Clyde Tomb

Clyde-type plants

Appendix Cairnholy I

Clyde Tombs are a group of megalithic tombs located in south west Scotland ( Kintyre , Mid Argyll , Arran , Bute and Ayrshire ). They are characterized by rectangular, elongated chambers, usually divided into several parts, which are accessed from an entrance in the concave facade. The facades consist of orthostats , mostly with the largest stones on both sides at the entrance. The mound is rectangular or trapezoidal. The graves contain collective burials , sometimes also burnt bones. Burned remains are also common in the forecourt. They were named after the River Clyde .

Cummings believes that it was originally accessed through the roof.

Research history

Thomas Hastie Bryce (1861-1946), anatomist at the University of Glasgow , had sustained scientific success in archeology when he defined the group of the Clyde Tombs in south-west Scotland. Bryce also recognized the importance of ceramics for the analysis of cultures and defined the Beacharra ware, unique in western Scotland .

In the past, Clyde-Carlingford-Tombs were seen as a single group. For Childe and Piggott , they were part of the Clyde-Carlingford culture. Jack Gillespie Scott declined after a more detailed analysis of the characteristics of some of the 100 or so Scottish plants and spun them off as a separate Clyde group.

So far only a few plants have been excavated and published, which makes interpretation and dating difficult. Some plants are clearly multi-phased and begin their life as simple stone boxes .

distribution

The main distribution center of the Clyde Tombs is between Mid-Argyll in the north and the Solway Firth in the south and extends in the west to Islay . There is a concentration on Arran, but this may be due to conservation. Isolated examples are also found further north, for example on North Uist ( South Clettraval ).

In period I they are located in round mounds made of stone ( Cairns ), in period II in mounds of rectangular or trapezoidal shape, some of which are unusually large in relation to the chamber ( Auchoish , Blasthill , Crarae Garden , Edinchip , Haylie ). On the access side there is a more or less deep, concave indentation. The distribution area of the Clyde Tombs are the counties Argyll and Bute , Dumfries and Galloway , from where there is also the shortest connection to County Antrim in Northern Ireland via the Kintyre peninsula .

Rottenreoch

A small group of Clyde Tombs lies apart, in Perthshire ( Clach na Tiompan ). Facilities such as Cashtal yn Ard , Rottenreoch (picture) and King Orry's Grave on the Isle of Man have certain similarities.

The regular gallery-like arrangement of the aisle-free chambers is almost identical in Irish court and Scottish Clyde Tombs; they lie one behind the other, but their number per system is on average less in the Scottish systems than in the Irish. Their chambers, sometimes arranged exclusively laterally (four in the Clach na Tiompan ), are small, rectangular or square, whereby a great variety could be identified in the detail design. After Frances Lynch, Clyde Tombs (and Portal Tombs ) follow the concept of coffin-like wooden boxes as they were preserved under special conditions in the Longbarrow of Haddenham in Cambridgeshire . The Clyde Tombs chambers are never particularly pronounced vertically. However, there are also systems on the Isle of Arran with layers of stone on the side panels that may have belonged to cantilever vaults .

Parallels

The trapezoidal shape of the hills recurs on British soil at the Cotswold Severn Tombs . Systems in the Hebrides also share some features with the Clyde Tombs and the group of only 14 Bargrennan Tombs , which are located in Galloway and Ayrshire , in the middle of the range of the Clyde Tombs, also has similarities with them, but has a corridor area and is not in Long, but embedded in round hills. A chamberless (made of wood) variant of the Clyde Tomb has been excavated in Yorkshire . The post arrangement in the Long Cairn of Street House shows the typical shape of the Clyde Tomb, the most famous of which is Cairnholy I.

literature

Vere Gordon Childe : Scottish megalithic tombs and their affinities In: Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society - New Series Vol. 8 No. 3 (1933) pp. 120-137
Jack G. Scott: The Clyde Cairns of Scotland . In: Glyn Daniel, Poul Kjærum (Ed.): Megalithic graves and ritual . Papers presented at the IIIrd Atlantic Colloquium, Moesgård 1969. Gyldendalske Boghandel, Copenhagen 1973, ISBN 87-00-08861-7 , pp. 117–128.
Jack G. Scott: Clyde, Carlingford and Connaught Cairns. A review. In: Antiquity. Vol. 36, No. 142, 1962 ISSN 0003-598X , pp. 97-101, doi : 10.1017 / S0003598X00029707 .
Frances Lynch: Megalithic Tombs and Long Barrows in Britain. Shire Publications Ltd. 1997 ISBN 0-7478-0341-2 p. 35 ff
Jürgen E. Walkowitz: The megalithic syndrome. European cult sites of the Stone Age (= contributions to the prehistory and early history of Central Europe. Vol. 36). Beier & Beran, Langenweißbach 2003, ISBN 3-930036-70-3 .

Individual evidence

↑ Alex Morrison, Orbituary Jack G Scott (1913-1999). Glasgow Archaeological Journal 21, 1998/99, viii. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44945091
↑ Lemma "Clyde cairn", in: Tim Darvill (ed.), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archeology , Oxford, Oxford University Press 2009 (2nd edition), eISBN 9780191727139, MC
↑ Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about similarity and difference in the construction and use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 48. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9
↑ Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about Similarity and Difference in the Construction and Use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 42. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9
↑ Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about similarity and difference in the construction and use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 44. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9
^ Jack G. Scott: The Clyde cairns of Scotland. In: Thomas GE Powell, John Xavier WP Corcoran, Frances Lynch, Jack G. Scott: Megalithic inquiries in the West of Britain, a Liverpool Symposium (= Liverpool Monographs in Archeology and Oriental Studies. 8). Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 1969, ISBN 0-85323-070-6 , pp. 175-222.
^ Lemma Clyde - Carlingford Culture. In: Timothy Darvill: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford et al. 2003, ISBN 0-19-280005-1 .
↑ Lemma "Clyde cairn", in: Tim Darvill (ed.), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archeology , Oxford, Oxford University Press 2009 (2nd edition), eISBN 9780191727139, MC
↑ Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about similarity and difference in the construction and use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 47. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9
↑ Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about similarity and difference in the construction and use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 47. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9
↑ Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about Similarity and Difference in the Construction and Use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 43. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9
↑ Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about Similarity and Difference in the Construction and Use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, fig. 3.2. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9
↑ Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about Similarity and Difference in the Construction and Use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 43. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9

Web links

[1] Alex Morrison, Orbituary Jack G Scott (1913-1999). Glasgow Archaeological Journal 21, 1998/99, viii. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44945091

[2] Lemma "Clyde cairn", in: Tim Darvill (ed.), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archeology , Oxford, Oxford University Press 2009 (2nd edition), eISBN 9780191727139, MC

[3] Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about similarity and difference in the construction and use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 48. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9

[4] Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about Similarity and Difference in the Construction and Use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 42. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9

[5] Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about similarity and difference in the construction and use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 44. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9

[6] Jack G. Scott: The Clyde cairns of Scotland. In: Thomas GE Powell, John Xavier WP Corcoran, Frances Lynch, Jack G. Scott: Megalithic inquiries in the West of Britain, a Liverpool Symposium (= Liverpool Monographs in Archeology and Oriental Studies. 8). Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 1969, ISBN 0-85323-070-6 , pp. 175-222.

[7] Lemma Clyde - Carlingford Culture. In: Timothy Darvill: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford et al. 2003, ISBN 0-19-280005-1 .

[8] Lemma "Clyde cairn", in: Tim Darvill (ed.), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archeology , Oxford, Oxford University Press 2009 (2nd edition), eISBN 9780191727139, MC

[9] Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about similarity and difference in the construction and use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 47. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9

[10] Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about similarity and difference in the construction and use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 47. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9

[11] Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about Similarity and Difference in the Construction and Use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 43. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9

[12] Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about Similarity and Difference in the Construction and Use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, fig. 3.2. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9

[13] Vicki Cummings, 'Very real shared traditions'? Thinking about Similarity and Difference in the Construction and Use of Clyde Cairns in the Western Scottish Neolithic. In: Kenneth Brophy, Gavin MacGregor, Ian Ralston (Eds.), The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 2016, 43. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bh2hxc.9