Geesthardenhaus
The Jutian Geesthardenhaus , which is divided across the board and is also known as the Cimbrian House or Schleswig House due to its geographical distribution , is one of the three basic forms, along with the Gulf House (or its special form, the Haubarg ) and the ( Low German ) Hall House , on which the variety of forms of the farmhouse types is based founded in Schleswig-Holstein . Probably the best known special form of the Geesthardenhaus is the Uthland Frisian house , which is also known as the Friesenhaus .
distribution
Despite its name, the Geesthardenhaus can be found not only in the Geest , a landscape that arose from glacial deposits from the Ice Age, but also in the Marsch , the flat alluvial land on the North Sea coast.
Geestharden houses are mainly in South Schleswig in Germany and North Schleswig in Denmark. Its development is still largely unexplored, although today research in the times of National Socialism is in part questioned, as attempts were made at the time to tie the house forms to ethnic groups and thus underline territorial claims. Geestharden houses, however, are rarely the only type of construction in a region, they often appear together with four-sided courtyards or - especially in the southern part of southern Schleswig - with Low German hall houses.
The Uthland-Frisian house, with its structural adaptations to flood-prone areas, can be found mainly on the islands and halligens of North Frisia .
history
Just like the neighboring (Low German) hall house to the south - with a certain geographical overlap - this type of house is a further development of the Bronze Age Germanic stable house . The stable house can in turn be derived from the Neolithic nave , which originated outside the Germanic culture and was much more widespread .
construction
The Geesthardenhaus is a long house standing on the eaves, so its long side and roof surface are oriented towards the street. The living area and the business area are housed under one roof, but unlike the Low German hall house, they are not connected to each other.
The house has a two- post construction in which the posts that support the usually thatched half-hip roof are close to the outer walls. Since the late 18th century, the roof structure in the living area has been resting on the load-bearing outer walls. However, this type of construction only occurs in areas that were secured by strong dykes, but was not adopted by the Uthland Frisian houses in areas at risk of storm tides: Even if the walls and the ground floor of a post construction are destroyed by a flood, the probability is with pure post construction that the roof is preserved, quite large, so that the residents could save themselves on the roof. Since the severe storm surge in 1962 , newly built halligh houses have been constructed from concrete pillars with deep foundations to increase safety.
Another special feature of the Uthland Frisian houses is that they have sometimes been implemented. As they stood on terps that sagged or became damp over the centuries, the house was endangered. Because building materials and especially wood were rare and expensive, it used to be quite common to take the houses apart and move them if a terp was no longer safe or was abandoned for other reasons.
The walls of the houses were originally made of sod, clay or wood, but most of the houses that are preserved today have walls made of burnt brick. Different types of bricks were used: On the outer wall, expensive and hard, very weather-resistant bricks were usually used, while softer and cheaper bricks, the so-called bleekers, were used more for the inside of the outer and inner walls. Half-timbered structures were and are extremely rare.
Geestharden houses are usually thatched . The roofs have a very steep angle so that no rainwater accumulates in the thatch. Most houses also have a gable above the entrance, i.e. a gable that runs across the roof ridge. This construction method is intended to ensure a safe evacuation of the house in the event of a fire, without burning thatch falling on the escaping people.
Living area
The living area includes the kitchen and living rooms, a cellar and the cellar rooms above the cellar. The kitchen is equipped with a chimney. The living area is normally accessed via a narrow hallway that divides the building across and has an exit to the garden both to the front and to the rear. This corridor also separates the living area from the commercial area.
Donuts
Döns, Dönse, Dönz or Dörnsch is a heatable living room in which the daily life of the residents of the farmhouse took place. Here people ate, worked and slept in the alcove set in the partition between the rooms.
Since the 16th century, the room has been heated with a bilegger, i.e. a stove that was fired by the open stove in the kitchen, the only other heatable room in the house. That way, the smoke couldn't get into the living room. Wood, peat or - especially on the chronically raw material-poor Halligen - dried cow dung, so-called ditten, were used as fuel.
Initially, the bileggers were bricked, but since the 17th century more and more cast-iron bileggers have been used, which could be provided with quite practical decorations: For example, some unscrewable brass buttons that you could use to warm your hands or a brass hood had underneath which one could keep food or tea warm.
alcove
The normally very compact alcove with a width of one meter, a height of 2.50 m and a length of 1.70 m could be closed with curtains or wooden hatches, which made it warmer, but on the other hand difficult to ventilate and often a bit damp. Often several people used an alcove, which could be heated with a bedpan into which glowing coals or hot water were filled. People slept sitting down, allegedly based on the superstition that death usually overtakes you lying down.
There were also alcoves in the commercial section of the houses, usually for the servants and servants.
Pesel
The Pesel was the living room of the farmhouse, which was only used on special occasions. It couldn't be heated.
Katschur
The Katschur is a sloping part of the ceiling that is created by the roof construction due to the post construction. The ceiling only begins from the point at which the roof rests on the studs.
Wall tiles
In many Frisian houses, the walls of Pesel, Döns or the basement chamber are covered with Dutch wall tiles, the Delft tiles . They often depict biblical depictions, ships or rural scenes with blue or purple glaze in round cartouches on a white background, whereby the motifs are not repeated.
Several tiles together can also form a large motif in the form of a tableau. Ship motifs or floral motifs are often represented in this form.
Economic sector
While the basic room layout in the living area does not differ in Geestharden houses and Uhland Frisian houses, the rooms in the commercial area are divided differently.
Geesthardenhaus
When Geesthardenhaus one connects to the living area usually Loo or Loohdiele called threshing on, to follow the barn, a hall and the Bansenraum , were stored in the hay and straw.
All of these rooms were accessed individually from the eaves side of the street, so that the building had several entrances to the street. At the back of the building there was often a long corridor on the eaves side that connected the individual areas.
Often there are round dormers above the entrances to the loo and hall in the utility area so that the entrances could be designed higher.
The economic area could be expanded due to its construction, which, depending on the orientation of the extension, could result in an L-shaped building or even a closed development around an inner courtyard. In the latter case one speaks of a four-sided courtyard .
Uthland Frisian house
In the Uthland Frisian house, too, the utility area is separated from the living area, but it has no entrances on the eaves side of the house, but on the gable side. The stables and storage rooms can be accessed via a long corridor in the middle of the building, just like in the Low German specialist hall. These houses are mostly in a very exposed location and are therefore almost without exception built in a west-east direction in order to offer little exposure surface to the prevailing westerly wind. The living area was always on the sheltered east side.
