Calyptocephalella gayi

Calyptocephalella gayi
	Image of a fully grown specimen
Systematics
without rank:	Amphibians (Lissamphibia)
Order :	Frog (anura)
Subordination :	Neobatrachia
Family :	Calyptocephalellidae
Genre :	Calyptocephalella
Type :	Calyptocephalella gayi
Scientific name of the genus
	Calyptocephalella
	Beach , 1928
Scientific name of the species
	Calyptocephalella gayi
	( Duméril & Bibron , 1841)

Calyptocephalella is a genus of frogs in the family of Calyptocephalellidae . It is represented by a single living species, Calyptocephalella gayi , commonly known as the helmeted water toad, Chilean helmet-headed frog, or white-mouthed toad. In addition, there are a few extinct species known only from the Late Cretaceous Period and from paleogenic fossil remains from Patagonia in South America and the Antarctic Peninsula (during times when it was warmer and wetter). The helmeted water toad living today is aquatic to semi-aquatic and occurs in deep ponds and reservoirs in central Chile and possibly in the adjacent west-central Argentina.

This very large toad typically weighs up to 0.5–1 kg, but sometimes considerably more. It is threatened by trapping for human consumption, habitat loss, pollution, introduced species and the disease chytridiomycosis . It is often kept in herpetoculture; mostly locally, where it is bred as food, but also in other countries as a pet.

features

The helmeted water toad is a sturdy species with a broad head and large mouth. It is very large and can reach a head-torso length of up to 15.5 cm for the males and 32 cm for the females. The typical maximum weight is 0.5–1 kg, but exceptionally large individuals can reach 3 kg. Such giants are largely unknown today, although more recently there are records of several individuals weighing 1.2-1.3 kg. It is the largest Froschlurch America and exceeds other large species such as the Colombian giant toad , the Cane Toad , Rhinella diptychs , Rhaebo guttatus , and the North American bullfrog , Telmatobius macrostomus , Leptodactylus fallax and Titicaca Giant Frog . The maximum width of the snout is comparable to that of the largest frog in the world, the African goliath frog ( Conraua goliath ), but it can weigh more. Crater toads are yellow, brown, and green in color, with light green in mature specimens, while the oldest are gray or have gray spots on a dark background. The olive-brown to ash-gray tadpoles grow unusually large, typically exceeding 10 cm in length and reaching up to 15 cm.

Individual evidence

Jump up ↑ Raúl O. Gómez, Ana M. Báez, Paula Muzzopappa: A new helmeted frog (Anura: Calyptocephalellidae) from an Eocene subtropical lake in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina . In: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . tape 31 , no. 1 , February 10, 2011, ISSN 0272-4634 , p. 50-59 , doi : 10.1080 / 02724634.2011.539654 .
↑ Thomas Mörs, Marcelo Reguero, Davit Vasilyan: First fossil frog from Antarctica: implications for Eocene high latitude climate conditions and Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of Australobatrachia . In: Scientific Reports . tape 10 , no. 1 , April 23, 2020, ISSN 2045-2322 , p. 1–11 , doi : 10.1038 / s41598-020-61973-5 , PMID 32327670 , PMC 7181706 (free full text).
^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (IUCN Ssc): IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Helmeted Water Toad. September 14, 2018, accessed June 7, 2020 .
^ Halliday, Tim, 1945-: The book of frogs: a life-size guide to six hundred species from around the world . Chicago, ISBN 978-0-226-18465-4 .
^ Calyptocephalella gayi: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. September 14, 2018, accessed June 7, 2020 .
^ Cei, Jose Miguel .: Batracios de Chile . Universidad de Chile, 1962, OCLC 912837442 .
↑ Jordi Sabater-Pi: Contribution to the Biology of the Giant Frog (Conraua goliath, Boulenger) . In: Amphibia-Reptilia . tape 6 , no. 2 , January 1, 1985, ISSN 1568-5381 , pp. 143-153 , doi : 10.1163 / 156853885X00047 ( brill.com [accessed June 7, 2020]).
↑ Luis E. Castañeda, Pablo Sabat, Sandra P. Gonzalez, Roberto F. Nespolo: Digestive Plasticity in Tadpoles of the Chilean Giant Frog (Caudiverbera caudiverbera): Factorial Effects of Diet and Temperature . In: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology . tape 79 , no. 5 , September 1, 2006, ISSN 1522-2152 , pp. 919-926 , doi : 10.1086 / 506006 .

[1] Jump up ↑ Raúl O. Gómez, Ana M. Báez, Paula Muzzopappa: A new helmeted frog (Anura: Calyptocephalellidae) from an Eocene subtropical lake in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina . In: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . tape 31 , no. 1 , February 10, 2011, ISSN 0272-4634 , p. 50-59 , doi : 10.1080 / 02724634.2011.539654 .

[2] Thomas Mörs, Marcelo Reguero, Davit Vasilyan: First fossil frog from Antarctica: implications for Eocene high latitude climate conditions and Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of Australobatrachia . In: Scientific Reports . tape 10 , no. 1 , April 23, 2020, ISSN 2045-2322 , p. 1–11 , doi : 10.1038 / s41598-020-61973-5 , PMID 32327670 , PMC 7181706 (free full text).

[3] IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (IUCN Ssc): IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Helmeted Water Toad. September 14, 2018, accessed June 7, 2020 .

[4] Halliday, Tim, 1945-: The book of frogs: a life-size guide to six hundred species from around the world . Chicago, ISBN 978-0-226-18465-4 .

[5] Calyptocephalella gayi: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. September 14, 2018, accessed June 7, 2020 .

[6] Cei, Jose Miguel .: Batracios de Chile . Universidad de Chile, 1962, OCLC 912837442 .

[7] Jordi Sabater-Pi: Contribution to the Biology of the Giant Frog (Conraua goliath, Boulenger) . In: Amphibia-Reptilia . tape 6 , no. 2 , January 1, 1985, ISSN 1568-5381 , pp. 143-153 , doi : 10.1163 / 156853885X00047 ( brill.com [accessed June 7, 2020]).

[8] Luis E. Castañeda, Pablo Sabat, Sandra P. Gonzalez, Roberto F. Nespolo: Digestive Plasticity in Tadpoles of the Chilean Giant Frog (Caudiverbera caudiverbera): Factorial Effects of Diet and Temperature . In: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology . tape 79 , no. 5 , September 1, 2006, ISSN 1522-2152 , pp. 919-926 , doi : 10.1086 / 506006 .