Cox orange

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cox orange
Synonyms Cox's Orange Pippin (England), Cox's Bitter Orange Pepping, Cox Orangenrenette, Russet Pippin, Improved Muscatrenette
Cox orange horticulture.jpg
Art Cultivated apple ( Malus domestica )
origin Buckinghamshire , England
breeder Richard Cox
Breeding year 1825
Launch 1850
ancestry

Random seedling , mother variety: ' Ribston Pepping '

List of apple varieties
Cross sections through the fruit
Images of the fruit

The Cox Orange is a cultivar of the cultivated apple ( Malus domestica ) that belongs to the Renetten . The apple was discovered in England in the early 19th century as the seedling of a Ribston Pepping . In the United Kingdom, it is one of the most popular apple varieties and is often seen there as a typical representative of the English way of life. Cox Orange is brown-orange on a yellow-green background. It's firm, but not crisp.

As a winter apple , the Cox Orange needs well-ventilated soils with a high water capacity, humid summers with little heat and humid winters. It grows best in a marine climate . Like all red apple varieties, Cox Orange is particularly vulnerable to global warming . In Germany and Switzerland it is only grown on 1% of the area used for apple cultivation. In the UK, Cox Orange was the dominant variety until 2011, and it was in more than half of the land by the beginning of the 21st century. Although Cox Orange is more difficult to grow and more difficult to store than most other globally traded apple varieties, it has been able to hold its own in retail because of its aroma.

Other well-known apple varieties such as Holsteiner Cox , Alkmene , Rubinette and Shampion come from Cox Orange . Cox is also the direct ancestor of Elstar , Gala and Pinova .

description

Fruit: shape and color

Cox Orange in the German pomology by Wilhelm Lauche
Cox orange

Cox orange apples are medium in size compared to other apples. They have an average fruit weight of 115 grams with a density of 0.84 g / cm³. The apple is wider than it is tall, but in most cases it is quite evenly built. The fruit shape index (height divided by diameter) is 0.83 with a variation between 0.78 and 0.90. The apple reaches its greatest width around its middle height.

The apple is distinctly two-colored. A yellow-green basic color shows a light orange to strawberry-red color on the sunny side. The colors are particularly pronounced when the harvest has been preceded by a few cool nights. The skin of the Cox Orange is usually dry, but a wax layer can develop. The lenticels on the skin of the apple are irregular, sometimes as rusty stars and sometimes as light dots. There is often network-like rust on the shell. Also around the calyx pit there are often finely-scaled, cinnamon-colored rust caps.

The chalice itself is medium-sized and half-open. The green leaflets are lanceolate in shape and have outwardly curved brown tips. They are separated at the bottom. The calyx pit is plate-like, shallow to a little deep and small to medium-sized. It is often finely scaly and rusted over the edge. The calyx area is smaller than the stem area. The stem is short to medium long, medium thick and button-shaped. The stalk of fruit that grew in the middle of an infructescence is often short and bulbous, and it breaks off easily. The stem pit is narrow and rather deep. It is often rusted or cracked.

The core house is medium in size and close to the chalice. The central axis in the core house is hollow. The black-brown seeds with white tips come in different amounts and different shapes. The vascular bundles in the apple are inconspicuous.

After damage, so-called warts can form, occasionally rust streaks on the long side. When the apple is affected by fruit rot, the skin is dry, roughened, dull and soft.

Fruit: texture and taste

The texture of the apple is firm but not crisp. The color of the meat is greenish-yellow to cream-colored. It is fine-celled with a short break and juicy. Later after the harvest it becomes tender or soft.

According to The New Oxford Book of Food Plants, the taste is a pleasant balance of sweetness and acidity, which is accompanied by an intense smell. The overall impression is “perfect” and, according to the fruit variety atlas, “unique”. Aroma research tests found that Cox Orange had an intensely aromatic pulp, which trained testers described as sweet, fruity and pear-like. A particular advantage of the Cox is its property of not being able to produce a dominant flavor, but rather a large number of different and complementary taste nuances.

The apple gets its typical aroma mainly from the volatile organic compounds butyric acid ethyl ester , acetaldehyde , 2-methyl-1-butanol and ethyl isobutyrate . In total, researchers found 18 effective fragrances in the pulp of a Cox Orange. The later the apple is harvested, the lower its proportion of total titratable acid and the sweeter its taste.

Flowers and propagation

Cox flowers

The tree is diploid and therefore in principle well suited for the fertilization of other varieties. Cox is often parthenocarp , which means that fruits on Cox also form without fertilization. In particular, the varieties ' Karmijn de Sonnaville ' and ' Holsteiner Cox ', which are derived from Cox Orange, cannot be fertilized by Cox. The tree blooms mid-early and can be easily grown in Germany with 'Alkmene', 'Berlepsch', 'Goldparmäne', 'Golden Delicious', 'Gloster', 'Glockenapfel', 'James Grieve', 'Idared', ' Ingrid-Marie' ',' Jonathan ',' Klarapfel ',' Jamba ',' McIntosh 'or' Ontario 'fertilize.

The number of flowers is four to nine with an average of six. The inflorescence is small compared to other apples, the stems are dense and hairy and densely packed. The central and subterminal flowers , the flowers at the end of the inflorescence, may be inhibited. The five medium-sized petals touch each other on the individual flowers . They are long-nailed , medium-sized, and round or long- oval. The six to nine primary leaves are small and elliptical. These wither quickly. The sepals are long-pointed, shaped downwards, abut like claws and have wine-red tips. The styles are as long as the stamens, sometimes longer.

Wood and leaves

The trees are medium-sized compared to other apple trees. They are productive with high crop densities. They have a spherical or pyramid shape, with long and thin shoots. In commercial crops, summer cuttings are carried out regularly, which lead to more regular shoots and an even distribution of the flowers. The tree has narrow, medium-sized leaves. Since he has a lot of them, they form a dense, fine foliage. The leaves are light, shimmering green and often curved inwards. They are often wavy and finely to moderately notched at the edge. Your bottom runs to a point.

The fruits grow mainly on the two-year long shoots with their one-year short side shoots. On the short shoots, the fruits grow at the end of the shoot. If perennial fruit-bearing shoots arise from these short shoots, these are called whorls. The long shoots are often only branched at the head and bare at the base. Annual long shoots can occasionally also bear fruit, but these are usually not marketed because of their poor quality. Older wood is ocher yellow.

history

Breeding and Distribution

Probable ancestor: Ribston Pepping

The Cox Orange was selected in 1825 by the brewer and hobby gardener Richard Cox on his Colnbrook Lawn estate in Colnbrook , Buckinghamshire ( England ) as a seedling of a free-flowering ' Ribston Pepping '. ' Blenheim Orange ' is a possible father variety . Cox Orange came from the same breeding trials as the ' Cox Pomona ' variety, which was also very popular in England at times . The breeder himself did not try to spread the apple, but only raised it in his nursery in Colnbrook.

From 1850 the apple was distributed by the Small tree nursery and has been shown regularly at exhibitions since 1854. He had his national breakthrough at the Fruit Show of the Horticultural Society in October 1857, when he clearly surpassed the previous favorite, Ribston Pepping, in the jury's rating. At that time there were already several apple varieties that were sold as "Orange" or "Orange Pippin". The most famous of these was the Isle of Wight Pippin '. Small and Sons therefore gave him the assignment as "Cox's" Orange Pippin. Despite this award, it was over 100 years before the Royal Horticultural Society , the successor to the Horticultural Society, bestowed the highest honor of a first-class certificate on Cox in 1962. At the time, the apple had been the market leader in the UK for many decades. Since 1862 the variety has been grown on a commercial scale. After just a few years, it began to outperform the British favorite varieties of the time, ' Beautiful from Bath ' and ' Worcester Pearmain '.

Until the late 19th century, Cox Orange and Ribston Pepping rivaled for the reputation of being the best tasting of all British apples. Their aroma is similar, but the Cox is a little sweeter. While Cox supporters praised this, supporters of the 'Ribston Pepping' praised its more balanced, varied taste compared to the “too sweet” Cox.

In Germany in 1870 the apple, together with the ' Schöner aus Boskoop ' and the ' Ananasrenette ', was still considered a "little or no-known variety whose cultivation is recommended."

Due to the high susceptibility to diseases, the apple went out of fashion for a while at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. After the introduction of sulfur lime (calcium polysulphide) as a pesticide around 1920, however, it regained popularity.

Cox Orange as a symbol of Englishness

Cox apples in an English plantation

Cox Orange grows ideally in the conditions in southern England, and it has always been at its greatest there. For many English people it symbolized the English autumn and was considered something typically English. George Orwell described the apple as the best of the exceptionally good English apples in his 1945 essay In Defense of English Cooking . Orwell, who himself planted a Cox tree in his garden in the 1930s, was still proud of this deed in 1946: I have never had an apple from this tree. But someone else will one day harvest there. You should recognize them by their fruits, and Cox is a good fruit to be recognized by them.

The Irish writer Brendan Behan describes in his autobiographical work Borstal Boy (1958) how he had to pick apples for a whole autumn as a young prisoner in England, first the 'Worcesters', then the 'Early Rivers' and the 'Victoria's', and was allowed to eat as much as he wanted. The Cox oranges, on the other hand, were considered too precious, were closely guarded and harvested by paid pickers (They're the best bastard apples of the lot […] Cox's Orange Pippins. They got a special squad picking 'em, and all) . British director Michael Powell described himself in his autobiography as "English to the core, as English as a Cox Orange." British-Canadian restaurant critic Gina Mallet writes of the apple in her autobiography Last Chance to Eat : For England was the greatest Apple in the world of Cox Orange - that's how every nation thinks of their favorite apple. In a 2007 article of praise about British apples, the Independent generally described the Cox Orange as “the top of the apples, the zenith of the apples, the top of the apples”.

In Colnbrook itself, however, little is reminiscent of the discovery of the apple. The place that is now in the immediate vicinity of London Heathrow Airport is occupied by high-rise apartment buildings and a car park. However, some remains of Cox's garden can still be found hidden there. Nearby in Colnbrook there has been an orchard, Pippins Park , since 1992, with a few apple trees, including Cox Orange and 'Cox Pomona'; Richard Cox and the Cox Orange are also remembered in this garden.

Cultivation in decline since the end of the 20th century

Self-picking apple orchard with Cox and Laxton's Fortune in Norfolk.

For decades, Cox Orange was one of the most widespread varieties on the world market. It was especially common in Europe. But even there it has lost importance in recent years. Other markets such as Asia, where Cox never had a strong position, have become more important today. In 2000, the world (excluding China) produced around 218,000 tons of Cox Orange, while the ' Red Delicious ' and ' Golden Delicious ' varieties produced around five million tons, and ' Gala ' or ' Fuji ' just under two million tons.

The apple was the UK's most popular apple for a hundred years . The main growing area there is Kent . It was not until 2010 that the ' Gala ' variety, available all year round, was able to replace it. At that time, a good 20,000 tonnes of Cox Orange were being eaten in the UK each year. Between 2000 and 2010, the UK acreage of Cox Orange was halved. At the beginning of the 1990s, 70% of all apples grown in the UK were Cox Orange (followed by ' Egremont Russet ' at a long distance ), while in 2010 the percentage of 'Royal Gala' was almost as high as that of Cox. In 2011, the better looking and more trade friendly 'Gala' outperformed Cox Orange in production for the first time.

In addition to England, the variety is still cultivated in New Zealand and on the east coast of the United States. In the USA, the apple is almost non-existent in supermarkets, but it is a popular variety at weekly markets and for self-pickers. Other countries where commercial Cox orange cultivation takes place are the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia, France, Sweden and Denmark.

In Germany, the cultivation of Cox Orange has been falling continuously for decades. In 1972, Cox Orange was still the second most important variety of German fruit growers, accounting for 20% of the apples grown, but by 2002 its share had fallen to 4.5%. In 2011, Cox Orange was only grown on 302 hectares, which corresponds to 1.1% of the area in all of German apple cultivation. The more climate-tolerant Cox descendant 'Rubinette', on the other hand, was able to gain acreage. In Germany, apples from German and Dutch cultivation are on sale from September to April, and from New Zealand from April to July.

In Switzerland, Cox Orange is also a niche variety for special growing areas. In the climatically favored Lake Constance area , just under 9% of the fruit-growing area was planted with Cox Orange at the beginning of the 1990s. In Austria the apple only plays a niche role and is of no importance in commercial cultivation.

Cultivation

Climate and soil

Cox apples after harvest

The apples of the Cox Orange ripen in Europe at the end of September. In England, the fruit is ripe about five months after flowering, and the apple is a late variety. In New Zealand, however, the process only takes three and a half months and Cox Orange is considered an early variety. The tree blooms weakly in the middle of the season and is partially self-pollinating. The trees are moderately susceptible to extreme frosts in winter. Late frosts have a comparatively strong effect on the productivity of the apple, as the flowers are relatively sensitive to frost. High post-flowering temperatures promote high productivity, while high temperatures in late winter and pre-flowering season affect productivity.

In order to produce good growth, yield and good fruit quality, Cox Orange depends on an even metabolism. To do this, he needs healthy tissue and an even supply of water and nutrition. If it comes to disturbances, small or torn fruits up to fruit waste or a bad leaf condition are the result. The apple is sensitive to any disturbance in the soil, climate or water supply. It is sensitive to frost, prefers mild summers and reacts with diseases to phases of prolonged drought or humid climates. Although the apple needs an even supply of water, it is sensitive to prolonged rain at low temperatures in summer.

The tree needs deep, sufficiently ventilated and nutritious soils with high water capacity and replenishment. This means that it will neither grow well on sandy soils, as these dry out easily, nor on loamy or clay soils, as these are not adequately ventilated. Like all apples, it needs as much sun as possible. The tree also thrives in light partial shade; however, the more sun falls on the tree, the richer and more aromatic the fruit.

Diseases and Resistance

The tree is extremely susceptible to disease and pests . The leaves are often affected by necrotic points. If there are problems with location, weather or nutrition, the leaves tend to fall off prematurely. The apple is susceptible to the speck and fire blight . The first description of collar rot in apples, caused by Phytophthora cactorum , was made in 1939 on a Cox Orange infected by it. If the water supply is poor, the tree develops a more than mediocre susceptibility to fruit tree cancer . Cox Orange is moderately susceptible to scab and powdery mildew . If there are weakly growing rootstocks on moist soil, it can lead to Cox's disease , in which premature leaf loss and low productivity come together. Viruses cause Cox to become infected with gum wood disease , star cracking and bacteria ( phytoplasms ) with apple shoots .

A common parasite is the apple aphid . Deer, rabbits and mice prefer the bark and leaves of the Cox Orange. Because of this, and because of the susceptibility to various diseases, the lifespan of individual trees is not very long in the main growing areas.

maintenance

When treated with pesticides, the tree is sensitive to copper and sulfur.

Regular pruning is necessary in order to prevent a two-year crop rotation ( alternation ) and to ensure sufficient growth in size. However, severe winter pruning can contribute to the formation of water shoots, unwanted blind shoots that "shoot" towards the sky, claiming nutrients and shading flowers and fruits. However, these can be cut back in summer. Due to the susceptibility to frost, it makes sense to carry out the winter pruning only after the danger of later frosts and to use frost-hard bases. For the best taste, the harvest may only take place when the apple is fully ripe on the tree. The taste and texture depend significantly on the right harvest time.

Yield and Storage

Cox starts growing apples early in his life. The yield is only about 50% to 60% of the production of Golden Delicious , and only under optimal circumstances can it be slightly higher.

In Europe, Cox Orange can be consumed from the fresh air store in October and November, from the cold store into December, and from the CA store into March. Under ideal conditions in the CA warehouse, Cox Orange can be stored for up to 30 weeks. In order to achieve this period, all steps must have been carried out without errors before storage. A temperature of 3 to 4.5 degrees Celsius is then required in the warehouse itself, the room air must contain 1 to 3% oxygen and less than 1% CO 2 . The humidity should be between 90 and 95%. Treatment with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid , which causes other apples to ripen earlier and thus reduces the risk of disease, leads to premature aging in storage at Cox Orange.

Cox Orange is one of the apple varieties that softens quickly and therefore places special demands on storage. A phase of slow softening is followed by a phase in which this happens quickly before the process stabilizes and slowly continues again. Factors that influence the process are the harvest time, the temperature and the composition of the air in the storage. The earlier the apple is harvested, the more crisp it will remain during storage. The greatest effect that the CA storage has on the apple lies in the time immediately after the harvest, while the apple is in the first phase of softening.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the maximum storage time was 16 weeks, for which the apple had to be stored at the same temperature in normal room air.

Mutants

Due to the long time on the market, there are now hundreds of mutants of Cox Orange with a certain distribution. The main difference between the individual mutants is the different coloration. Some are self-fertilizing. Some of the mutants arose from radiation programs. Common variants resulting from irradiation are EMLA 4, EMLA 7, EMLA 8 and EMLA 9 from the United Kingdom and mutants with MPI numbers from Germany. The other common variants resulted from random mutation and selection.

Queen Cox in particular managed to establish itself as its own variety in the trade at times. The virus-free T12, developed in 1975, is the standard variant in the Dutch Cox-Orange cultivation. The mutants 1/11 (also: Schleswig-Holstein ), Ley 36.72, offer particularly high yields. T12. T21, EMLA 1, Queen Cox and Ottensen, while the mutants Kortegård and Kummer have particularly low yields. The fruit sizes are very even at 1/11 and T 21, but uneven at EMLA 2 and Kortegård. Individual fruits are particularly large on Ley 36.72. T 21 and Queen Cox. The mutants Ley 36.72, T 21 and Queen Cox in particular are also characterized by a particularly pronounced red color, while this is weak in EMLA 1, EMLA 2, 1/11 and T 12. Kortegård also has a high tendency to russet . Internationally distributed mutants are Cherry Cox, Cox Rouge des Flandres, Crimson Cox, Korallo Cox, Moje Cox, Hauschildt Cox, Clone 18, Cox la Vera and Flikweert.

Use and ingredients

The apple regularly takes first place in taste tests and can only assert itself among the commercially planted apple varieties because of its taste. It is suitable for direct consumption, as well as for the production of apple and sparkling apple wine . It retains an intense aroma during cooking and baking. It is usually mixed with other varieties to make apple juice and applesauce . The sugar content is 14%, the average acidity 7.1 grams / liter.

Cox Orange is a highly allergenic apple and therefore not suitable for people with apple allergies . Unlike some other apple varieties, Cox Orange hardly causes any cross-allergies in pollen allergy sufferers. The vitamin C content of 10 mg / 100 g fresh fruit mass is slightly below average compared to other apple varieties.

Varieties derived from Cox Orange

With at least 110 varieties bred from Cox Orange, Cox Orange is one of the five varieties from which most modern apple varieties are derived. Cox Orange has long encouraged breeders, especially with its aroma and great sensitivity, who tried to achieve a similar aroma with apples, which are easier to grow. The Laxton Brothers , who brought numerous Cox descendants onto the market at the beginning of the 20th century , made a name for themselves here . In particular, 'Laxtons Advance', 'Laxtons Epicure' and ' Laxtons Superb ' are reminiscent of Cox in terms of aroma. Of these, however, only 'Laxtons Superb' will be grown commercially in the 21st century. Some of the apples developed their own, intense aroma, such as ' Kidds Orange Red ', which in Europe does not even ripen due to the short growing season.

Outside of England, numerous breeders tried to breed Cox descendants that could also grow in harsher climates. Researchers at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Breeding Research in Müncheberg near Frankfurt / Oder bred the ' Alkmene ' variety , while ' Shampion ' was produced in the Czech Republic and ' Rubinette ' in Switzerland . In New Zealand, which has longer growing cycles, breeders crossed Cox Orange with ' Red Delicious '. This resulted in 'Kidds Orange Red', the father of ' Gala ', one of the world's most important apple varieties in the early 21st century. The direct descendants with a wide distribution of Cox also include ' Holsteiner Cox ' and ' Fiesta '. Some varieties such as 'Holsteiner Cox', ' Suntan ' or ' Tydemans Late Orange ' are more reminiscent of the Cox dam Ribston Pepping than of Cox himself in their bitter taste. However, cultivars that are the grandchildren of Cox Orange are particularly important worldwide. These surpass Cox in terms of worldwide distribution. In addition to Cox himself, the 'Ingrid-Marie' - ' Golden-Delicious ' crossbreed ' Elstar ' and the 'Kidd's-Orange-Red' descendant ' Gala ', the world's most successful apple from the Cox family. The 'Pinova' variety that is widespread in Germany is a descendant of the Cox descendant 'Clivia'.

Remarks

  1. ^ Greenwood, V. (2019). How climate change could kill the red apple. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20191119-how-climate-change-could-kill-the-red-apple
  2. ^ Wilhelm Lauche: German Pomology , 6 volumes, Berlin 1879 to 1884.
  3. ^ A b c d e f g h i j Robert Silbereisen, Gerhard Götz, Walter Hartmann: Obstsorten-Atlas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5537-0 , p. 40.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Cheryl R. Hampson and Henk Kemp: Characteristics of Important Commercial Apple Cultivars in: DC Ferree and IJ Warrington (Eds.): Apples. Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing 2003, ISBN 0-85199-592-6 , p. 80 ( online preview on Google Books)
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  6. ↑ Apples (4): Cultivars of Flavors and Quality. In: John Vaughan, Catherine Geissler: The New Oxford Book of Food Plants. Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-160949-7 . ( books.google.de preview).
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  11. ^ A b c d e f g Robert Silbereisen, Gerhard Götz, Walter Hartmann: Obstsorten-Atlas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5537-0 , p. 39.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f Robert Silbereisen, Gerhard Götz, Walter Hartmann: Obstsorten-Atlas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5537-0 , p. 38.
  13. ↑ Noah's Ark: Cox Orangenrenette (PDF; 275 kB)
  14. ^ Robert Silbereisen, Gerhard Götz, Walter Hartmann: Obstsorten-Atlas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5537-0 , p. 102
  15. ^ Robert Hogg: The British Pomology: The History, Description, Classification, and Synonymes, of the Fruits and Fruit Trees of Great Britain. (1851). Cambridge Literary Collection, Cambridge University Press 2011, ISBN 978-1-108-03944-4 , p. 117.
  16. ↑ a b c d Michael Leapman: Why Cox's will always be the apple of my eye . In: Daily Telegraph. March 15, 2011.
  17. ^ The Oberdieck celebration in Braunschweig. In: Association for the promotion of horticulture in the Prussian states: Weekly of the association for the promotion of horticulture in the Royal. Prussian states for horticulture and botany. Vol. 13 No. 44, November 5, 1870, p. 347.
  18. ↑ George Orwell: In Defense of English Cooking ( Memento February 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). at: georgeorwellnovels.org
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  21. ^ Simon Featherstone: Englishness - Twentieth Century Popular Culture and the Forming of English Identity. Edinburgh University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7486-2365-5 , p. 78.
  22. ↑ Gina Mallet: As Asian as Apple Crumble in: Holly Hughes (ed.): Best Food Writing of 2005 Da Capo Press, 2005, ISBN 1-56924-345-X , p. 3
  23. ↑ a b Michael McCarthy: Pip pip hooray: A celebration of the British apple . In: The Independent. October 19, 2007.
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  25. ↑ Desmond o'Rourke: World Production, Trade, Consumption and Economic Outlook for Apples in: DC Ferree and IJ Warrington (eds.): Apples. Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing 2003, ISBN 0-85199-592-6 , p. 18
  26. ↑ a b Rebecca Evans: How we've lost our taste for a Cox's apple in favor of its sweeter, home-grown rival Gala . on: Daily Mail Online. March 14, 2011.
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  28. ↑ Chris Brooke: Crunch time for Cox's apples as Galas and Braeburns take a bite out of sales . on: Daily Mail Online. May 7, 2009.
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  35. ↑ AgrarMarktAustria: Market report fruit and vegetables  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.ama.at   , December 2011
  36. ↑ M. Patricia Denne: A comparison between fruits of Cox's orange pippin from Kent, England, and Auckland, New Zealand. In: New Zealand Journal of Botany. Volume 1, Issue 3, 1963, doi: 10.1080 / 0028825X.1963.10429000 , p. 295.
  37. ↑ a b c d e f Robert Silbereisen, Gerhard Götz, Walter Hartmann: Obstsorten-Atlas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5537-0 , p. 37.
  38. ↑ John W. Palmer, Jean P. Privé, D. Stuart Tustin: Temperature in: DC Ferree and IJ Warrington (eds.): Apples. Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing 2003, ISBN 0-85199-592-6 , p. 227.
  39. ↑ Apple tree , Gartenratgeber.net
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  42. ↑ a b c d e f g Cheryl R. Hampson and Henk Kemp: Characteristics of Important Commercial Apple Cultivars in: DC Ferree and IJ Warrington (Eds.): Apples. Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing 2003, ISBN 0-85199-592-6 , p. 81
  43. ^ Horst Börner: Plant diseases and plant protection. Springer DE, 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-49067-8 , p. 541. ( Online preview on Google Books)
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  45. ↑ Amarjit S. Basra: Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture and Horticulture. Routledge, 2000, ISBN 1-56022-891-1 , p. 188.
  46. ↑ Jason William Johnston: Postharvest apple softening: effects of at-harvest and post-harvest factors ( Memento of April 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand 2001, S. i
  47. ↑ Peter Golob, Graham Farrell, John E. Orchard: Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology, Crop Post-Harvest: Principles and Practice. (Volume 1 of Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology). John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4051-7210-3 , p. 184.
  48. ^ Robert Silbereisen, Gerhard Götz, Walter Hartmann: Obstsorten-Atlas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5537-0 , p. 36.
  49. ↑ a b Robert Silbereisen, Gerhard Götz, Walter Hartmann: Obstsorten-Atlas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5537-0 , p. 35.
  50. ↑ Food allergy. In: Peter Altmeyer, N. Buhles, Martina Bacharch-Buhles: Dermatology, Allergology, Environmental Medicine. Springer DE, 2002, ISBN 3-540-41361-8 , p. 1121.
  51. ↑ Anke Kopacek: Beware of people allergic to pollen: cross-reactions to fruit and vegetables ( memento of the original from August 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.apotheken.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Apotheken.de, April 16, 2010
  52. ↑ Average vitamin C content in common table apple varieties , RLP Garden Academy

literature

  • Cheryl R. Hampson, Henk Kemp: Characteristics of Important Commercial Apple Cultivars. In: DC Ferree, IJ Warrington (Eds.): Apples. Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing 2003, ISBN 0-85199-592-6 , pp. 80-81.
  • Robert Silbereisen, Gerhard Götz, Walter Hartmann: Fruit types atlas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5537-0 , pp. 35-39.

Web links

Commons : Cox Orange  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Cox Orange  - Explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on July 16, 2013 in this version .