of the Roman troops were relocated back to Hadrian's Wall. Around 182, after only 40 years of occupation, the last garrisons were withdrawn from the wall. The main reason for this was probably not the pressure of the Caledonian tribes, but the massive invasion of barbarian peoples on the Danube border. After that, Roman soldiers did not return to this region until 208 - under Emperor Septimius Severus ; possibly the Antonine Wall and its forts were temporarily manned again in the course of this campaign. This could at least lead to the mention of a "Wall of Severus" by later historians, which in reality meant the Antonine Wall.

The wall was mentioned in late antiquity by the chroniclers Eutropius and Orosius , and in the early Middle Ages by Beda Venerabilis . In the Middle Ages, the remains of the wall and its moat were called "Graham's Dyke" or "Grim's Dyke". Most of the Antonine Wall was either destroyed or eroded away over time, but individual sections are still clearly visible in the terrain at Bearsden , Kirkintilloch , Twickar , Croy , Falkirk and Polmont north of Glasgow .

Wall

The Antoninuswall was constructed as Murus caespiticius , as a wall using turf technology . As with Hadrian's Wall, the construction of the 37 Roman mile long Antonine Wall has been modified several times. Due to its relatively simple construction, significantly less material was required. Compared to the barrage in the south, it was much lower and less solidly fortified, but much shorter (60 km) and easier to monitor thanks to its denser network of fortifications. According to the building inscriptions, two units of length were used. West of Castlehill, the Roman mile was used to indicate the distance (6.5 km). This section was probably divided into ten sections of one Roman mile each. The length of the construction section from Castlehill to Bridgeness was given in Roman feet. The shorter routes measured there probably took into account the difficult terrain.

The barrage essentially consisted of a stone foundation on a 4.3 meter wide stone foundation (consisting of a quarry stone core with cladding on both sides), an approximately three to four meter high and five meter wide dam with a battlement, crowned with a wooden parapet made of palisades or wattle. The stone foundations suggest that the wall, like its southern counterpart, should also be built entirely in stone according to the original plans , but this was apparently later rejected. Steeply sloping terrain like in Bearsden was set down like a staircase, at Caddar you came across steps up to four meters high, which artificially terraced the area. The foundation was kept dry by means of drainage ditches. Sectionally different foundation and wall widths are likely to be due to the execution of the construction work by two construction teams. The construction of the wall required an average width of 50 meters in front of and behind the border line. Ideally, the soil suitable for material extraction was in the immediate vicinity of the construction site. The lawn cutting work included cutting out the earth blocks, loading them (usually on the back of a soldier), as well as transporting, unloading and positioning them at the intended place on the wall construction. The legions undoubtedly had the most experience with such construction work, as can be seen from some of the reliefs on Trajan's Column. A sickle-shaped lawn cutter was also part of the standard equipment of every Roman soldier in the 1st century AD. The work of the Royal Engineers on Fort Lunt ( Baginton , Warwickshire ), the experimental replica of a Roman fortress from the 1st century AD, as well as the study of the information in military manuals - which were drawn up before mechanization, resulted in a working time of about 10 minutes. The grass tile was fixed on the back with a rope loop for transport. During the work on Fort Lunt, only two men were required to lift the bricks, and the turf bricks could easily break if they were careless. Two men were also likely required to unload and lay out safely.

Military road

At a distance of 37 to 46 meters, the wall was accompanied by a paved road in the south. It was five to eight meters wide, slightly arched in the middle to ensure better drainage and provided with drainage ditches on both sides. Their surface consisted of several layers, larger stones as a foundation and a top layer of smaller stones and gravel on top. In heavily frequented sections it was paved with stone slabs. Most of the time, however, a layer of gravel and sand was simply piled up and compacted. Trees and bushes have been removed on both sides to reduce the risk of a surprise attack. In many camps it was integrated into the fortifications as a via principalis running from east to west . The road was intended to allow troops to move quickly without unforeseen obstacles on the east-west axis and was therefore closed to civil traffic. At Duntocher, Cadder, Bar Hill and Bonnyside it seems to have been laid before the wall was completed.

North ditch

On its north side it was bounded by a pointed ditch as an obstacle to the approach, on its south side ran a well-developed road, which should have served as a patrol route . The berm was six to nine meters wide. It was an average of 12.2 meters wide and 3.5–4 meters deep. At Croy Hill it was interrupted by basalt rocks. His excavated material was heaped up on its north side to form a dam. In order to pass it, there must have been several earth dams or bridges to the north. One of these transitions could be detected at Watling Lodge.

Castles

Like Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall was reinforced with a chain of larger and smaller forts that were located directly on the wall. However, there was a greater structural diversity here. Cohort forts, small forts, marching camps and other fenced off areas were built to protect it. Some of these fortifications were apparently built before the wall was completed. The best preserved castle is at Rough Castle. At a distance of two Roman miles (about three kilometers) a total of 15 wood-earth ( peat ) forts were built in the shape of playing cards typical of the middle imperial era. The only exceptions were the camps at Castlecary and Balmuildy, which were surrounded by stone walls. The gates only had one passage. All but three of the fortifications faced north. In Newstead, where two units were stationed, a trench separated the retendura from the front of the fort. Perhaps this was intended to separate the legionaries from the auxiliaries. The entrance was also flanked by two doors. An annex had been added to some of them . In Bearsden even a bathing building was included. The areas that were mostly kept completely free from buildings were otherwise probably used to accommodate supply wagons, draft animals or workshops. The Bar Hill and Bearsden camps protruded a little north. The last forts erected on the rampart faced east. Some of the forts were surrounded by several moats. 27 meters from the walls of Rough Castle, pits were found that were probably once studded with pointed pegs and served as obstacles to approach.

Primary forts

The first six forts, the primary forts (PF), were built at a distance of about 13 km. This corresponded to the distance an infantryman could cover in one day. The distances differ a little from each other due to the partly different terrain. Some camps in the western section (Balmuildy, Mumrills, Old Kilpatrick) existed before the wall was built, as can be seen from some of the details of their walls. Mumrills and Castlecary had even been occupied by Roman soldiers since the days of Agricola. In the east, however, all forts had to be rebuilt.

Secondary forts

In order to reduce the distance between the forts to 3.2 km, a number of other forts were founded a little later, the secondary forts (SF). In terms of area, however, these plants were much smaller than the PF. They were also not provided with their own building for the camp administration ( principia ) and, like the mile fort on Hadrian's Wall, were probably commanded by the neighboring PF. The forts in Rough Castle, Westerwood, Croy Hill, Ceddar and probably Bearsden were probably built one after the other. This sequence is u. a. supported by observations in Dundocher. Here an already existing small fort was included in the SF. In the western section, the deserted and much more dangerous staging area for invaders, the Campsie Fells and the Kilsyth hill country required a higher number of troops. Far fewer SFs were built in the eastern section. Here the apron security by the forts on the Five Peninsula was considered sufficient. Most of the time, they were supposed to protect the tribes allied with the Romans.

Civil settlements

According to an inscription discovered in Carriden, settlements ( vicus ) may have developed around some of the larger forts over time , but they were self-administered and not under the curate of the military.

Mile Fort

For a long time, researchers were of the opinion that - in contrast to Hadrian's Wall - no mile fort had been built on the Antonine Wall . However, the remains of seven Roman fortifications have now been identified as such. Presumably 40 of them originally stood on the wall. The small fort shortened the distance between the individual bases to 3.2 km. Their crew was probably no more than eight to twelve men. The interior structures were made of wood. The gate was in the south and consisted of a tower with a passage. There was no northern passage. Only the forts of Wilderness Plantation and Duntocher were examined more closely. They were probably created at the same time as the Wall and the PFs. This assumption is supported by the rounded corners of the Duntocher and Cheddars camps, which have the same (planned) wall connection as the forts. Wilderness Plantation, Croy Hill, Seabegs and Kinneil, on the other hand, have been connected directly to the wall. They were probably created at the same time as the Antonine Wall. The most famous small fort is at Kinneil House , at the eastern end of the wall, near Bo'ness . To the west of Bishopton, small fort in Lurg Moor and Outerwards watched the south coast of the Clyde Estuary. A continuous blockade of the river bank with palisades , as on the Solway Firth , could not be proven archaeologically there.

Watchtowers / signal stations

Watchtowers that were attached to the wall at regular intervals have not yet been detected on the Antonine Wall. Perhaps, because of the many mile forts, they were not built. In the case of three stone platforms discovered near Croy Hill and Rough Castle, measuring five meters by five meters, it could be the foundations of signal stations.

Garrison troops

The garrisons of the wall consisted of legionary vexillations and auxiliary troops cohorts ( auxilia ). In the Bertha outpost fort there are two units that were housed there together. To the south of the wall there were mostly only vexillations in the Lowlands forts that were supposed to secure the supply lines. Two vexillations are also known for Newstead ( Trimontium ) , which were also stationed there together. Only one ala and a few partially mounted auxiliary cohorts ( cohors eqitata ) are known of cavalry on the Antonine Wall . The western flanks of the wall were secured by the cavalry unit stationed at Bishopton Fort. She was responsible for the lower course of the Clyde.

Building inscriptions

During the excavations, 18 stone tablets (so-called distance slabs ) were recovered, which were left behind as building inscriptions when a section of the wall was completed. They made it possible to identify most of the units involved in the construction of the wall. Their analysis shows that it was built for the most part by members of the three ancestral legions of Britain:

• Legio II Augusta (Caerleon) ,
• Legio VI Victrix (York) , and
• Legio XX Valeria Victrix (Chester).

Only vexillations are mentioned on the inscriptions of Legio VI and Legio XX . These references are missing for those of the Legio II . Presumably she was assigned full crew to build the wall while the other two were mainly used to secure the British provinces and were assigned smaller construction lots . The specimens found so far can be divided into two geographical groups. Most of them are still in excellent condition, which suggests that they were taken down and buried before the Roman army withdrew. The differently worded texts were probably given by the commanders of the respective construction crews and name the ruling emperor, the legion responsible for it and the length of the construction lot. On two stones of the Legio VI , the phrase " opus valli " expressly indicates that they carried out construction work on the wall. The names of the incumbent governors as well as individual cohorts or centurions, as on the centurial stones of Hadrian's Wall, are not given.

A particularly carefully and elaborately designed specimen, found in 1868 on Windmill Hill, near Bridgeness, at the eastern end of Antonine Wall, is now in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. It was found label side down, as if it had been deliberately hidden there. The stone tablet was probably placed either on the north side or on the east end of the wall. The inscription carved on it is dedicated to Antoninus Pius and subsequently reports on the completion of the 4652 passus long section from Bridgeness to the eastern end of the wall by a vexillation of the Legio II . The inscription field is flanked by so-called peltae , small infantry shields . The relief on the left shows a Roman cavalryman riding down a group of hostile British portrayed as naked barbarians. The relief on the right shows a ritual sacrificial scene, a so-called suovetaurilia , in which a bull and a sheep are offered as an offering to Mars, the god of war, on an altar .

Roman inscription stone from Bridgeness

World Heritage

Since 2008 the remains have been registered as part of the European Limes on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The entry also includes other sections of the Roman border fortifications, Hadrian's Wall and the Upper German-Rhaetian Limes ; further sections in south-east Europe are to follow.

The forts on the Wall

Listed from west to east

• Bishopton Castle
• Old Killpatrick Castle
• Fort Duntocher
• Cleddans small fort
• Castlehill Castle
• Bearsden Castle
• Summerston fort
• Balmuildy Castle
• Wilderness Plantation small fort
• Cadder Castle
• Glasgow Bridge Small Fort
• Kirkintilloch Castle
• Auchendavy Castle
• Bar Hill Castle
• Croy Hill Fort
• Westerwood Castle
• Castlecary Fort
• Seabegs small fort
• Rough Castle
• Small fort at Watling Lodge
• Camelon Castle
• Falkirk Castle
• Mumrills Castle
• Inveravon Castle
• Kinneil small fort
• Carriden Castle
• Cramond Fort (supply camp)

See also

• Lilia (Roman pitfalls)

literature

• David J. Breeze: Edge of Empire. Rome's Scottish Frontier, the Antonine Wall . Birlinn, Edinburgh 2008, ISBN 978-1-84158-737-0 ( review (English)).
• Nic Fields: Romes Northern Frontier, AD 70-235, Beyond Hadrians Wall . Osprey Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-84176-832-4 , p. 38 (Fortress 31).
• William S. Hanson, Gordon S. Maxwell: Rome's north west frontier. The Antonine Wall. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1983, ISBN 0-85224-416-9 .
• Rebecca Jones and David J. Breeze: The Antonine Wall. Rome's northwest border . (PDF; 2.7 MB) In: The Limes. News bulletin of the German Limes Commission. 6th year 2012, issue 2, pp. 28–31.
• Lawrence Keppie: Scotland's Roman remains. Introduction and handbook. With a foreword by Edwina V. W. Proudfoot. J. Donald, Edinburgh 1986, ISBN 0-85976-157-6 .
• Wolfgang Moschek: The Limes, border of the Roman Empire . Primus Verlag, Darmstadt 2010, ISBN 978-3-89678-833-7 (story told series).
• Anne S. Robertson: The Antonine wall. A handbook to the Roman wall between Forth and Clyde and a guide to its surviving remains. Revised edition. Glasgow Archaeological Society, Glasgow 1973, ISBN 0-902018-01-9 .
• Stephen Johnson: Hadrian's Wall. BT Batsford, London 2004, ISBN 0-7134-8840-9 , pp. 60-62.
• Margot Klee : Limits of the Empire. Life on the Roman Limes. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8062-2015-8 , pp. 24–31.
• David Breeze: The Antonine Wall: the North-west frontier of the Roman Empire. Edinburgh 2004.
• C. Stephens, RE Jones, J. Gater: Geophysical survey on the Antonine Wall. In: Frontiers of the Roman Empire. (David Breeze and Sonja Jilek), Edinburgh 2008, pp. 79-93.
• Thomas Fischer: The army of the Caesars. Archeology and history. With contributions by Ronald Bockius , Dietrich Boschung and Thomas Schmidts . Pustet, Regensburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-7917-2413-3 ; 2nd, revised and updated edition 2014, ISBN 978-3-7917-2413-3 .
• Günther Moosbauer : The forgotten Roman battle. The sensational find on the Harzhorn. CH Beck, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-406-72489-3 .

Electronic media

• Historic Scotland, English Heritage, The Countryside Agency, University of Glasgow: DVD Rome's Northern Borders, Hadrian's Wall / Antonine Wall. German and English, Theiss, LZ 45 min, ISBN 3-8062-2055-7 .

Web links

Commons : Antoninuswall  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Entry on the UNESCO World Heritage Center website ( English and French ).
• Frontiers of the Roman Empire: The Antonine Wall (English)
• Athena - The Antonine Wall in Scotland (last accessed December 10, 2012)
• Antoninuswall on Roman Britain (English)
• Falkirk's Roman Connections ( Memento from June 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
• English website ( Memento of November 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (archive version of December 24, 2011)
• Description of Rough Castle on Kinneil Estate Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland (last accessed 10 May 2017)
• CAD reconstruction of Rough Castle

Remarks

1. ^ Margot Klee, 2006, p. 26, Thomas Fischer 2014, p. 302.
2. ^ Egon Schallmayer: The Limes. Story of a border . Munich 2006, pp. 11-16.
3. ↑ G. Moosbauer 2018, p. 10.
4. ↑ Inscriptiones Latinae selectae 340.
5. ↑ Wolfgang Moschek: 2010, p. 86.
6. ↑ Cf. Dietmar Kienast: Roman Imperial Table . Darmstadt 1996, p. 134.
7. ↑ Margot Klee, 2006, pp. 24-25, Thomas Fischer 2014, p. 302.
8. ↑ Historia Augusta , Antoninus Pius 5 : nam et Britannos per Lollium Urbicum vicit legatum alio muro caespiticio summotis barbaris ducto .
9. ↑ Margot Klee, 2006, pp. 24–29, G. Moosbauer 2018, p. 10.
10. ↑ Margot Klee, 2006, pp. 26-27.
11. ↑ Fields / Spedaliere 2005, p. 43, Margot Klee, 2006, p. 28.
12. ^ Margot Klee, 2006, p. 31
13. ^ Margot Klee, 2006, p. 25, Thomas Fischer 2014, p. 302.
14. ^ Margot Klee, 2006, p. 29
15. ^ Margot Klee, 2006, p. 28
16. ^ Margot Klee, 2006, p. 28
17. ↑ An inscription mentions vicani constistentes Velumiate .
18. ↑ Margot Klee, 2006, pp. 29-30
19. ^ Margot Klee, 2006, p. 30
20. ^ Margot Klee, 2006, p. 29
21. ↑ Margot Klee, 2006, pp. 27-28
22. ↑ CIL 7, 1088 = Roman Inscriptions in Britain 2139 : Imp (eratori) Caes (ari) Tito Aelio / Hadri (ano) Antonino / Aug (usto) Pio p (atri) p (atriae) leg (io) II / Aug ( usta) per m (ilia) p (assuum) IIIIDCLII / fec (it) ("For the Emperor Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, father of the fatherland, the second legion Augusta built this at a distance of 4.652 paces").