Yellow-breasted Bushhammer

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Yellow-breasted Bushhammer
Yellow-breasted Bushhammer (in Ecuador)

Yellow-breasted Bushhammer (in Ecuador )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Passeroidea
Family : New World Chambers (Passerellidae)
Genre : Bushhammer ( Atlapetes )
Type : Yellow-breasted Bushhammer
Scientific name
Atlapetes latinuchus
( Du Bus , 1855)

The yellow-breasted bushhammer ( Atlapetes latinuchus ) or sometimes rust- necked bushhammer or red-necked bushhammer is a species of bird from the family of the New World chambers (Passerellidae). This species has a large distribution area, which is limited to the countries of Peru, Ecuador , Colombia and Venezuela . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The yellow-breasted bushhammer reaches a body length of about 17 centimeters with a weight of about 30 grams. It has a red-brown crown and a gray top. The sides of the head are black. The underside is adorned with a dull yellow. It has a large white mirror on its wings . A yellow rein line is either very thin or not present at all. A black stripe under the cheek is very indistinct.

behavior

The yellow-breasted bushhammer are bold and tree-living bushhammer. That is why they are often noticeable in the field. You see them regularly in semi-open territory and also often in areas disturbed by humans, which is different from many relatives. Often they are in pairs or groups of up to four birds. Very often they also mingle with other flocks of birds, such as cinnamon-browbones ( Atlapetes pallidinucha ), gray-breasted brooms ( Atlapetes schistaceus ), eyeglasses ( Atlapetes leucopis ) and striped-headed brooms ( Buarremon torquatus ). They sit restlessly on branches and explore them. They rarely make short trips to the ground where they occasionally examine dead leaves for seeds and insects.

Egg painted by Joseph Smit

Brood and nest building

To build nests, they use thin 10–20 cm long dried grass and bromeliad leaves , which they develop into a 6 by 6 cm thick bowl. The outer walls are about 9 to 10 centimeters thick. They collect their material in an area 2 to 30 m from the nest, which is built 20 to 30 centimeters above the ground. They usually lay two eggs in the nest. Their eggs are light yellow-brown with red-brown flecks, mainly around the larger end. The incubation period is 16 days. Widened 15 days later, the young animals leave the nest.

habitat

You can usually find them in the stratification layers between 0.5 meters and the treetops at heights of up to 6 meters. They move in dense Polylepis forests, moist forest clearings with secondary vegetation and moist mountain undergrowth which is partly interspersed with bamboo. They are very often seen near rivers at altitudes between 1100 and 3800 meters. Most of them live in the cloud forest, but A. l. baroni , A. l. caucae and A. l. chugurensis can also be observed in other economics.

Systematics and taxonomy

Bernard du Bus de Gisignies used the taxon Buarremon latinuchus in his first description . It was not until much later that the species was classified in the genus Atlapetes described by Johann Georg Wagler in 1831 . The word Atlapetes for the genus is made up of atla for the Titan Atlas , whose name means bearer, sufferer and petes from the Greek petes for the aviator . After being categorized into this genus, A. latinuchus was long considered a subspecies of the Red-necked Bushhammer ( Atlapetes rufinucha ) under the name Atlapetes rufinucha latinuchus . In 1999 Jaime García-Moreno and Jon Fjeldså published the article Re-evaluation of species limits in the genus Atlapetes based on mtDNA sequence data in the ornithological journal "Ibis". On the basis of mitochondrial DNA sequence analyzes, they showed that the two species should be classified as separate from one another ( polyphyletic ). Today one finds the common name Rostnacken-Buschammer for the new species in German-language literature .

Subspecies

Yellow-breasted Bushhammer ssp. A. l. yariguierum digital illustration by Benjamín Cárdenas Valderrama
Yellow-breasted Bushhammer ssp. A. l. comptus painted by Joseph Smit
Red-eared Bushhammer (below) and Yellow-breasted Bushhammer ssp. A. l. baroni painted by John Gerrard Keulemans

Nine subspecies have been described, which differ mainly in their coloration and range:

  • The Santander yellow-breasted bushhammer ( Atlapetes latinuchus yariguierum ) Donegan & Huertas , 2006 differs from all other populations by its pitch-black coloration of the coat, wings and tail and has no white wing surface. The underside of the birds, like all subspecies of the yellow-breasted bushhammer, is bright yellow in color; the sides of the head are black and a very thin yellow line above the base of the beak delimits the rusty red of the forehead, skull and neck. Their habitat is the Yariguies Mountains (Serrania de los Yareguies), an isolated western foothill of the East and the neighboring trains of the main chain of the East in the departments of Boyacá and Santander in Colombia. The subspecies A. l. yariguierum was discovered by an expedition led by Blanca Huertas Hernandez, a curator at the Natural History Museum in London, and Thomas Michael Donegan from Fundación ProAves . The region is considered largely unexplored and the discoverers of the bird, discovered on January 6, 2004, indicate that many other undescribed birds and other animal species probably live in this forest area. In the discovery was Elkin Briceño René Lara of Corporación Autónoma Regional para la defensa de la meseta de bucaramanga (CDMB) with it. Ms. Huertas, who is actually a lepidopterist , was able to discover not only birds but also many new species of butterflies.
  • Yellow-breasted Bushhammer ( Atlapetes latinuchus latinuchus ) ( Du Bus , 1855) nominate form . Occurs on the eastern slopes of the north-west of the Morona Santiago province across the south-east of Ecuador to the Amazon region in north-west Peru.
  • Antioquia yellow-breasted bush hammer ( Atlapetes latinuchus elaeoprorus ) ( Sclater & Salvin , 1879) Upper side and wings strongly olive colored. The white mirror on the wings is relatively large. There is a small yellow spot on the reins. The stripe under the cheeks is a little clearer than in the nominate form, but still imperceptible. Can be found in the Departamento de Antioquia in the central Andes of Colombia.
  • Cauca yellow-breasted bush hammer ( Atlapetes latinuchus caucae ) Chapman , 1927 Has a clear yellow rein mark. The crown is a little darker than in the nominate form. The black on the sides of the face is less pronounced, so it doesn't look like a neck band. Subspecies is present in the valley of the Río Cauca and the Departamento Cauca .
  • Ecuadorian yellow-breasted bush hammer ( Atlapetes latinuchus spodionotus ) ( Sclater & Salvin , 1879) Ssp. Has no wing mirror and no rein stains, but mediocre stripes under the cheek. The distribution area extends from the Departamento de Nariño in southern Colombia north and west to the central west of Ecuador.
  • Piura yellow-breasted bush hammer ( Atlapetes latinuchus comptus ) ( Sclater & Salvin , 1879) Ssp. No wing mirror has a large yellow rein patch for it. The black stripe under the cheek is clearly pronounced. Can be found from the Cañar province in Ecuador to the Piura region in northwestern Peru.
  • Cajamarca yellow-breasted bush hammer ( Atlapetes latinuchus chugurensis ) Chapman , 1927. The crown is somewhat paler than in the nominate form and has faded to an olive-yellow-brown on the neck. The top is a little grayer and the bottom is a little paler. Occurs on the Pacific slopes of the Cajamarca region and in northwestern Peru, for example. B. in the Marañón valley near Tambillo district Leimebamba .
  • Baron's yellow-breasted bush hammer ( Atlapetes latinuchus baroni ) ( Salvin , 1895) The already slightly lighter crown becomes much lighter on the neck. There is no wing mirror, but there is a clear yellow spot at the base of the beak. The lower cheek line is moderately visible. The distribution area extends over the upper reaches of the Marañón Valley in the south of Cajamarca, the La Libertad region, to the Rurichinchay mountain on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Blanca in the Ancash region .
  • Colombian yellow-breasted bushhammer ( Atlapetes latinuchus nigrifrons ) Phelps & Gilliard , 1940. While the color of the crown of the nominate form extends over the vertex, this subspecies has a black vertex. There is a small black spot on the chin. The line under the cheek is clear and extends to a line on the cheek. Occurs in the mountains of the Sierra de Perijá in Colombia and only very limited in northwestern Venezuela ( Zulia on the Rio Negro ).

In addition, the taxon A. r can be found in the literature . phelpsi ( Paynter, Jr. , 1970), which according to SACC A. l. nigrifrons and A. r. simplex ( Berlepsch , 1888) which A. l. spodionotus corresponds.

However, the entire genus must be subjected to a comprehensive revision , as a result of which it may be divided into several new individual species.

etymology

The specific epithet latinuchus comes from Latin and is composed of the words latus for broad, wide, large and nucha for the neck . The name elaeoprorus is composed of the Greek words Elaenia for oily green , pro for in front of, with the back in front of an object and russatus for red . The name caucae refers to the first discovery area of ​​Cauca. The word spodionotus is a combination of the Greek words spodios for ash-colored and noton for the back . Comptus comes from Latin and means decorated, decorated . Baroni was named in honor of the German engineer OT Baron (1847–1926) who had collected the subspecies at the time. The name chugurensis refers to the area around the Cerro Chugur in the Cajamarca region. Nigrofrons is made up of the Latin words niger for black and frons for front head, parting . The newest subspecies yariguierum is named after the Indian tribe of the Yariguies , who lived in this region before the Spanish conquest. " Serranía de los Yariguíes " was declared a national park by the Colombian government in 2005 and the Colombian bird protection organization Fundación ProAves is developing the area into a large forest reserve.

literature

  • Jon Fjeldså , Niels Krabbe : Birds of the High Andes: A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America. Zoological Museum and Apollo Books, ISBN 978-87-88757-16-3 , pp. 671 f.
  • Steven L. Hilty , William L. Brown: A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, 1986, ISBN 978-0-691-08372-8 , p. 649.
  • Thomas Schulenberg, Douglas F. Stotz , Daniel F. Lane: Birds of Peru. Princeton University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-691-04915-1 , p. 604.
  • Robert S. Ridgely , Paul J. Greenfield: Birds of Ecuador Field Guide. Volume 1, Cornell University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-8014-8720-0 , p. 782.
  • Robert S. Ridgely, Paul J. Greenfield: Birds of Ecuador Field Guide. Volume 2, Cornell University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7 , pp. 686 f.
  • Steven L. Hilty, John A. Gwynne, Guy Tudor : Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-691-09250-8 , p. 811.
  • James A. Jobling: A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-19-854634-4 .
  • Jochen Martens, Norbert Bahr: Documentation of new bird taxa - report for 2006. In: Vogelwarte. Volume 46, Issue 2, 2008, pp. 95-120.
  • Bernard du Bus de Gisignies: Note sur quelques espèces inédites d'oiseaux, par M. le vicomte Du bus Gisignies, membre de L'Académie. In: Bulletin des Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Volume 22, Part 1, 1855, pp. 150-157.
  • Philip Lutley Sclater, Osbert Salvin: Description of some new Tanagers of the Genus Buarremon, By PL Sclater, O. Salvin. In: Ibis. 1879, pp. 424-427.
  • Philip Lutley Sclater, Osbert Salvin: On the birds collected by the late Mr. TK Salmon in the State of Antioquia, United States of Colombia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1879, pp. 486-550.
  • Osbert Salvin: On birds collected in Peru by Mr. OT Baron. In: Novitates Zoologicae. Volume 2, Number 1, 1895, pp. 1-22.
  • Frank Michler Chapman : Description of new birds from northwestern Peru and western Colombia. In: American Museum novitates. No. 250, 1927, pp. 1-7.
  • William Henry Phelps, Ernest Thomas Gilliard: Six new birds from the Perijá Mountains of Venezuela. In: American Museum novitates. No. 1100, 1940, pp. 1-8.
  • Thomas Michael Donegan, Blanca Huertas Hernandez: A new brush-finch in the Atlapetes latinuchus complex from the Yariguíes Mountains and adjacent Eastern Andes of Colombia. In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. Volume 126, Part 2, 2006, pp. 94-116.
  • Harold F. Greeney: The nest, eggs, and nestlings of the Rufous-naped Brush-Finsch (Atlapetes latinuchus latinuchus) in southeastern Ecuador. In: Ornitología Colombiana. No. 8, 2009, pp. 83-87.
  • Jaime Garcia-Moreno, Jon Fjeldså: Re-evaluation of species limits in the genus Atlapetes based on mtDNA sequence data. In: Ibis. Volume 141, 1999, pp. 199-207.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Harold F. Greeney : The nest, eggs, and nestlings of the Rufous-naped Brush-Finsch (Atlapetes latinuchus latinuchus) in southeastern Ecuador . In: Ornitología Colombiana . tape 8 , 2009, p. 83–87 ( PDF, 846 kB [accessed April 6, 2013]).
  2. ↑ Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, Vol 126, 2, 2006 A new brush-finch in the Atlapetes latinuchus complex from the Yariguíes Mountains and adjacent Eastern Andes of Colombia ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 509 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.proaves.org
  3. ↑ Vogelwarte, Volume 46, Issue 2, 2008 Documentation of New Bird Taxa - Report for 2006 (German; PDF file; 2.81 MB) Original article
  4. ↑ Bulletin of the Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Part 1, 1855, p. 154 Buarremon latinuchus (French) Original description
  5. ↑ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1879 On the birds collected by the late Mr. TK Salmon in the state of Antioquia Buarremon elæoprorus (Latin) Original description
  6. ↑ American Museum novitates, No. 250, p. 6 Description of new birds from northwestern Peru and western Colombia - Atlapetes latinuchus caucæ (English; PDF file; 626 kB) Original article
  7. ↑ Ibis, 1879, p. 425 Buarremon spodionotus (English) original article
  8. ↑ Ibis, 1879, p. 426 Buarremon comptus (English) original article
  9. ^ American Museum novitates; no.250, p. 5 Description of new birds from northwestern Peru and western Colombia - Atlapetes latinuchus chugurensis (English; PDF file; 626 kB) Original article
  10. ↑ Novitates Zoologicae, 1895, p. 5 Buarremon baroni (Latin) original article
  11. ^ American Museum novitates; no. 1100, p. 7 Six new birds from the Perijá Mountains of Venezuela (Atlapetes rufinucha nigrifrons) (English; PDF file; 1.08 MB) Original article
  12. ↑ South American Classification Committee Proposal (# 222) to South American Classification Committee Split Atlapetes nigrifrons from A. latinuchus ( Memento of the original from September 4, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (engl.) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / museum.lsu.edu
  13. ^ Julian Teixeira: New bird discovered on unexplored Columbian mountain. ( Memento of the original from October 23, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. innovations-report, October 9, 2006.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.innovations-report.de

Web links

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