Ságvár inland fort

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Ságvár inland fort
Alternative name Tricciana ?
Quadriburgium ?
limes late antique internal fortifications
section 01, east line
Dating (occupancy) Constantius II until around AD 400 or shortly thereafter
Type late antique fortress, supply and replenishment base
unit unknown
size approx. 254 m × 298 m
(= approx. 7.3 ha)
Construction stone
State of preservation no building remains visible above ground
place Ságvár
Geographical location 46 ° 50 ′ 9.8 "  N , 18 ° 6 ′ 21.6"  E
height 118  m
Previous Inland fort Környe (north)
Subsequently Alsóhetény inland fort (south)
Pannonia in Roman times

The inland fort Ságvár was part of a system fortified late antique garrison and settlement centers in the Pannonian provinces in the area of today's Hungarian state .

The site is located in Ságvár , a village in Somogy County , about ten kilometers south of the town of Siófok on Lake Balaton . An information point at the church of Ságvár reminds of the Roman past of this place. Ancient building remains can no longer be seen here.

The heavily fortified fortifications played an important role, especially as a supply and supply base for the border troops. The complex is one of the smallest of the previously known Pannonian inland fort. Due to the modern development, it was only possible to explore parts of the north of the complex in more detail.

location

The area around Ságvár was settled early on. By older excavations, among other things, a fund is rich Palaeolithic Lößstation proven. This settlement, which had two cultural layers , is attributed to eastern Gravettia due to its location in the Würm -II-Loess . In addition, clear traces of settlement from the Bronze Age were found in the Ságvár area .

The Roman Ságvár was on a trunk road, which is reproduced in the Antonini Itinerarium , which was probably created at the beginning of the 3rd century AD . This road led from the former Colonia Sirmium ( Sremska Mitrovica ) via Sopianae ( Pécs ) to the border town of Arrabona ( Győr ) and from there to Carnuntum ( Petronell-Carnuntum ). In ancient times, the flat area around Ságvár was much more influenced by the hydrology of Lake Balaton (Latin: Pelso ) than it is today. It was and is often swampy and boggy. Under the elevations, which form a solid subsurface, there are sometimes very large loess deposits.

Surname

Whether the earlier established equation of Ságvár with the Tricciana station mentioned in the Itinerarium Antonini is correct has been discussed recently. The archaeologist Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) tried to fix the ancient name Ságvárs based on the scattering of late ancient brick temples with the name Quadriburgium . According to him, the brick stamps came to light particularly frequently between the border garrisons of Fort Szentendre and Fort Intercisa - that is, in the northern part of the province of Valeria. In addition, he used the Notitia Dignitatum , which was probably finally established between AD 425 and 433 , and analyzed the possible military locations there. For Soproni, the equation of Quadriburgium with Ságvár was finally certain, including the consideration of whether Ságvár - in accordance with the late antique renaming of the Szentendre fort ( Ulcisia Castra in Castra Constantia ) - might not also have a name change. So the older place name of the Roman Ságvárs could have been Tricciana .

Research history

Ságvár has been known as a site since the 19th century. Flóris Rómer (1815–1889) was already doing research on site. In 1937 the archaeologist István Paulovics (1892–1952) was commissioned by the Hungarian National Museum to examine the remains of the fort. Aladár Radnóti (1913–1972) took over the management of the excavations and extended them to a steep embankment east of the village. On the south-eastern slope of the slope known as Tömlöchegy (Kerkerberg), a rich late Roman burial ground (burial ground I) was found. A total of 342 graves were uncovered there between 1937 and 1939 and 1942 in several excavation campaigns. The investigations of the 1930s in Ságvár remained the only lighthouse project of Hungarian provincial Roman archeology on southern Lake Balaton for the next decades . In 1970 the area was still considered to be scientific " terra incognita " for Roman research . In the area of ​​the inner fortress, Endre Tóth carried out new excavations between 1971 and 1979. Since the southern half and the western edge of the fort area were built over and therefore inaccessible, these investigations had to concentrate on sub-areas. The aim of the excavations was to make the chronology of this garrison place tangible in addition to the floor plan.

Roman sites that are directly and indirectly connected to the garrison town of Ságvár are also known from the vicinity of the fort. Around six kilometers west of the fortification, excavations in Ságvár, Ali-rét at a Bronze Age settlement revealed a late Roman rubbish pit and late Roman ovens. Ceramic shards of the 4th century came out of the ovens, including a so-called “Dacian bowl”, which Carpian potters could have made. Pottery from the same period was also found in the garbage pit. It subsequently turned out that the pieces from the waste pit corresponded to the material found in the upper layers of the Ságvár inner fort. This means that other finds from the pit, such as an Omega belt buckle, can be assigned to late antiquity. Around eight kilometers southwest of Ságvár an altar stone from the year 225 AD was discovered near Jabapuszta in 1893 , left by a beneficiary of the Legio I Adiutrix stationed in Brigetio . Radnóti suspected that this stone originally belonged to an alleged beneficiary station that existed in Ságvár during the Principate .

Building history

At the time of the principal, a villa rustica stood in the place of the fort . Middle Imperial ceramic shards came to light south of the complex. Late antique shards are known from the area north of it. Tóth assumed that the burial ground and fort must have been created at the same time. He laid down in the reign of Emperor Constantius II (337-361). In addition to the found coins from the fortress, there are also individual military grave goods that suggest this conclusion. At the fortification, two construction phases can be distinguished. The excavations at Tóth showed that the defensive wall had been torn down almost everywhere down to the foundations and fell victim to the stone robbery.

Phase I.

Enclosure

The fort was laid out with a rectangular floor plan of around 254 × 298 meters. The ancient fortifications had a gate with two square gate towers on each of the north and south sides. The route of the Roman road also ran through these gates. Intermediate towers jumped out from the bond of the 2 to 2.20 meter thick defense. The foundations of these older towers were carefully removed prior to the construction of the younger towers. The archaeologists could only prove the existence of older towers using rectangular pits that were found under the foundations of the round towers. It is unknown whether these pits trace the outline of the older towers or whether they were given this shape for structural reasons when the foundations were uncovered. It also remains unclear whether the towers of the first phase actually had a rectangular floor plan or whether they did not have a horseshoe-shaped floor plan - as in other military installations of this size at the same time. One can only speculate about the appearance of the corner towers, as no research was possible in these areas. To a small extent, there were also spoils of older tombstones and altars, which were built in during the construction.

Praetorium

In the interior of the fort, east of the north gate, right next to the defensive wall, the commandant's house ( praetorium ) was exposed. In addition to the broken walls of the building, numerous pieces of multicolored wall plaster were found from the interior. During the first construction period, the state room of this house was equipped with a hypocaust heating system and had a monochrome mosaic floor, and the building was also provided with terrazzo floors .

Commercial construction

In the north-eastern quarter of the fort area there was a large commercial building with strong walls and a gate. The walls had been pelted with white mortar. Inside there was a central courtyard around which the adjoining rooms were grouped. The floors of these rooms, which were cast from poor-quality mortar - which can be heated by small sewer heating systems - were partially renewed at an unknown point in time. Millstones, hoes and other agricultural products were stored in the building. In addition, bronze objects such as a cauldron, a jug and a bridle were unearthed. The remains of an older Roman building with painted mud brick walls were also found under the commercial building.

Three-nave building

Horror

Three three-aisled buildings were explored, which looked very similar, but each had a different function. The westernmost, for example, was a storage building ( Horreum ) , up to 60 meters long, whose rows of stone pillars in the ventilation space had been built on a floor made of red sandstone blocks. A two-meter-wide corridor connected to the east side of this storage building. This was probably lower than the main building and provided with a half-roof construction. This area was the only access and probably also the loading ramp. Here, too, during the excavation under the late antique building, the broken, 1.20 meter wide foundation walls of an older building from the 2nd to 3rd century AD were found. This had two rooms, was 21 meters wide and 25 to 30 meters been long.

Principia

The building erected to the east of the storage facility and oriented north-south - along the main road of the warehouse - had outer pillars. It was 17.3 meters wide and 45 meters long. The walls were made of opus incertum . Its two square, one-meter-wide rows of pillars were made of brick. Again traces of an older Roman settlement were found, which had left behind rich ceramic material. The dating of this ceramic reaches from the end of the 1st to the beginning of the 2nd century AD. Tóth defined this basilica as the staff building (principia) of the fort.

basilica

A little further to the east there was a third, east-west oriented building of this type, which also had supporting pillars on the outer wall.

Phase II

As the excavations showed, the rebuilding probably took place after the Sarmatian-Quadian War of 374 AD, during which the fort was attacked. For this purpose, clear evidence from the Horreum, which was badly damaged and burned down at the time, can be used. Tóth was able to examine a 0.15 to 0.20 meter high backfill between its stone pillars, which consisted of two layers of fire. The lower one contained two skeletons that were no longer completely intact, which apparently came to this place in the course of an emergency burial. It appears that the two bodies were put in the ashes during or shortly after the attack in the summer of 374. After 375, the horreum was rebuilt.

Enclosure

During the second construction phase, the garrison site received mighty, round intermediate towers with a diameter of 9 meters. As Radnóti noted, Ságvár, together with the Fenékpuszta , Környe, and Alsóhetény structures, is a type of building that clearly differs from the late antique castles along the Pannonian Danube Limes due to these intermediate towers . Overall, the excavations made it clear that not only the fortifications, but also the interior fittings and the construction phases of this inner fort show very strong parallels. They were all built at approximately the same time. Round intermediate towers were also planned for the never completed Göd-Bócsaújtelep fort in the Sarmatian Barbaricum . Tóth assumes that the renovation with round towers in Ságvár and Alsóhetény will coincide with the construction work in Bócsaújtelep. The second construction phase could thus be assigned to the reign of Emperor Valentinian I (364–375). This emperor was responsible for the last large-scale military construction program along the Rhine and Danube . As the excavations showed, the floor structure inside the round towers was made of wood. A layer of fire was found in the western round tower of the south gate, which was excavated in 1974. Around 0.50 meters above this layer of fire there was a younger Roman-era floor. The Valentinian tower had burned down once and was then renewed again.

Praetorium

After the war-related destruction, the underfloor heating in the commandant's state room was reduced in size and a new mosaic of a coarser design was laid on the floor. The walls of the hall were adorned with mythological frescoes, stucco work and wall mosaics, some of which were designed as glass mosaics.

Principia

There were now ovens in the northwest corner of the staff building. The findings showed that the construction of the corner had damaged the structure of the building, as the stoves had been cut into the wall. In front of the west side of the basilica the grave of a woman had been sunk. She too was buried there during an exceptional situation in the late period.

The End

As the younger layer of fire in the ventilation room of the Horreum shows, it burned down again during a final destruction. Since a clear connection between the fort and the burial ground was established, it is indicative of the end of the Roman garrison that the last burials took place "around AD 400 or shortly thereafter". In particular, the types of smoothing of the smoothed vessels show that the cemetery was most likely not occupied beyond this period.

Important finds

Early Christian box fittings

The most important finds include several fittings of a total of two boxes, which are of early Christian origin. The sites are both the fort and the burial ground (see below). The terminus post quem , which delimits the creation of two bronze fittings, which were found inside the fort in 1973, is provided by the construction of the round towers after 374 AD, because the fittings were found inside the then newly constructed southern gate tower. The date of laying down of these two inscribed fittings - on which images of the apostles can be seen - can be determined even more precisely, as these together with pieces of window glass, an iron patera , a bronze casserole, a bronze lamp and a silver-plated capsule (bulla) during the end of the fort in the Tower were deposited. The common place where the objects were found was a 0.90 meter wide garbage pit that was only dug after 390 AD, which may not originally have been dug for this purpose. According to archaeologist Dorottya Gáspár, the sheets were probably made between 350 and 359.

Trifolian jug

The so far youngest Trifoliar jug ​​of Pannonia was discovered in a waste layer of the fort. This type of can, popular since the early imperial era, has a cloverleaf shaped mouth. Mostly they belonged to a drinking cup.

Burial grounds

Grave fields I and II at Tömlöchegy

The 73 percent west-east oriented burials began with the expansion of the inner fort. Only very few graves at Tömlöchegy can be directly addressed from a Christian point of view. It can be assumed that the necropolis (burial ground I), which was uncovered by 1942, was also occupied by non-Christians. Cremation graves were not discovered there. The oldest graves from cemetery I date from the middle of the 4th century or were created a little later in the older western part of the cemetery. Since there are no excavations from the possibly smaller north-western part of the necropolis (burial ground II), even more precise dates could come from there. In 1939 nine late Roman burials came to light 300 meters from cemetery I. Although there was no documentation of the direction of the compass, it is assumed that the site was north, at burial ground II. Because when a loess wall fell in 1976, further burials from the 4th century were discovered at a distance of exactly 300 meters from cemetery I.

In the late period, cemetery I expanded to the east. Only a few burials took place in the west. Therefore, in the eastern half of the burial ground, the different types of glass and ceramics were mainly distributed, including the glazed goods and the majority of the smoothed pieces. The last coinage can also be found in this sector, with those of Emperor Valentinian I dominating. Coins of Valens and Gratian from the years 375/378 AD conclude. In the late period it was no longer the single coin as an addition that dominated, but its multiple addition. The final end of the minting time cannot be determined by the coins, as later mintings did not reach Pannonia. The term of the last coin issues therefore often extended well beyond the reign of the issuing emperors.

Apse construction

In 1939 Radnóti excavated a north-south oriented structure (grave building I), which was built directly on the eastern edge of grave field I. It had a rectangular exedra and a symmetrical apse to the east and west . These two apses were 3.40 meters in diameter. The structure was a total of 9.75 meters long and 5.75 meters wide. Its entrance was in the south. In places the screed and a terrazzo floor above had been preserved. This building, which probably belongs to the late occupation phase of the burial ground, was repeatedly referred to as an early Christian burial chapel, and later also as a Jewish cult building by the archaeologist Alice Sz. Burger . The fact is that the building was only erected in the late phase of the necropolis and no evidence of a Christian or Jewish origin could be documented. There was also no concentration of burials around the building and its religious classification was based solely on supposedly clear architectural features.

Militaria

The grave goods from cemetery I include military belts in some unique shapes. The position of the buckles and strap tongues indicates that the belts were not buckled on the dead. The most widespread buckle shape in Ságvár and in other Pannonian necropolises of late antiquity has an oval, rectangular or saddle bracket with a square or rectangular fitting. The archaeologist Erwin Keller assumed that the buckles with saddled brackets and rectangular fittings date back to the 2nd half of the 4th century, mostly even after AD 360.

The onion button fibulae used by the military are also typical , with most of them belonging to type 4–5 according to the Keller typology.

Glasses

Outstanding pieces of late Roman glassmaking were found in Ságvár. This includes a richly decorated, tapered cup from grave field I (grave 212). In addition to a greenish-blue row of oval nubs, the cup has a ground-in climbing plant ornamentation with grapes. At the top under the edge there is also a polished Greek inscription (ПЕIЕ ZHCHC ΕΥΤΥΧΩ), which identifies it as a drinking cup. An aryballos with dolphin handles was found in a man's grave (grave 225) . The piece, dated to the second half of the 4th century, is one of the youngest specimens of its kind. An oval jug with a stand ring (grave 31), which has a surrounding glass thread decoration on the neck, also dates from the same period.

Jewellery

Among the pieces of jewelery in burial ground I, pearls dominated as necklaces after those made of glass, those made from amber . There are also gold sheet pearls, which were obviously worn as a bracelet. Typical earrings for women were earrings with conical pendants and pearls, the majority of the pieces from Ságvár being made of silver.

Early Christian box fittings

In addition to the fort, box fittings were also discovered in cemetery I. These belong to a piece that was created around AD 400 and given to a deceased person (grave 54). In the center of the representations on the fittings is the martyr Timothy from Sirmium .

Coins

During the investigations in cemetery I, a total of 241 coins were discovered up to 1942, 48 of which were stray finds. The evaluation revealed only a few old editions from the reign of Emperor Constantine (306–337). Continuous coin series begin shortly before the middle of the 4th century with issues of Constans (ruled from 337–350) and Constantius II and end with the aforementioned Valentine issues. None of the coins found can be assigned to the time before the middle of the century based on their context.

Grave field III at the fort

As reported from the population of Ságvár, Tegula graves repeatedly came to light during field work in the area in front of the walls of the northern fort gate . Tóth located a third burial ground here. Due to the topographical location, he assumed that it must be the youngest Roman necropolis of Ságvár. 70 meters from the north gate, a singular burial was examined on the road leading out there, which contained a gray jug with a funnel mouth. The jug had a smooth lattice pattern and can be dated later than the finds from the three grave fields of the 4th century.

Watchtowers

The fort also had several watchtowers that could overlook the surrounding area in the vicinity of the garrison. The foundations of a late antique tower (watchtower 4) were also secured on the elevated position of the Tömlöchegy. He stood at the northern end of cemetery I, where cemetery II began. The tower had a square footprint of 12 × 12 meters and had a wall thickness of 0.47 meters.

Lost property

Roman finds that came to light during the excavations in Ali-rét are now in the Rippl-Rónai Museum , Kaposvár . The beneficiary consecration stone is exhibited in the Lapidarium of the Balaton Museum in Keszthely . Further pieces can be found in the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest .

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The Ságvár inland fort as well as all other mentioned monuments belong to the nationally valuable cultural property as archaeological sites according to § 3.1. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Alice Sz. Burger : The late roman cemetery at Ságvár. In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 18, 1966, pp. 99-234.
  • József Csalogovits: Az 1931. évi ságvári ásatások eredményei. I. Az ásatás lefolyása. (The result of the excavations at Ságvár in 1931. On the history of the excavations). In: Archaeologiai Értesitö. 45, 1931, pp. 240-242.
  • Dorottya Gáspár: The reconstruction of the most recent early Christian box fittings from Ságvár. In: Communications from the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 10/11, 1980/81, pp. 117–119.
  • Dorottya Gáspár: New box fittings from Ságvár from early Christian times. In: Yearbook of Austrian Byzantine Studies , 26, 1977, pp. 255–257.
  • S. Paracchia: Ságvár . In: Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica Secondo Supplemento 1971-1994 Vol. 5, Rome 1997
  • Aladár Radnóti : Roman research in Ságvár. Preliminary report. In: Archaeologiai értesítő , 52, 1939, pp. 268–276.
  • Endre Tóth : The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. In: Archaeologiai Értesitö. 134, 2009, pp. 31-61.
  • Endre Tóth: Roman inland fort in the provinces of Pannonia Prima and Valeria. In: Zsolt Visy, Endre Tóth, Dénes Gabler, Lazlo Kocsis, Peter Kovacs u. a .: From Augustus to Attila - life on the Hungarian Danube Limes (= writings of the Limes Museum Aalen. 53). Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1541-3 , pp. 33-36.
  • Endre Tóth: Ókeresztény ládikaveretek Ságvárról (Old Christian box fittings from Ságvár). In: Folia Archaeologica, 44, 1995, pp. 107-150.
  • Endre Tóth: On the question of the inner-Pannonian fortresses of the late Roman period (preliminary report on the 1972-1973 excavations in Ságvár). In: Somogyi Múzeumok Közleményei, 2, 1975, pp. 183-189.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Jenő Fitz: Border adjustment in 214 between Pannonia Superior and Inferior. In: Alba Regia. 16, 1978, pp. 71-86; here: p. 78.
  2. ↑ excavation report: Sándor Gallus: Ásatások Ságvárott 1932 1935-ben (excavations in Ságvár in 1932 and 1935) . In: Archaeologiai Értesitö. 49, 1936, pp. 67-70; Jan Filip: Encyclopedia Manual for Prehistory and Early History Europe , Volume 2, Kohlhammer, 1966, p. 1188; Joachim Hahn : Aurignacia. The older Upper Paleolithic in Central and Eastern Europe. (= Fundamenta. Row A, Vol. 9), Böhlau, Cologne a. a. 1977, p. 19.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Wolfgang Schmidt: Late antique grave fields in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Christian burial customs. Tricciana (Ságvár) in the province of Valeria. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch, 50, 2000. pp. 213–441; here: p. 357.
  4. ^ Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, pp. 172-173.
  5. ↑ Center of the late antique burial ground I approximately at 46 ° 50 ′ 2.62 ″  N , 18 ° 6 ′ 40.16 ″  E ; Dorottya Gáspár: Late Roman box fittings in Pannonia. Volume 1, (Acta Universitatis de Attila József Nominatae, Acta Antiqua et Archaeologica, 15), Széged 1971, p. 24; Aladár Radnóti: Roman research in Ságvár. Preliminary report. In: Archaeologiai értesítő, 52, 1939, pp. 268–276; here: p. 269.
  6. ↑ Wolfgang Schmidt: Late antique grave fields in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Christian burial customs. Tricciana (Ságvár) in the province of Valeria. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch, 50, 2000. pp. 213–441; here: pp. 357, 411.
  7. ↑ Károly Sági: The problem of the Pannonian Romanization as reflected in the migration history of Fenékpuszta. In: Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 18, 1970, pp. 147–196, here: p. 150.
  8. ↑ Endre Tóth: The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. In: Archaeologiai Értesitö. 134, 2009, pp. 31-61; here: p. 31.
  9. ↑ a b c d e Endre Tóth: On the chronology of the military construction activities of the 4th century in Pannonia. In: Communications of the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 14, 1985, pp. 121-136.
  10. ↑ Ságvár, Ali-rét at 46 ° 49 ′ 12.97 ″  N , 18 ° 2 ′ 18.22 ″  E
  11. ↑ a b c Endre Tóth: Karpen in the province of Valeria. On the question of late Roman smooth ceramics in Transdanubia. In: Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, 2005, pp. 363–391; here: p. 371.
  12. ↑ Jabapuszta at 46 ° 48 '26.14 "  N , 18 ° 1' 11.81"  O
  13. ^ András Graf: A Pannonia ókori Fóldrajzára Vonatkozó Kutatások áttekintó Osszefoglalása. Overview of the ancient geography of Pannonia. (Dissertationes Pannonicae I 5). Budapest 1936. p. 40; CIL 03, 13364 , photo of the altar stone under Ubi erat lupa
  14. ^ Aladár Radnóti: Roman research in Ságvár. Preliminary report. In: Archaeologiai értesítő, 52, 1939, pp. 268–276; here: p. 269.
  15. ↑ a b Short report by Endre Tóth on the excavation in Ságvár. In: Archaeologiai értesítő , 99, 1972, p. 258.
  16. ↑ Julius Gyula Hajnóczi, Ferenc Redő (ed.): Pannonia Hungarica Antiqua. Archaealingua Foundation, Budapest 1998, ISBN 9638046112 , p. 93.
  17. ↑ Endre Tóth: The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. In: Archaeologiai Értesitö. 134, 2009, pp. 31-61; here: p. 50.
  18. ^ A b Dorottya Gáspár: Christianity in Roman Pannonia. An evaluation of early Christian finds and sites from Hungary. BAR International Series 1010, Oxford 2002, ISBN 1841712884 , p. 95.
  19. ↑ a b c Endre Tóth: On the chronology of the military construction activities of the 4th century in Pannonia. In: Communications of the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 14, 1985, pp. 121-136; here: p. 133, footnote 31; According to Tóth's earlier view, the towers were clearly horseshoe-shaped. In: Archaeologiai Értesitö. 100, 1973, p. 317.
  20. ↑ Endre Tóth: The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. In: Archaeologiai Értesitö. 134, 2009, pp. 31-61; here: pp. 46–47.
  21. ↑ Endre Tóth: The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. In: Archaeologiai Értesitö. 134, 2009, pp. 31-61; here: p. 49, footnote 179.
  22. ↑ a b c d Brief report: Ságvár, late Roman fortress. In: Folia archaeologica , 32, 1981, p. 254.
  23. ↑ a b short report in: Archaeologiai Értesitö. 102, 1975, p. 301.
  24. ^ Short report by Endre Tóth on the excavation in Ságvár. In: Archaeologiai értesítő , 104, 1977, p. 266.
  25. ↑ a b c Short report by Endre Tóth on the excavation in Ságvár. In: Archaeologiai értesítő , 106, 1979, p. 281.
  26. ↑ a b c d József Korek: The excavation work of the Hungarian National Museum in 1978. Here: Ságvár, late Roman fortress. In: Folia archaeologica , 31, 1980, p. 281.
  27. ↑ Endre Tóth: The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. In: Archaeologiai Értesitö. 134, 2009, pp. 31-61; here: pp. 49–50.
  28. ↑ Endre Tóth: The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. In: Archaeologiai Értesitö. 134, 2009, pp. 31-61; here: p. 35.
  29. ↑ Endre Tóth: The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. In: Archaeologiai Értesitö. 134, 2009, pp. 31-61; here: p. 36.
  30. ^ A b Dorottya Gáspár: Christianity in Roman Pannonia. An evaluation of early Christian finds and sites from Hungary. BAR International Series 1010, Oxford 2002, ISBN 1841712884 , p. 96.
  31. ↑ a b c d Wolfgang Schmidt: Late antique grave fields in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Christian burial customs. Tricciana (Ságvár) in the province of Valeria. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch , 50, 2000. pp. 213–441; here: p. 420.
  32. ↑ Endre Tóth: A későrómai belsőpannóniai erődök kérdéséhez (Előzetes jelentés az 1971-1974. Évi. Ságvári ásatásokról). Somogyi Múseumok Közleményei, 2, 1975, pp. 183-189; here: p. 186 (with ill.)
  33. ↑ Endre Tóth: Ókeresztény ládikaveretek Ságvárról (Old Christian box fittings from Ságvár). In: Folia Archaeologica , 44, 1995, pp. 107-150; here: p. 150; Dorottya Gáspár: New box fittings from Ságvár from early Christian times. In: Yearbook of Austrian Byzantine Studies , 26, 1977, pp. 255–257; here: pp. 95, 255.
  34. ↑ Dorottya Gáspár: New box fittings from Ságvár from early Christian times. In: Yearbook of Austrian Byzantine Studies , 26, 1977, pp. 255–257; here: p. 257.
  35. ↑ Éva B. Bónis : Akörnyei császárkori 3. számú "kocsisír" (The imperial "chariot grave" No. 3 from Környe). In: Folia archaeologica 33, 1982, pp. 117-161, here: p. 124.
  36. ↑ Wolfgang Schmidt: Late antique grave fields in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Christian burial customs. Tricciana (Ságvár) in the province of Valeria. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch, 50, 2000. pp. 213–441; here: pp. 288, 290.
  37. ↑ Endre Tóth: On the chronology of the military construction activities of the 4th century in Pannonia. In: Communications of the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 14, 1985, pp. 121-136; P. 134, footnote 40.
  38. ↑ a b Wolfgang Schmidt: Late antique grave fields in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Christian burial customs. Tricciana (Ságvár) in the province of Valeria. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch, 50, 2000. pp. 213–441; here: p. 288.
  39. ↑ Wolfgang Schmidt: Late antique grave fields in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Christian burial customs. Tricciana (Ságvár) in the province of Valeria. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch, 50, 2000. pp. 213–441; here: pp. 288, 289.
  40. ↑ Vera Lányi: The late antique grave fields of Pannonia. In: Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 24, 1972, pp. 53-213; here: p. 110.
  41. ↑ Wolfgang Schmidt: Late antique grave fields in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Christian burial customs. Tricciana (Ságvár) in the province of Valeria. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch , 50, 2000. pp. 213–441; here: p. 397.
  42. ↑ Werner Jobst: The Roman fibulae from Lauriacum. (= Research in Lauriacum, Volume 10), Linz 1975, p. 100.
  43. ^ László Barkóczi: Pannonian glass finds in Hungary (= Studia archaeologica 9), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1988, ISBN 9630542862 , p. 85.
  44. ^ Aladár Radnóti: Roman research in Ságvár. Preliminary report. In: Archaeologiai Értesítő, 52, 1939, pp. 268–276; here: pp. 157–158, fig. 126/127; Fritz Fremersdorf : The Roman glasses with raised nubs. Der Löwe, Cologne 1962, pp. 51 and 55; László Barkóczi: Late Roman glass beakers with raised nubs from Pannonia . In: Folia Archaeologica 23, 1972, pp. 69-94; here: p. 74; László Barkóczi: Pannonian glass finds in Hungary (= Studia archaeologica 9), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1988, ISBN 9630542862 , p. 101.
  45. ↑ Alice Sz. Burger : The late roman cemetery at Ságvár. In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 18, 1966, pp. 99-234, here: p. 138; Axel von Saldern : Antikes Glas , Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-406-51994-6 , p. 510; Wolfgang Schmidt: Late antique grave fields in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Christian burial customs. Tricciana (Ságvár) in the province of Valeria. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch, 50, 2000. pp. 213–441; here: p. 405.
  46. ↑ Wolfgang Schmidt: Late antique grave fields in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Christian burial customs. Tricciana (Ságvár) in the province of Valeria. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch, 50, 2000. pp. 213–441; here: p. 405.
  47. ↑ Wolfgang Schmidt: Late antique grave fields in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Christian burial customs. Tricciana (Ságvár) in the province of Valeria. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch, 50, 2000. pp. 213–441; here: p. 392.
  48. ↑ Wolfgang Schmidt: Late antique grave fields in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Christian burial customs. Tricciana (Ságvár) in the province of Valeria. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch , 50, 2000. pp. 213–441; here: p. 391.
  49. ↑ Endre Tóth: Ókeresztény ládikaveretek Ságvárról (Old Christian box fittings from Ságvár). In: Folia Archaeologica, 44, 1995, pp. 107-150.
  50. ↑ Wolfgang Schmidt: Late antique grave fields in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Christian burial customs. Tricciana (Ságvár) in the province of Valeria. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch, 50, 2000. pp. 213–441; here: p. 411.
  51. ^ Endre Tóth: Karpen in the province of Valeria. On the question of late Roman smooth ceramics in Transdanubia. In: Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, 2005, pp. 363–391; here: p. 384.
  52. ↑ Endre Tóth: On the chronology of the military construction activities of the 4th century in Pannonia. In: Communications of the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 14, 1985, pp. 121-136; P. 134.