Capsicum friburgense
| Capsicum friburgense | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Capsicum friburgense | ||||||||||||
| Barboza & Bianch. |
Under the name Capsicum friburgense , a new wild species of the genus Paprika ( Capsicum ) was described in 2005 , which is closely related to the wild species C. scolnikianum , C. cardenasii and C. mirabile . The species described has so far only been found in a very limited area near Nova Friburgo ( Brazil ).
description
Habit and leaves
The plants of the species Capsicum friburgense are 0.8–2.5 meter tall, little branched shrubs with a hollow stem axis . The leaves in pairs, but individually in the branch branches, are 2.6 to 3.6 times longer than wide, ovoid to elliptical, the edge is smooth and pointed towards the front. The leaves are between (5.5) 8.5 and 13 (21) cm long and between (1.5) 2.5 and 4.5 (7.5) cm wide. The leaf stalks are 0.6–1.2 (1.5) cm in length.
blossom
In the branch branches the flowers arise individually or in pairs . The flower stalks, between (1.7) 2.1 and 4.9 (6.2) cm long, point upwards or curve slightly downwards. Subsequently there is the 2 to 3 (5) mm wide calyx at which five cup teeth are of a length of 1.2-3 (3.5), at the edge of the calyx and the cup are teeth row short trichomes found . The flowers petals still closed flower are purple, violet when opened to pink. The opened petals are bell-shaped to urn-shaped. This makes C. friburgense the only wild species of the genus Capsicum in which there are no corolla spots on the base of the flower and whose petals are completely purple or pink. The shape of the flower is also almost unique within the genus. The open flower is 7.5-10.5 mm in diameter and (7) 9-12 (15) mm in length. The stamens are yellowish.
Fruit and seeds
Round, slightly compressed berries develop from the pollinated flowers , which are initially dark green and light green to yellowish green when ripe. The size is (4) 5-6 mm × (5) 6-8 mm. The fruit contains four to eight brownish to blackish seeds with a size of 2.5 to 3 × 3 to 3.5 mm and a thick seed coat .
Differences from other species
Clear distinguishing features can be found in some features of the flower, especially in the color and shape of the bracts. Bell -shaped flowers can only be observed in two other species ( C. scolnikianum and C. cardenasii ), but never urn-shaped ones. Other species with unspotted petals do not have completely purple petals. They are either white (e.g. C. annuum or C. chacoense ), or yellow or yellowish (e.g. C. scolnikianum , C. rhomboideum or C. hookerianum ).
In contrast to all domesticated Capsicum species, C. friburgense has 13 instead of 12 pairs of chromosomes . Investigations on wild and semi-wild Brazilian Capsicum species showed that the number of species with 13 chromosome pairs is significantly higher than initially assumed. These results challenged some of the previously unproven assumptions about the evolutionary history of the Capsicum genus . For example, it has been suggested that the 13th chromosome pair were created by mechanisms such as centric fission . However, since no features that indicate centric fission have been found on the remaining 12 “original” chromosome pairs, this theory can be considered incorrect. Rather, it now turns out to be more likely that the group of species with 13 pairs of chromosomes is the original one and that one pair of chromosomes has been lost in an as yet unexplained manner during the increasing spread to the north. Species with only 12 pairs of chromosomes therefore changed their occurrence, for example through the formation of predominantly red fruits, which are much more hot. Since the climatic conditions remained constant in the original distribution area of southeastern Brazil, the species with 13 chromosome pairs were able to survive there, while further north, the species with 12 chromosome pairs prevailed.
etymology
The name of the species is derived from the name of the town of Nova Friburgo , near which the species was found.
Occurrence
The species has so far only been found in a very restricted area in wet forest areas near the Brazilian city of Nova Friburgo , at altitudes between 1750 and 1920 meters above sea level .
literature
- GE Barboza and LDB Bianchetti: Three New Species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) and a Key to the Wild Species from Brazil . In: Systematic Botany , 30 (4), The American Society of Plant Taxonomists, Tallahassee, USA 2005, pp. 863-871.
- MT Pozzobon, MT Schifino-Wittmann, LDB Bianchetti: Chromosome numbers in wild and semidomesticated Brazilian Capsicum L. (Solanaceae) species: do x = 12 and x = 13 represent two evolutionary lines? In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . June 2006, 151 (2), pp. 259-269.