Bushhammer

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Bushhammer
Red cap bushhammer (Atlapetes pileatus)

Red cap bushhammer ( Atlapetes pileatus )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
without rank: Passerida
Superfamily : Passeroidea
Family : New World Chambers (Passerellidae)
Genre : Bushhammer
Scientific name
Atlapetes
Wagler , 1831

The bushhammer ( Atlapetes ) are a neotropical songbird genus from the family of the New World chambers (Passerellidae).

description

Bushhammer are medium-sized songbirds that reach sizes between 14.5 and 21 centimeters. In 1978 Raymond Andrew Paynter, Jr. divided this genus geographically and morphologically into the three species complexes A. schistaceus , A. rufinucha and A. albinucha . In the species group A. schistaceus , the plumage is mainly gray. The species complex A. rufinucha includes species with a predominantly yellow underside and a monochrome upper head. In the group A. albinucha there are species with a two-colored skull .

Habitat and way of life

Their habitat is the undergrowth on the edges of mountain forests and woodland (wet and dry forests). The vocalizations of most species of bushhammer are similar and difficult to distinguish. Her singing, which can be heard mainly at dusk from elevated seating areas, consists of a series of fairly clear tones, for example some variations of tsi-tseee-tseee-tsi-tsi . There are also various contact calls. The diet consists of seeds and insects.

etymology

The generic name Atlapetes was introduced in 1831 by Johann Georg Wagler . The derivation comes from the Greek and is composed of the syllables atla for the Titan Atlas , whose name means bearer, patient and petes from the Greek petes for the aviator .

Slate bush hammer ( Atlapetes canigenis )
Blasskopf-Bushammer ( Atlapetes pallidiceps )
Atlapetes latinuchus yariguierum , subspecies of the yellow-breasted bushhammer

Systematics

There are currently 29 recognized species that are native to Central America and South America. A distinction is made between the following types:

Existence and endangerment

22 species are considered harmless. Three species - the soot-head bushhammer, the red-eared bushhammer and the vilcabambabuschammer - are on the warning list ( near threatened ) due to their restricted distribution areas . Three other species - the gold head Buschammer, the black glasses Buschammer and the pale head Buschammer apply according to BirdLife International as "high risk" ( endangered ). The latter species had a population of 120 pairs in 2008 and was classified as “ critically endangered ” . Thanks to successful protection projects, the population is increasing again, so that the status could be downgraded to "highly endangered" in 2009. One species - the Antioquia bushhammer - was only described in 2007 on the basis of three museum specimens, the youngest of which dates from 1971. Search efforts to rediscover the species have so far failed, so that the Antioquia bushhammer was added to the IUCN list as critically endangered in 2009.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b HBW 16, 2011, pp. 582-593
  2. ^ Paynter, 1978
  3. ^ Van Remsen & Graves, 1995
  4. ^ Robert S. Ridgely & Guy Tudor, 2009, p. 642
  5. ↑ a b IOC World Bird Names Version 2.11, 2011 ( Memento of the original from October 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.worldbirdnames.org

literature

  • Raymond Andrew Paynter, Jr. (1978): Biology and evolution of the avian genus Atlapetes (Emberizinae). In: Bulletin of The Museum of Comparative Zoology 148: pp. 323-369 PDF, online
  • Raymond Andrew Paynter, Jr. (1972): Biology and evolution of the Atlapetes schistaceus species-group (Aves: Emberizinae). In: Bulletin of The Museum of Comparative Zoology 143: pp. 297-320 PDF, online
  • Robert S. Ridgely, Guy Tudor : Field Guide to the Songbirds of South America: The Passerines. University of Texas Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0292719798 , p. 642.
  • JD Rising: Family Emberizidae (Buntings and New World Sparrows). In: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliot & David Christie: Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 16 (HBW 16): Tanagers to New World Blackbirds. 2011, pp. 582-593.
  • Garcia-Moreno, J. and Fjeldså, J. (1999): Re-evaluation of species limits in the genus Atlapetes based on mtDNA sequence data. Ibis 141: pp. 199-207. doi : 10.1111 / j.1474-919X.1999.tb07542.x
  • James Van Remsen, Jr., White Solomon Graves IV: Distribution patterns and zoogeography of Atlapetes brush-finches (Emberizinae) of the Andes , The Auk, 112 (1), 1995, pp. 210-224

Web links

Commons : Atlapetes  - album with pictures, videos and audio files