Cripps Pink

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Cripps Pink
Pink lady and cross section.jpg
Art Cultivated apple ( Malus domestica )
origin Australia
breeder John Cripps
Breeding year 1973
ancestry

Cross of
' Lady Williams ' × ' Golden Delicious '

List of apple varieties
View of the fruit and cross sections

Cripps Pink is a medium to large-fruited apple variety . The skin is purple-red with yellow-green parts, the pulp is described as creamy white, crisp, firm, rather sweet and moderately juicy. The variety is characterized by its good storability, it does not tend to become floury after long storage.

Pink Lady apples with a distinctive sticker

Cripps Pink apples are predominantly sold under the Pink Lady brand name . The name Pink Lady is not a cultivar name and also not a synonym for Cripps Apple, but a brand name for apples of the Cripps Pink variety and its descendants that meet certain quality criteria set by the brand owner . In the debate about club varieties , Pink Lady is nevertheless often referred to as one of the first and most famous club varieties. Cripps Pink was the first club variety in the world to be among the top 10 apple varieties cultivated worldwide, and by 2016 it was also the only one to succeed.

history

Cripps Pink was created in Australia in 1973 as part of a state breeding program from crossing the varieties Lady Williams and Golden Delicious . This cross was supposed to combine the shelf life of Lady Williams with the sweet taste of Golden Delicious . The variety was named after its breeder , John Cripps, from the Western Australian Department of Agriculture in Stoneville, Australia. The Cripps Pink variety was launched in 1986.

Tree and fruits

Fallen Cripps Pink in a kibbutz in the Golan Heights

Cripps Pink requires a long growing season , as the characteristic red color of the apples only develops at the end of the ripening period . For this reason, the variety is primarily grown in countries such as France, Spain, Chile, South Africa and Australia. Since the variety is grown in the northern and southern hemispheres of the world and the apples can be stored well, they are available to the market all year round. Cripps Pink is particularly prone to powdery mildew infestation .

The fruits only ripen completely in climatically favorable locations. The basic color of the fruits is initially yellow-green; The red color only develops shortly before ripening and increases until harvest, especially on the side facing the sun.

The wholesalers rate the quality of the harvested fruits higher, the greater the proportion of red skin and the deeper the red color. Since the red color only intensifies towards the end of the ripening period, the demands of the trade can negatively affect the quality of the fruit, especially the shelf life, because a harvest that is delayed too long causes the fruit to become overripe.

Susceptibility to meat browning

In September 2000 in Tasmania the brand for the first time on apples Pink Lady found that they of flesh browning ( English Flesh Browning (FB) disorder ) were infested. In the years that followed, further cases were reported from numerous growing regions in Australia and other countries; Finally, in 2003, 35 containers of Pink Lady from Australia were rejected in Great Britain for being browned. This not only caused great economic damage to Australian fruit growing , the Pink Lady brand also threatened to lose reputation and economic importance. To make matters worse, the impairments occurred only sporadically and in relation to the time and the growing region were not predictable.

The impairment manifests itself in three different forms: a discoloration affecting the entire pulp (Diffuse Flesh Browning (DFB) disorder) and a browning that radiates from the inside out (Radial Flesh Browning (RFB) disorder) . In addition, there is a third form of damage caused by an excessively high content of carbon dioxide in the CA storage atmosphere and has been known for a long time, which presents itself as brown spots from which cavities can arise in the pulp.

The two new forms occur in unfavorable climatic conditions between full bloom and harvest; this results in damage to the cell structure in the pulp due to the effects of cold (DFB) or aging due to the longer time until harvest (RFB). The calcium content of the soil, the state of ripeness of the fruit at harvest and the storage conditions, namely too cool storage or an excessive content of carbon dioxide in the storage atmosphere, also contribute to the occurrence of symptoms. Within three years, an international research project led by the University of Sydney was able to determine the various causes of the damage and develop measures to reduce the risk. These consist primarily of organizational changes such as the earlier harvest of threatened crops and the adaptation of storage conditions, each geared to the risk for the development of DFB or RFB determined on the basis of several factors.

Market importance

Pink Lady

Cripps Pink is a late variety and has the market advantage of extending the harvest season for growers and wholesalers. This makes it one of the numerous "new varieties" of recent times which, due to their special properties, are expanding their market shares quickly and to the detriment of old and established fruit varieties. Cripps Pink is now widely available in stores. The plant variety protection of Cripps Pink has already expired. A fruit grower can reproduce the plants without restriction and market the fruits under any name, provided that these names are not already protected as trademarks. The prerequisite for marketing as a Pink Lady is a proportion of red skin of at least 40% and a fruit diameter of at least 55 mm. Individual buyers demand a higher proportion of red skin or a larger fruit diameter for the fruit.

The owner of the Pink Lady brand is Apple and Pear Australia Ltd. , which owns the rights to the Pink Lady brand name in over 70 countries. In 2012, 450,000 tons of Cripps Pink were harvested worldwide (excluding China), of which 325,000 tons were marketed as Pink Lady . In its country of origin, Australia , the Pink Lady brand contributed a third to apple exports in 2006.

In most growing countries, a license fee of 77 euros per ton of apples is charged for using the Pink Lady brand , but American growers only have to pay the fee for exported fruit. In return, Apple and Pear Australia guarantees higher revenues for the growers, as the purchase prices for fruits that can be marketed as Pink Lady are 70 to 100% higher than the prices for Cripps Pink that do not meet the quality requirements. Two thirds of the proceeds are invested in marketing , one third goes back to the owners of the brand and is invested in the enforcement of trademark rights and in research to improve the apple variety.

Pink Lady's marketing is one of the most significant attempts to market fruit in a similar way to the top brands of the major food companies. Pink Lady is being positioned in the market as a premium brand with great effort and thus also accepted by consumers who pay up to four times the price charged for other varieties in Great Britain. This was supported in Great Britain, the most important export market for Pink Lady , with intensive advertising with advertisements in large lifestyle magazines , sponsorship of high - profile events such as the (failed) attempt to cross the Atlantic in a rowing boat in 2004 and promotional campaigns in the large supermarket chains. The apple is marketed worldwide with stickers depicting a pink heart.

In Europe in the years before 2012, more than 10 million euros were spent annually on the marketing of Pink Lady . In the UK, which does not grow the variety, more than 3 million boxes of 13 kg Pink Lady were imported annually until 2012 . UK consumer prices for Pink Lady in 2011 were more than 50% higher than Cripps Pink.

Varieties derived from Cripps Pink

Pink Lady

Since the 1990s, some mutations of the Cripps Pink variety have been discovered around the world and some have been patented or placed under plant variety protection. These are sports that are multiplied by grafting after their discovery . Most mutations are characterized by a stronger color or mature earlier. The growers hope for a strong color from the lines with a stronger color under conditions that are actually too warm, and some buyers are demanding 60% instead of the 40% red skin, which is sufficient for Pink Lady , so that a stronger color means a larger proportion of marketable fruits for the fruit growers . The lines that ripen earlier are expected to be able to be harvested in good time in climates with early frost breaks.

The rights to the mutations are the property of their discoverers or of the growers who can and in some cases have patented their new lines as varieties or have placed them under plant variety protection. However, a license can also be obtained for the use of the Pink Lady brand name, provided the fruits meet the requirements. Apple and Pear Australia Ltd. tries to work towards the fact that the mutations are marketed as Pink Lady . This can be beneficial for both parties; the fruit growers are spared the effort and entrepreneurial risk of introducing a new brand, and the marketing company retains its influence and avoids a new competitor on the market.

Examples of mutations:

variety Brand name patent Description, comparisons based on Cripps Pink
Lady in Red Pink Lady US2007283465 stronger color, harvested about a week earlier, discovered in 1996 in a nursery in Hawke's Bay , New Zealand
Maslin or PLMAS98 Pink Lady (under examination) US2008263732 Harvested up to 14 days earlier, discovered in April 1999 at a tree nursery in Manjimup, Western Australia
Pink rose Pink Kiss in variety testing stronger color, ripens very late
PLBAR B1 US2009055978 richer color, harvest 14-18 days earlier , discovered in a nursery in Pemberton , Western Australia during the 1999/2000 season
Pink Belle or PLFOG99 Pink Lady (under examination) US2009007305 more compact, harvested up to 14 days earlier, discovered in 1999 in a nursery in Kirup, Western Australia
RGLORS US2009199315 rough shell, discovered in a nursery in Migliaro , Italy as a mutation of Rosy Glow (next line)
Rosy Glow Pink Lady US2004168235 stronger color on a larger part of the skin, color forms earlier and also on the shady side, discovered in April 1996 in Masons Road, Forest Range, South Australia
Ruby Pink US16725 higher percentage of red skin, firmer pulp, later harvest, discovered in May 1999 in a nursery in Main Ridge, Victoria, Australia

Web links

Commons : Cripps Pink  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Susan K. Brown and Kevin E. Maloney: Making Sense of New Apple Varieties, Trademarks and Clubs: Current Status . In: New York Fruit Quarterly . Fall 2009. Vol. 17, No. 3 , p. 9–12 ( nyshs.org [PDF; 317 kB ; accessed on August 12, 2013]). nyshs.org ( Memento of March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ a b c Applied Horticultural Research (Ed.): Managing the Flesh Browning Disorder of Cripps Pink Apples . A summary of Australian research investigating the causes and management of the problem. Bundeena NSW, Australia 2008, p. 4 ( ahr.com.au [PDF; 3.5 MB ; accessed on August 12, 2013]). ahr.com.au ( Memento from April 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ Walter Guerra: Global variety trends for apples . In: fruit growing viticulture . tape 3/2016 , 2016, p. 5–11 ( eufrin.org [PDF]).
  4. ^ AG Mackay et al .: Cripps Pink Apple. An objective description of a new apple variety known as Cripps Pink bred by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture . Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Perth, S. 3-5 .
  5. ↑ a b c Hannah J. James: Understanding the flesh browning disorder of 'Cripps Pink' apples . A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources; The University of Sydney. Sydney, NSW, Australia 2007, p. 1–2 ( usyd.edu.au [PDF; 5.5 MB ; accessed on August 12, 2013]).
  6. ↑ a b c d e John Gapper: All is not rosy for the Pink Lady . In: Financial Times . September 20, 2004.
  7. ^ Susan K. Brown and Kevin E. Maloney, Genetic Improvement of Apple: Breeding, Markers, Mapping and Biotechnology . In: David C. Ferree and Ian J. Warrington (Eds.): Apples: botany, production and uses . CABI Publishing, Wallingford 2003, ISBN 0-85199-592-6 , chap. 3 , p. 31-59 .
  8. ↑ Elena de Castro, William V. Biasi and Elizabeth J. Mitcham: Quality of Pink Lady Apples in Relation to Maturity at Harvest, Prestorage Treatments, and Controlled Atmosphere during Storage . In: HortScience . Vol. 42-03, 2007, ISSN  0018-5345 , p. 605–610 ( ucce.ucdavis.edu [PDF; 2.9 MB ; accessed on August 12, 2013]).
  9. ↑ a b Hannah James and Jenny Jobling: The Flesh Browning Disorder of 'Pink Lady' ™ Apples . In: New York Fruit Quarterly . Vol. 16-02, 2008, pp. 23–28 ( nyshs.org [PDF; 594 kB ; accessed on August 13, 2013]). nyshs.org ( Memento of March 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ^ A b Gordon Brown: Coldrooms: When is it too cold? In: Australian Fruitgrower . Vol. 6, No. 3 , 2012, ISSN  1447-5618 , p. 14-16 .
  11. ↑ Elena de Castro et al .: Carbon Dioxide-induced Flesh Browning in Pink Lady Apples . In: Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science . Vol. 132-05, 2007, ISSN  0003-1062 , pp. 713-719 ( ucce.ucdavis.edu [PDF; 166 kB ; accessed on August 12, 2013]).
  12. ↑ Applied Horticultural Research (Ed.): Managing the Flesh Browning Disorder of Cripps Pink Apples . A summary of Australian research investigating the causes and management of the problem. Bundeena NSW, Australia 2008, p. 5–15 ( ahr.com.au [PDF; 3.5 MB ; accessed on August 12, 2013]). ahr.com.au ( Memento from April 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ↑ Desmond O'Rourke: World production, trade, consumption and economic outlook for apples . In: David C. Ferree, Ian J. Warrington (Eds.): Apples: botany, production and uses . CABI Publishing, Wallingford 2003, ISBN 0-85199-592-6 , chap. 2 , p. 15-29 .
  14. ↑ a b c d e Geraldine Warner: Cripps Pink is in expansion mode . In: Good Fruit Grower . March 15, 2012, p. 42–43 ( online [accessed August 13, 2013]). Online ( Memento from November 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  15. ↑ Hubert Siegler: Apple varieties for experimental cultivation in direct sales. (PDF; 82 kB) Bavarian State Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture, archived from the original on February 1, 2014 ; accessed on July 11, 2016 (English, original website no longer available).

Patents

  1. ↑ Patent application USPP7880 P: Apple tree Cripps Pink cultivar. Filed October 18, 1990, published June 9, 1992, Applicant: Western Australia Department of Agriculture Inventor: John E. Cripps (variety of apple; online at www.google.com/patents , accessed August 13, 2013).
  2. ↑ Patent application US2007283465: Apple tree, "Lady in Red". Filed May 31, 2006, published December 6, 2007, Applicants: Robert B. Morley and Elaine F. Morley Family Trust, Inventors: Robert B. Morley and Elaine F. Morley (apple variety; online at espacenet.com , accessed on August 12, 2013).
  3. ↑ Patent application US2008263732: Apple tree named "PLMAS98". Filed April 8, 2008, published October 23, 2008, inventors: Gordon Maslin and Christina Maslin (apple variety; online at espacenet.com , accessed August 12, 2013).
  4. ↑ Patent application US2009055978: Apple tree named “PLBAR B1”. Filed June 20, 2008, published February 26, 2009, applicant: Teak Enterprises Pty. Inventor: Dennis W. Barnsby (apple variety; online at espacenet.com , accessed August 12, 2013).
  5. ↑ Patent application US2009007305: Apple tree named “PLFOG99”. Filed June 20, 2008, published January 1, 2009, inventors: Terry Fogliani and Dianne Fogliani (apple variety; online at espacenet.com , accessed August 12, 2013).
  6. ↑ Patent application US2009199315: Apple tree named “RGLORS”. Registered on January 30, 2009, published on August 6, 2009, applicant: Agricola Mazzoni SS Soc. Inventors: Michelangelo Leis and Gualtiero Mazzoni (apple variety; online at espacenet.com , accessed August 13, 2013).
  7. ↑ Patent application US2004168235: Apple tree named "Rosy Glow". Filed November 12, 2003, published August 26, 2004, Applicants: Harleigh C. Mason and Ashley G. Mason, Inventors: Harleigh C. Mason and Ashley G. Mason (variety of apple; online at espacenet.com , accessed August 13 , 2003) . August 2013).
  8. ↑ Patent application US16725: Apple tree named "Ruby Pink". Filed May 26, 2004, published June 27, 2006, applicant: Tallawang Trust, inventors: Michael R. Staples and Jennifer R. Staples (apple variety; online at espacenet.com , accessed August 13, 2013).