Cymbal
The cymbal (also zimbal ), cimbalom or cymbalom (concert zymbal, pedal symbal) is a dulcimer made with clappers, mainly in the Pannonian region . According to the shape, the string instrument is counted among the box zither . The modern cymbal stands free on feet and usually has a damping pedal.
etymology
The Slavic name zymbal or the Hungarian name cimbalom comes from the Greek word kymbalon and the Latin cymbalum , derived from this in several European languages, different spellings and meanings from cymbal to harpsichord . A Hungarian facimbalom ("wooden cimbalom") is a xylophone .
Origin and Distribution
The European chopping boards are related to the Persian santur . The modern cymbal, the concert cymbal or pedal symbal, was developed and produced by Vencel József Schunda (1845–1923) around 1870 in Budapest . Smaller portable forerunners can be found in Hungary up to the 16th century. The Romanian țambal corresponds to the țimbal in the Republic of Moldova . Names Related Chopping hot in Poland cymbaly in Belarus tsimbali , in the Ukraine tsymbaly in Latvia cimbole and Lithuania cimbolai . In Greece this is the Hungarian cimbalom appropriate tsimbalo today rarely known is from the Persian santur derived Santouri .
Mood, range, usage
The strings are tuned chromatically with a range of four octaves . In Romania, Hungary , Slovakia and South Moravia the cymbal still plays an important role in folk music today. A typical cymbal trio includes a violin and a double bass. There are also ensembles with several strings, including types of string instruments that are only regionally widespread and are called husle in Slovakia .
The cimbalom has been used in classical Hungarian art music since the orchestral piece Hódolat Kazinczy Ferenc szellemének (1860) by Mihály Mosonyi and the opera Bánk bán by Ferenc Erkel (1861). It is also used as a typical Hungarian timbre in the incidental music of Emmerich Kálmán's operetta Countess Mariza . Franz Liszt used it in the revised version of the Hungarian Storm March (1876). It is used prominently in Zoltán Kodály's much-played Háry János Suite (1927). Contemporary composers such as György Kurtág and Péter Eötvös used the cimbalom several times in their works. The cymbal also has a solo role in the little-performed Concerto pour violoncelle et orchester en forme de pas de trois by the German composer Bernd Alois Zimmermann , as well as in the orchestral piece Mystère de l'instant by Henri Dutilleux .
In Budapest and Minsk the cymbal was accepted into academic teaching. The Minsk student Aleksandra Denisenja reached the final of the Eurovision Young Musicians 2012 with the instrument .
literature
- Paul M. Gifford: The Hammered Dulcimer - A History . Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland 2001, ISBN 0-8108-3943-1 , 6 - The Cimbalom Family , pp. 103–163 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- Jesse A. Johnston: The Cimbál (Cimbalom) and Folk Music in Moravian Slovakia and Valachia. In: Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society, Vol. 36, 2010, pp. 78-117.
- John Leach: The Cimbalom. In: Music & Letters, Vol. 53, No. 2, Oxford University Press, April 1972, pp. 134-142.
- Cimbalom. In: Laurence Libin (Ed.): The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments . Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2014, p. 535.
- Friedemann Otterbach: Beautiful musical instruments. Schuler Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 1975, pp. 84–87.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ E. Duka-Zólyomi: Schunda, Vencel József (Wenzel Josef), instrument maker. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 11, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-7001-2803-7 , p. 371.
- ↑ Alexandra Denisenya. European Broadcasting Union , accessed May 7, 2019 .