Golden Delicious
| Golden Delicious | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Yellow Delicious, Golden Delicious |
|
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| Art | Cultivated apple ( Malus domestica ) |
| origin | Clay County, West Virginia , USA |
| known since | 1890 or 1905 |
| Launch | 1914 |
| ancestry | |
|
Random seedling , probably Goldreinette x Grimes Golden |
|
| List of apple varieties | |
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The Golden Delicious [ 'goʊldən də'liʃəs ] is a dessert fruit places of the culture apple . It is considered the most important yellow-green apple variety in world trade.
Golden Delicious is a sweet and aromatic apple whose tree is very productive. Originally from West Virginia , it has been grown worldwide since the mid-20th century. In Germany, it does not ripen until the end of the growing season and requires favorable climatic conditions in order to fully mature. In the 20th century , numerous golden delicious apples came on the market in Germany, especially in the GDR , which were not fully ripe and therefore lost a great deal of their taste quality.
Mainly because of its high, even yield, Golden Delicious is a favorite variety of apple growers, and its genetic makeup has meanwhile been incorporated into numerous commercially available varieties. Several other varieties are descended from Golden Delicious, which are also commercially grown globally, including Elstar , Jonagold , Gala , Cripps Pink , Rubinette and Pinova .
In Germany, Elstar has long since replaced Golden Delicious as the most popular cultivar. Golden Delicious still stands on 3.5 percent of the area where apples are grown. In Switzerland, Golden Delicious was the most popular cultivar until 2009. In South Tyrol , too , the apple was the most widespread variety, with a decreasing area under cultivation in recent years. In 1992 the new plantings of Golden Delicious were 73 percent, in 2016 it was only 9 percent, overtaken by Gala with 39 percent, Pink Lady with 14 percent and Red Delicious. In France and Italy, Golden Delicious is protected by several geographical designations of origin.
description
fruit
The fruits are greenish, turn creamy yellow when ripe and can be slightly reddened on the sunny side. However, the apple does not develop red stripes. The fruits are medium to large in size. They are round to elongated and evenly built. The body is clearly ribbed, the five ribs are clearly recognizable on the chalice in particular.
The stem pit is narrow and deep, usually with some russeting . The handle itself is long and narrow, it sits firmly in the handle pit. The calyx pit is on average wide and deep compared to other apples. The Golden Delicious skin is smooth, dry and thin. If grown in a humid climate, russeting can occur. The lenticels are comparatively large and gray-brown in color.
The cream-colored flesh is juicy and firm. If Golden Delicious is harvested late, its pulp is floury. At the time of harvest, the pulp should have a firmness of 7 to 8 kg / cm² and a sugar content of 11.5 to 13.0 ° Brix .
When fully ripe, the apples are sweet-aromatic and somewhat anise-like. Golden Delicious has very little acidity, which is evident in the taste. Fruits that are in the shade can taste watery, apples that are not ripe can be poor in taste. If Golden Delicious is cut open, the pulp oxidizes slowly.
tree
The tree is about medium in size. Branches and twigs grow at wide angles apart. Untrimmed, the tree is quite expansive with a tendency towards drooping branches. The tree bears fruit on annual wood and the branch ends.
Flower buds
blossom
Golden Delicious on the tree
history
Discovery and sale to Stark Brothers
There are two different ways to discover the Golden Delicious. According to the more widespread variant - which was spread by Stark Brothers for decades - Anderson H. Mullins discovered an apple tree with large yellow apples that had grown by chance on his property in Porter's Creek in Clay County , West Virginia / USA in 1905 . The tree bore abundantly even in years when the rest of its fruit trees bore hardly any fruit. The apples from the tree lasted until April. J. M. Mullins, nephew of Anderson Mullins, claimed to have discovered the tree as early as 1890. As a teenager on his father's farm, he mowed the grass and kept the tree alive until he finally carried apples. J. M. Mullins suggested that the original seed came from one of the trees on the farm, which were also believed to be of the Golden Reinette variety. Grimes Golden is accepted as the father variety , among other things because many common properties are recognizable.
It is certain again that L. L. Mullins, father of J. M. Mullins and brother of Anderson Mullins, sold the land and apple tree to Anderson Mullins at the beginning of the 20th century. Anderson Mullins named the apple Mullins Yellow Seedling and sent a few specimens to the Stark Brothers in Missouri in the spring of 1914 . Stark had already successfully introduced the Red Delicious apple variety in the United States and was one of the most successful and aggressive fruit growers of the time. Paul Stark , who was running the business at the time, was impressed with the taste of the apple and also that it had firm flesh back in April.
The Stark later spread in numerous catalogs to legend, he recognized the potential of the apple and set out on the trail of the Golden Apple , path of golden apple ' : The road led by train, a narrow-gauge railway and on horseback through the mountains West -Virginias to the Mullins property. Nobody opened the door for him there, and behind the house all he saw was a small orchard with small stunted trees. Only at second glance did he discover a large, abundantly bearing apple tree standing alone on a mountain. As he took a closer look at this tree, Mullins met him and introduced the apple: “It's called Mullins. I sent you some of them. "
Stark paid the family $ 5,000 (according to Anderson Mullins) and US $ 50 (according to J. M. Mullins) for the tree and the nearly 100 square feet of land around it. Likewise, Stark paid the family $ 100 a year to look after the tree for the next 30 years and stayed in regular exchanges about the condition of the original tree. Stark also had a cage built around the apple tree with a battery-operated alarm system. The original Golden Delicious died in 1958. Remnants of the cage could still be seen in 1987.
In commercial trade
In 1916, Stark Brothers, who were already selling Red Delicious, brought the apple on the market under the name Golden Delicious . Stark Brothers recommended Golden Delicious as the perfect complement to Red Delicious . Since Red Delicious did not fertilize itself, there had to be another apple variety on Red Delicious plantations that donated pollen. Golden Delicious, which bloomed for a long time and produced more pollen than almost all other apple varieties, was specially promoted by Stark for this purpose. Catalogs from the middle of the 20th century speak of the Red / Golden Delicious as a "model plantation".
It took only a few years for Golden Delicious to spread to the United States. The American Pomological Society awarded him the Wilder Medal in 1921 . The Washington Apple Commission , which - founded in the New Deal - wanted to promote fruit growing in Washington State, has recommended Golden Delicious as a table apple and pollen donor since the 1930s. However, Golden Delicious took longer to achieve market significance than Red Delicious. In 1945, when Red Delicious had dominated the market for a long time, the proportion of the area with Golden Delicious was only 1.8 percent in the USA. Fruit growers grew more of the seven other apple varieties. It wasn't until 1950 that the situation began to change. From the 1970s to the 2000s, Golden Delicious was the second most widely grown variety after Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious orchards had sprung up on every continent.
The rise of fruit growing in Washington to become the most important region for apple growing in the USA was significant for Golden Delicious . In Washington, Golden Delicious was the second variety after Red Delicious for decades. At its heyday in the 1970s, 95 percent of Washington's acreage was Red Delicious or Golden Delicious. Golden Delicious is now grown particularly in Europe and the USA. While Golden Delicious was the dominant “green” apple in world trade for decades, and after Red Delicious the most widespread apple worldwide, it has lost market share to varieties such as Jonagold, Gala, Fuji and Elstar since the turn of the millennium. In Washington, for example, Gala overtook Golden Delicious in 2003, and in 2010 Golden Delicious was only number 5 among the varieties. Across the United States, Gala replaced Golden Delicious in 2008. Golden Delicious is still very widespread in Europe.
Yellow Delicious in the GDR
In the GDR , the Golden Delicious, called the “Yellow Delicious”, was omnipresent. If the climate is unfavorable, the Golden Delicious loses its aroma, and it must be harvested earlier before it is fully ripe. However, the yield remains very high. Although the local climate had an adverse effect on its aroma, its high yield meant it was grown everywhere. The consequence was the oversupply of apples with reduced aroma. The early harvested “yellow delicious” got the nickname “Grüner Grässlicher” or “Yellow Strangler”.
Honors and references
West Virginia has been referring to the Golden Delicious since the second half of the 20th century . Since 1972 the apple itself has been the official state fruit. In 1995 West Virginia refined the general apple to be Golden Delicious. The appointment was made at the suggestion of Guyan Valley Junior High . Clay County, West Virginia, has held the Golden Delicious Festival every fall since 1973 . The program includes band appearances, a baking contest, beauty contests, motorcycle and art auctions, and a pan-throwing competition.
Late 20th century
In Trentino, Golden Delicious with Red Delicious and Canada Reinette are among the three apple varieties that have a protected designation of origin (DOP) as fruit from the Non Valley (Val Di Non) . Golden Delicious from Limousin have also been protected as AOC Pommes de Limousin since 2005 .
In 2010, researchers at the Fondazione Edmund Mach in Trentino , Italy deciphered the entire genome of the Golden Delicious. It was the first apple variety about which this knowledge was available. The researchers chose the apple because it is widespread around the world and accounts for 80 percent of apple cultivation in the area around the research center.
Spread today
In Germany, Golden Delicious was grown commercially in 2012 by 1530 farms on a total area of 982 hectares. This corresponds to 3.5 percent of the area of all German apple cultivation. Important growing areas are Baden-Württemberg with 364 hectares, Saxony with 221 hectares and Rhineland-Palatinate with 141 hectares.
In Switzerland , Golden Delicious was the most popular cultivar until 2009. It was only in 2010 that the Golden Delicious successor, Gala, surpassed it in popularity with fruit growers and came in second.
In Styria and South Tyrol , Golden Delicious is still the most important apple. In contrast to some newer varieties such as Braeburn , Golden Delicious has even regained its acreage in recent years.
Cultivation
Soil and climate
Golden Delicious tolerates many soil and climatic conditions. However, it is not frost-resistant in harsh winters. The tree thrives best in moderately moist soil in a warm climate with dry, sunny summers. In the Altes Land, for example, the fruit growing test group recommends cultivation only in protected locations on humus soils.
Ripeness and harvest
Golden Delicious blooms in the middle to the end of the season. It produces an unusually large amount of pollen for an apple, but fertilizes itself poorly. Compared to other apples, Golden Delicious starts producing fruit at a young age. The tree shows little alternation .
The winter apple can be harvested in Europe in October and is ready for consumption from December. Depending on the growing area and the climate, it can happen that the growing season for Golden Delicious is too short, the apples do not ripen fully and the taste is accordingly impaired when harvested. The harvest usually takes place in just one pass. The chosen time is usually when the color of the fruit changes from green to yellow.
The tree does not normally lose any fruit before harvest. The tree is very productive under good conditions. Golden Delicious is used as a measure of the yield of other varieties, the yield being expressed as a percentage of the Golden Delicious yield under the same conditions.
fertilization
The Golden Delicious is diploid , partially self-pollinating, and produces a lot of pollen compared to other apples. Suitable pollinators are Braeburn , Cox Orange , Milwa , Elstar , Gala , Idared , Pinova , Rubinette and Summerred . Chemicals are sometimes used to prevent russeting on apples.
storage
In Germany, Golden Delicious can be kept in fresh air stores until December. It can be kept in the CA warehouse until June. Under optimal conditions, Golden Delicious will keep until the next harvest. The apples can be stored refrigerated until March, in the CA warehouse the apples in Europe can be kept until July. Optimal conditions in the CA warehouse depend on the region. They are between 1 and 3 percent oxygen and 0 to 4 percent carbon dioxide at −0.5 to 2 degrees Celsius.
Skin damaged apples are prone to storage rot . In order to avoid wrinkled skin, it is usually waxed before storage.
Vulnerabilities and resistances
Golden Delicous is very prone to apple scab . The tree is therefore not recommended for home gardens and garden enthusiasts. Peel tan occurs in some growing areas in the warehouse, but is prevented by storage in the CA warehouse. The susceptibility to powdery mildew depends on the growing region and is hardly present in Baden-Württemberg, for example. Golden Delicious is susceptible to rust fungi of the species Gymnosporangium clavipes and the species Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae , as well as to the apple aphid . The apple is moderately resistant to fire blight and is one of the few apples to be resistant to fruit tree cancer.
use
Golden Delicious is a table apple . It hardly disintegrates during cooking and baking and is therefore suitable for culinary use in which the apple should still be recognizable as such. It is used for applesauce and baby food. A fruit brandy is made from Golden Delicious , which, like Williams-Christ brandy, has an unmistakable aroma.
Golden Delicious, together with the apple varieties Braeburn , Gala , Granny Smith and Jonagold particularly common in relation to other varieties than Apple Allergy- called incompatible.
Mutants
As with all common apple varieties, numerous mutants have come onto the market. At least 60 different varieties have since been grown commercially. Various other variants differ, for example, in the degree of russeting , color, fruit size, tree size, alternation or resistance to powdery mildew. In Europe, the mutants 'Golden Klon B' and 'Golden Reinders' are particularly common, both of which have less russeting than the original form, but also 'Parsi de rosa', 'Leratess Pinkgold' and 'Smothee'. In the USA the mutant 'Smothee' is widespread. 'Clone B' is a free variant that can be commercially propagated by anyone without violating any variety rights. 'Reinders' and 'Smothee' are both protected by trademark law, 'Parsi de rosa', 'Leratess Pinkgold' by trademark and variety law, they all have to be licensed for cultivation.
'Reinders' is the newer of the two main European mutants and has been planted since the 1990s. 'Reinders' shows less russeting than 'Clone B'. 'Reinders' is also greener in color and more pointed than 'Clone B'. The harvest window - the period in which the apple can be harvested - is smaller for 'Reinders' than for 'Clone B'. While 'Clone B' can be harvested for up to three weeks without any significant loss of quality, 'Reinders' apples fall from the tree about two weeks after they are ready to be picked. 'Clone B' was discovered in the USA in 1936 and has been distributed in Europe since the 1960s. Due to its wide distribution, prominent properties of 'Clone B', such as the shape and the striking lenticels , are now considered typical of the whole variety. Other variants of 'Clone B' are on the market. 'Leratess Pinkgold' has a slightly higher sugar content than 'Clone B' and is slightly red in color, which is more popular with many consumers. However, it also tends to russet and the color is inconsistent. 'Parsi de rosa' has the typical shape of 'clone B', also pronounced lenticels, but a more pronounced red overlay and a significantly smoother skin than 'clone B'.
'Smothee' is most common in the United States. The variant dates from 1958 and has been on the market since 1967. It has been widespread in Europe since the 1980s. 'Smothee' shows significantly less russeting than the original form and is the least rusty of the mutants common in the trade. 'Smothee' has higher yields than the standard form, but is also difficult to thin out . In practice, the apples harvested are therefore usually smaller than with other variants.
Common mutants are for example 'Starkspur Golden Delicious', 'Golden Glory', 'Goldspur', 'Lutz', 'Lysgolden' and 'Belgolden'. Other mutants that are largely free of russeting and that are not yet widespread are 'Mema Golden' and 'Golden Orange', both of which have a reddish cheek color on the sunny side. 'Golden Orange' is also comparatively scab-resistant, but sensitive to pressure and less storable than other mutants. Also in commercial cultivation are: 'Anglia', 'Anvil Super-Golden', 'Ba-Wü', 'Belgolden Champagner', 'Bovey 85', 'Crielaard', 'Dania', 'Denmark', 'Dould' , 'Early Gold', 'Elbee', 'Ellis No. 1 ',' Frazier Goldenspur ',' Golden Eyre ',' Golden slit ',' Goldenir ',' Goldensheen ',' Haidegg ',' Harvey ',' Klon 85 ',' Klon 88 ',' Lutzgolden ',' Mauch ',' Missouri ',' Nania ',' Oregon ',' Perleberg Sci. 2 ',' Primerose ',' Resista ',' Rosa Gold ',' Rugginosa ',' Rugos', 'Russet Golden', 'Sans Rugos',' Switzerland ',' Shay ',' Smith ',' Starkgolden ', 'Sturdyspur', 'Sundale', 'Testerspur', 'Vinson', 'Weinsberg', 'Whisley' and 'Yellow Spur'.
Varieties derived from Golden Delicious
Golden Delicious has long been the world benchmark for good yields. Golden Delicious is comparatively easy to grow. Its taste was able to assert itself worldwide. This is why the variety has been used in numerous breeding programs to pass on these traits. Golden Delicious is one of the five varieties that make up a large proportion of the apples traded on the world market today. Golden Delicious' is the parent variety of several varieties that are traded worldwide today; its offspring are already dominating the world market. These include globally planted varieties such as ' Elstar ', ' Jonagold ', ' Gala ', ' Cripps Pink ', and several popular varieties such as ' Rubinette ' and ' Pinova '. ' Mutsu ' ' Arlet ', ' Delblush ', ' Delcorf ', ' Creston ', ' Summerred ', ' Fu Shuai ', ' Sekaiichi ', ' Shizuka ', ' Pirella ', ' Kinsei ' are also grown commercially on a larger scale. , ' Sweet Caroline ', ' Falstaff ', ' Xinguan ', ' Tsugaru ', ' Shamrock ', ' Orin ', ' Maigold ', ' Delbard Jubile ', ' Sir Prize ', ' GoldRush ', ' Primiera ', ' Ariwa ',' Florina ',' Princesa ',' Enterprise ',' Baujade ',' Freedom ',' Priam ', Prima ', and ' UEB 32642 ' (brand name Opal ).
Trivia
In 2013, the United States Postal Service issued four 33 cents worth of postage stamps depicting apples. In addition to the Baldwin , the Northern Spy and the Granny Smith , the Golden Delicious was also shown.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Cheryl R. Hampson, Henk Kemp: Characteristics of Important Commercial Apple Cultivars. In: D. C. Ferree, I. J. Warrington (Eds.): Apples. Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0-85199-592-6 , p. 64
- ↑ Newly planted apple trees: Gala overtakes Golden Delicious. February 24, 2017. From BuonGiornoSuedtirol.it, accessed on October 20, 2019.
- ↑ a b c d e f fruit growing advice Baden-Württemberg: table varieties - market varieties: Golden Delicious
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Cheryl R. Hampson, Henk Kemp: Characteristics of Important Commercial Apple Cultivars. In: D. C. Ferree, I. J. Warrington (Eds.): Apples. Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0-85199-592-6 , p. 65
- ↑ a b c d e variety sheet Golden Delicious ( Memento of the original from May 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Agroscope, Swiss Confederation
- ^ Bioversity International: Apple Descriptors Bioversity International ISBN 9290431040 , p. 20
- ↑ a b c d e Last Bite - Discovering Gold ( Memento from May 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , Good Fruit Grower February 15, 2011
- ↑ a b c d e Tara Auxt Baugher, Steve Blizzard: The 'Golden Delicious' Apple. In: David C. Ferree (Ed.): A History of Fruit Varieties. Good Fruit Grower Magazine, ISBN 0-9630659-7-1 , p. 20.
- ↑ a b c Susan Dolan: Fruitful legacy. A historic context of orchards in the United States, with technical information for registering orchards in the National Register of Historic Places . United States Government Printing Office , ISBN 0-16-082127-4 , p. 100.
- ↑ Susan Dolan: Fruitful legacy. A historic context of orchards in the United States, with technical information for registering orchards in the National Register of Historic Places. United States Government Printing Office, ISBN 0-16-082127-4 , p. 99.
- ↑ Henry Klix: An apple from the GDR - the Pinova is popular with Werder's fruit growers. In: Potsdam's latest news. April 17, 2007, online at PNN.de, accessed December 30, 2016.
- ↑ From 'Grünen Grässlichen' to Germany's number 1. In: Sächsische Zeitung Online. May 18, 2011, online at SZ-online.de, accessed on December 30, 2016.
- ↑ Golden Delicious. (PDF; 14.7 kB) In: obstbau-jaehrling.com. Fruit growing yearling, accessed December 30, 2016 .
- ↑ Golden Delicious Apple - West Virginia State Fruit. Online at StatesymbolsUSA.org, accessed December 31, 2016.
- ↑ Golden Delicious: State Fruit of West Virginia. In: Official Journal of the Senate Regular and Extended Session. 1995, Volume I, pp. 200-201. Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 7, adopted February 20, 1995, online at wvculture.org, accessed December 31, 2016.
- ^ Clay County's Golden Delicious Festival. Online at ClayGoldenDeliciousFestival.com, accessed December 31, 2016.
- ↑ Publication of the application for registration in accordance with Article 6 (2) of Regulation (EEC) No. 2081/92 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs (2003 / C 30/05). In: Official Journal of the European Union . C, No. 30, February 8, 2003, pp. 15-20, accessed December 31, 2016.
- ^ AOC Limousin Golden Apples. Online at regions-of-france.com, accessed December 31, 2016.
- ↑ Publication of an application under Article 6 (2) of Council Regulation (EC) No. 510/2006 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs. In: Official Journal of the European Union . C, No. 204, August 26, 2006, pp. 26-29, accessed June 7, 2020.
- ^ Fondazione Edmund Mach di San Michele all'Adige: An Italian-led international research consortium decodes the apple genome. August 29, 2010, online at alphagalileo.org, accessed December 31, 2016.
- ^ Bryan Sosinski et al .: Rosaceaous Genome Sequencing: Perspectives and Progress. In: Kevin M. Folta, Susan E. Gardiner (Eds.): Genetics and Genomics of Rosaceae. P. 609.
- ↑ Agriculture, forestry, fisheries - agricultural land use - tree fruit areas. Special series 3, series 3.1.4, Federal Statistical Office, Wiesbaden 2012, p. 39. From Destatis.de, accessed on February 9, 2017 (PDF; 971 kB).
- ↑ Agriculture, forestry, fisheries - agricultural land use - tree fruit areas. Technical series 3, series 3.1.4, Federal Statistical Office, Wiesbaden 2012, pp. 40–44. On Destatis.de, accessed on February 9, 2017 (PDF; 971 kB).
- ↑ Denise Battaglia: Do you want to bite into the Golden Delicious forever? In: Switzerland on Sunday. December 4, 2010. On SchweizAmSonntag.ch, accessed on February 9, 2017.
- ↑ a b Thomas Rühmer: New Golden Age. In: Haidegger Perspektiven. Edition 2/2012, Life Department Styria, pp. 6–7. At Agrar.Steiermark.at, accessed on February 9, 2017 (PDF; 380 kB).
- ↑ Melissa Hansen: New varieties are slow to be planted. - High production and ease of growing has kept Golden Delicious the number-one planted Italian variety. Good Fruit Grower, February 1, 2011. From GoodFruit.com, accessed February 9, 2017.
- ^ A b Johann-Heinrich Rolff: The apple - variety names and synonyms. Volume 1: Apples, Books on Demand, 2001, ISBN 978-3-8311-0956-2 , p. 157.
- ^ Bioversity International: Apple Descriptors. Bioversity International, ISBN 9290431040 , p. 27.
- ^ Bioversity International: Apple Descriptors. Bioversity International, ISBN 9290431040 , p. 30.
- ↑ Info apple allergy. Association for the Environment and Nature Conservation Germany (BUND) Lemgo, January 2015, at BUND-Lemgo.de, accessed on February 9, 2017 (PDF; 250 kB).
- ↑ a b c d e f Hans Scholten and Gerard Poldervaart: The Golden Delicious mutants of tomorrow: smooth with a red cheek ( memento of the original from March 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.2 MB). EfM 11/2011 pp. 14-15.
- ↑ a b Markus Spuhler: Who will push Golden Delicious from the apple throne? , Schweizerbauer.ch September 11, 2012.
- ^ A b Cheryl R. Hampson, Henk Kemp: Characteristics of Important Commercial Apple Cultivars. In: DC Ferree, IJ Warrington (Eds.): Apples. Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0-85199-592-6 , p. 66.
- ^ USPS information page , accessed October 11, 2016
literature
- Willi Votteler: Directory of apple and pear varieties. Obst- und Gartenbauverlag, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-87596-086-6 , p. 176.
