Phytoplasm

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Phytoplasm
Systematics
Department : Tenerife
Class : Mollicutes
Order : Acholeplasmatales
Family : Acholeplasmataceae
Genre : Phytoplasm
Scientific name
Candidatus "Phytoplasma"
Coconut palms infested by phytoplasms with leaf yellowing

Phytoplasmas are cell wall-free bacteria that grow as obligate parasites in the plant phloem .

Phytoplasms were discovered in 1967. Since 1994 they have been assigned to their own genus ( Candidatus “Phytoplasma”), previously they were assigned to the genus Mycoplasma and referred to as MLO ( English Mycoplasma-like organism ).

description

These representatives of the class Mollicutes are transmitted from plant to plant by phloem-sucking insects such as cicadas ; the insects therefore act as vectors . The bacteria cannot survive outside of plants or insects and therefore cannot be cultivated in vitro. They are mostly less than 1 µm in size and have a pleiomorphic or filamentous shape. Compared to the Bacillus / Clostridium ancestors, their genome is greatly reduced as an adaptation to a parasitic way of life; Depending on the species, the genome size is between 530 and 1350 kbp . There are no genes necessary for the synthesis of ATP , proteins and nucleotides. Accordingly, phytoplasms are dependent on the import of such metabolites from the host cells.

Phytoplasmosis

Well-known host plants include crops such as coconut palm, cherry and apple trees, grapevines, sugar cane and rice. The pathogen infestation leads to leaf yellowing, necrosis and growth anomalies such as dwarfism, phyllody (formation of leaf-like structures instead of flowers) and broom growth . In summary, these symptoms are known as phytoplasmosis. The berries of affected grapevines shrink when ripe, become sour and can fall off. The leaf yellowing is triggered by an inhibited synthesis of chlorophyll and an impaired transport of assimilates in the leaves. Phyllody results from the effects of phytoplasms on the regulation of flower genes.

Phytoplasm infestation can be checked using PCR test methods. Phytoplasmoses cause significant economic damage as they also damage many crops . In order to avoid crop losses, resistant varieties are grown and the phytoplasm-carrying insects are controlled.

Significant phytoplasmoses

The following list contains agriculturally and horticulturally important phytoplasmoses. In addition to the English, internationally used name of the disease, the German name or symptoms of the disease and the host plant (s) are also given. If available, the group into which the respective pathogen was divided is listed. The code under which the pathogen species is listed in the GenBank is also given.

International name German name / symptoms Phytoplasmic species Host plant (noun) Group / subgroup Genebank code receipt
Nigerian awka disease Awka disease 'Candidatus Phytoplasma cocosnigeriae' Coconut palm ( Cocos nucifera ) 16SrXXII-A Y14175
Tanzanian lethal disease Decay of the coconut 'Candidatus Phytoplasma cocostanzaniae' Coconut palm ( Cocos nucifera ) indefinite X80117
Loofah witches' broom Witch's broom of the loofahs 'Candidatus Phytoplasma luffae' Luffa species 16SrVIII-A AF086621
Palm lethal yellowing Palm yellowing 'Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae' at least 37 palm species, including coconut and date palm 16SrIV-A U18747
Western X disease Decay of the bird cherry 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' Virginian bird cherry , Prunus species 16SrIII-A L04682
Stolbur phytoplasma Stolbur 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' Nightshade family , v. a. Tomatoes and potatoes 16SrXII-A AF248959
Flavescence doree Golden yellowing 'Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis' Grapevines ( vitis ) 16SrV-C AF176319
Papaya yellow crinkle Curling and yellowing of papaya 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia' Papaya ( Carica papaya ) 16SrII-D Y10097
Allocasuarina yellows Allocasuarina yellowing 'Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae' Allocasuarina species indefinite AY135523
Potato purple top wilt Top wilt of the potato 'Candidatus Phytoplasma americanum' potato 16SrXVIII DQ174122
Lime witches' broom Witch's broom with limes 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia' Real lime ( Citrus × aurantifolia ) 16SrII-B U15442
Grapevine yellows Yellowing on vines 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' Grapevines ( vitis ) 16SrXII L76865
Balanites witches' broom Witch's broom on dates 'Candidatus Phytoplasma balanitae' Dates ( Balanites ) 16SrV AB689678
Hibiscus witches' broom Witch's broom at the hibiscus 'Candidatus Phytoplasma brasiliense' Hibiscus species ( Hibiscus ) 16SrXV AF147708
Papaya bunchy top Papaya tip disease 'Candidatus Phytoplasma caricae' Papaya ( Carica papaya ) 16SrXVII AY725234
Chestnut witches' broom Witches broom at chestnuts 'Candidatus Phytoplasma castaneae Chestnuts ( Castanea ) 16SrXIX AB054986
Bindweed yellows Yellowing on winches 'Candidatus Phytoplasma convolvuli' Bindweed family ( Convolvulaceae ) 16SrXII JN833705
Soybean stunt Soybean upsets 'Candidatus Phytoplasma costaricanum' Soybean ( Glycine max ) 16SXXXI HQ225630
Sugarcane white leaf White leaves in sugar cane 'Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis' Sugar cane ( Saccharum spp. And their hybrids) 16SrXI AB052874
Sugarcane white leaf White leaves in sugar cane 'Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis' Sugar cane ( Saccharum spp. And their hybrids) 16SrXI-C X76432
Areca palm yellow leaf Yellow-leaved golden fruit palm 'Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis' Golden fruit palm ( Dypsis lutescens ) 16SrXI-A JN967909
Bermuda grass white leaf White-leaved dog-tooth grass 'Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis' Dog tooth grass ( Cynodon dactylon ) 16SrXIV AJ550985
Sorghum grassy shoot Grass sprinkling of sorghum 'Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis' Sorghum ( sorghum ) indefinite AF509324
Strawberry witches' broom Witch's broom with strawberries 'Candidatus Phytoplasma fragariae' Strawberries ( Fragaria ) 16SrXII-E DQ086423
Ash yellows Yellowing of the ash trees 'Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini' Ash trees ( Fraxinus ) 16SrVII-A AF092209
Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Yellow-leaved sugar cane 'Candidatus Phytoplasma graminis' Sugar cane ( Saccharum spp. And their hybrids) 16SrXVI AY725228
Hydrangea phyllody Phyllody (Verlaubung) at hydrangeas 'Candidatus Phytoplasma japonicum' Hydrangeas ( Hydrangea ) 16SrXII-D AB010425
Parsley leaf of tomato Parsley leaves of the tomato 'Candidatus Phytoplasma lycopersici' Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) indefinite EF199549
Periwinkle phyllody Phyllody (Verlaubung) in Evergreen 'Candidatus Phytoplasma malasianum' Periwinkle ( Vinca ) 16SrXXXII EU371934
Apple proliferation Apple shoot addiction 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' Malus species 16SrX-A AJ542541
Cassia italica witches' broom Witch's broom on Senna italica 'Candidatus Phytoplasma omanense' Senna italica 16SrXXIX EF666051
Rice yellow dwarf Yellowing and dwarfism in rice 'Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae' Rice ( oryza ) 16SrXI-A D12581
Rice yellow dwarf Yellowing and dwarfism in rice 'Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae' Rice ( oryza ) 16SrXI-A AB052873
Almond lethal disease Almond dieback 'Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium' Almond tree ( Prunus dulcis ) 16SrIX-D AF515636
Pine shoot proliferation Pine shoot addiction 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pini' Pine ( Pinus ) 16SrXXI AJ632155
Prunus X disease Prunus X Disease 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni' Prunus species 16SrIII-A JQ044393
European stone fruit yellows Yellowing of drupes 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum' Prunus species 16SrX-F AJ542544
Pear decline Pear decay 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri' Pears ( pyrus ) 16SrX-C AJ542543
Buckthorn witches' broom Witch's broom at the buckthorn 'Candidatus Phytoplasma rhamni' Buckthorn ( Rhamnus ) 16SrXX X76431
Rubus stunt Rubus upsets 'Candidatus Phytoplasma rubi' Rubus species 16SrV AY197648
Bois noir Blackwood Disease 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' Vines ( vitis ) 16SrXII JQ730746
Spartium witches' broom Witch's broom by the gorse 'Candidatus Phytoplasma spartii' Gorse ( spartium ) 16SrX-D X92869
Salt cedar witches' broom Witch's broom on tamarisk trees 'Candidatus Phytoplasma tamaricis' Tamarisk ( Tamarix ) 16SrXXX FJ432664
Clover proliferation Drive addiction in the clover 'Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii' Clover ( trifolium ) 16SrVI-A AY390261
Elm yellows Yellowing in elms 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi' Elms ( ulmus ) 16SrV-A AY197655
Jujube witches' broom Witch's broom on jujubes 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi' Chinese jujube ( Ziziphus zizyphus ) 16SrV-B AB052876
Aster yellows Yellowing of the asters 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' Asters ( aster ) 16SrI M30790
Mexican periwinkle virescence Greening on Mexican periwinkle not yet proven Periwinkle ( Vinca ) 16SrXIII-A AF248960
Sorghum bunchy shoot Clump top disease of sorghum not yet proven Sorghum ( sorghum ) 16SrXXIV-A AF509322
Sugarcane yellows Sugar cane yellowing not yet proven Sugar cane ( Saccharum spp. And their hybrids) 16SrXXVI-A AJ539179
Sugarcane yellows Sugar cane yellowing not yet proven Sugar cane ( Saccharum spp. And their hybrids) 16SrXXVII-A AJ539180

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Y. Doi, M. Teranaka, K. Yora, H. Asuyama: Mycoplasma or PLT grouplike microorganisms found in phloem elements of plants infected with mulberry dwarf, potato witches 'broom, aster yellows, or Paulownia witches' broom. In: Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan. 33, 1967, pp. 259-266.
  2. ↑ boku.ac.at
  3. ↑ C. Marcone, H. Neimark, A. Ragozzino, U. Lauer, E. Seemüller: Chromosome Sizes of Phytoplasmas Composing Major Phylogenetic Groups and Subgroups. In: Phytopathology. (APS Press) 89 (9), 1999, pp. 805-810. doi: 10.1094 / PHYTO.1999.89.9.805 .
  4. ↑ P. Pracros, J. Renaudin, S. Eveillard, A. Mouras, M. Hernould: Tomato Flower Abnormalities Induced by Stolbur Phytoplasma Infection Are Associated with Changes of Expression of Floral Development Genes. In: Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions. (APS Press) 19 (1), 2006, pp. 62-68. doi: 10.1094 / MPMI-19-0062 .
  5. ↑ a b A. M. Tymon, P. Jones, NA Harrison: Phylogenetic relationships of coconut phytoplasmas and the development of specific oligonucleotide PCR primers. In: Ann. Appl. Biol. 132 (3), 1998, pp. 437-452.
  6. ↑ HG Montano, PST Brioso, JJO Cunha, DV Figueiredo, JP Pimentel: First report of group 16SrIII phytoplasma in loofah (Luffa cylindrica). In: Bulletin of Insectology. 60, 2007, pp. 277-278.
  7. ^ Nigel A. Harrison, Monica L. Elliott: Lethal Yellowing (LY) of Palm. from the University of Florida IFAS Extension home page, accessed March 27, 2016.
  8. ^ Western x disease - a Spiroplasma. on the Agriculture and Agri-Food homepage of the Government of Canada, accessed March 27, 2016.
  9. ↑ Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Potato stolbur phytoplasma. ( Memento of the original from March 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eppo.int archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the European and Mediterraneaen Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), accessed on March 27, 2016.
  10. ↑ Agricultural Technology Center Augustenberg: Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma - golden yellow yellowing on wine. ( Memento of the original from March 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ltz-bw.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Notes on Plant Health - Quarantine Pests, accessed March 27, 2016.
  11. ↑ a b K. S. Gibb, DM Persley, B. Schneider, JE Thomas: Phytoplasmas Associated with Papaya Diseases in Australia. In: Plant Disease. 80 (2), January 1996, p. 174.
  12. ↑ a b C. Marcone, KS Gibb, C. Streten, B. Schneider: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma spartii', 'Candidatus Phytoplasma rhamni' and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae', respectively associated with spartium witches'-broom, buckthorn witches'-broom and allocasuarina yellows diseases. In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 54 (Pt 4), 2004, pp. 1025-1029.
  13. ↑ Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Potato purple-top wilt phytoplasma. ( Memento of the original from March 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eppo.int archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the European and Mediterraneaen Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), accessed on March 27, 2016.
  14. ↑ Dilip Ghosh, Sumit Bhose, R. Manimekalai, S. Gowda: Molecular detection of Candidatus phytoplasma spp. causing witches' broom disease of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) in India. In: Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Volume 22, Issue 3, July 2013, pp. 343–347.
  15. ↑ REDavis, EL Dally, DE Gundersen, IM Lee, N. habili: "Candidatus phytoplasma austr Aliense," a new phytoplasma taxon associated with Australian grapevine yellows. In: Int J Syst Bacteriol. 47 (2), 1997, pp. 262-269.
  16. ^ NK Win, SY Lee, A. Bertaccini, S. Namba, HY Jung: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma balanitae' associated with witches' broom disease of Balanites triflora. In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 63 (Pt 2), February 2013, pp. 636-640, doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.041566-0
  17. ↑ HG Montano, RE Davis, EL Dally, S. Hogenhout, JP Pimentel, PS Brioso: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma brasiliense', a new phytoplasma taxon associated with hibiscus witches' broom disease. In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 51, May 2001, pp. 1109-1118.
  18. ↑ HY Jung, T. Sawayanagi, p Kakizawa, H. Nishigawa, S. Miyata, K. Oshima, M. Ugaki, JT Lee, T. Hibi, S. Namba: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma castaneae', a novel phytoplasma taxon associated with chestnut witches' broom disease. In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 52 (Pt 5), September 2002, pp. 1543-1549.
  19. ↑ M. Martini, C. Marcone, J. Mitrović, M. Maixner, D. Delić, A. Myrta, P. Ermacora, A. Bertaccini, B. Duduk: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma convolvuli', a new phytoplasma taxon associated with bindweed yellows in four European countries. In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 62 (Pt 12), December 2012, pp. 2910-2915. doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.038612-0
  20. ^ IM Lee, KD Bottner-Parker, Y. Zhao, W. Villalobos, L. Moreira: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma costaricanum' a novel phytoplasma associated with an emerging disease in soybean (Glycine max). In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 61 (Pt 12), December 2011, pp. 2822-2826; doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.029041-0
  21. ↑ a b c d e C. Marcone: Phytoplasma Diseases of Sugarcane. In: Sugar Tech. Vol. 4 (3 & 4), 2002, pp. 79-85.
  22. ^ GP Rao, S. Mall, SK Raj, SK Snehi: Phytoplasma diseases affecting various plant species in India. In: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. Volume 46, June 2011, pp. 59-99.
  23. ↑ C. Marcone, B. Schneider, E. Seemüller: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis', the phytoplasma associated with Bermuda grass white leaf disease. In: E. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 54 (Pt 4), July 2004, pp. 1077-1082.
  24. ↑ a b Y. Arocha Rosete, Phil Jones: Sorghum bushy shoot (SBS) and grassy shoot (SGS). In: Phyllis G. Weintraub, Phil Jones (Ed.): Phytoplasmas: Genomes, Plant Hosts and Vectors. CABI 2010, pp. 177-178.
  25. ↑ Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Strawberry witches' broom phytoplasma. ( Memento of the original from March 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eppo.int archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the European and Mediterraneaen Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), accessed on March 27, 2016.
  26. ^ Jill D. Pokorny, Wayne A. Sinclair, How to Identify and Manage Ash Yellows in Forest Stands and Home Landscapes. United States Forest Service, Northern Area State & Private Forestry, 1994.
  27. ↑ T. Sawayanagi, N. Horikoshi, T. Kanehira, M. Shinohara, A. Bertaccini, MT Cousin, C. Hiruki, S. Namba: 'Candidatus phytoplasma japonicum', a new phytoplasma taxon associated with Japanese Hydrangea phyllody. In: Int J Syst Bacteriol. 49 (3), July 1999, pp. 1275-1285.
  28. ↑ P. Jones, Y. Arocha, O. Antesana, E. Montellano, P. Franco: 'Hoja de perejil' (parsley leaf) of tomato and morrenia little leaf, two new diseases associated with a phytoplasma in Bolivia. In: Plant Pathology. 54, Issue 2, April 2005, p. 235; doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-3059.2005.01132.x
  29. ↑ N. Nejat, G. Vadamalai, RE Davis, NA Harrison, K. Sijam, M. Dickinson, SN Abdullah, Y. Zhao: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma malaysianum', a novel taxon associated with virescence and phyllody of Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus ). In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 63 (Pt 2), February 2013, pp. 540-548; doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.041467-0
  30. ↑ Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Apple proliferation phytoplasma. ( Memento of the original from March 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eppo.int archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the European and Mediterraneaen Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), accessed on March 27, 2016.
  31. ↑ NA Al-Saady, AJ Khan, A. Calari, AM Al-Subhi, A. Bertaccini: Candidatus phytoplasma omanense. associated with witches'-broom of Cassia italica (Mill.) Spreng. in Oman. In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 58 (2), February 2008, pp. 461-466; doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.65425-0 .
  32. ↑ a b Hee-Young Jung, Toshimi Sawayanagi, Porntip Wongkaew, Shigeyuki Kakizawa, Hisashi Nishigawa, Wei Wei, Kenro Oshima, Shin-ichi Miyata, Masashi Ugaki, Tadaaki Hibi, Shigetou Namba: Candidatus Phytoplasma associated with oryzae., A novel rice yellow dwarf disease. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53, 2003, pp. 1925-1929; doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.02531-0
  33. ↑ E. Verdin, P. Salar, JL Danet, E. Choueiri, F. Jreijiri, S. El Zammar, B. Gélie, JM Bové, M. Garnier: 'Candidatus phytoplasma phoenicium' sp. nov., a novel phytoplasma associated with an emerging lethal disease of almond trees in Lebanon and Iran. In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 53 (3), May 2003, pp. 833-838.
  34. ^ B. Schneider, E. Torres, MP Martín, M. Schröder, HD Behnke, E. Seemüller: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pini', a novel taxon from Pinus silvestris and Pinus halepensis. In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 55 (1), January 2005, pp. 303-307.
  35. ↑ RE Davis, Y. Zhao, EL Dally, IM Lee, R. Jomantiene, SM Douglas: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni', a novel taxon associated with X-disease of stone fruits, Prunus spp .: multilocus characterization based on 16S rRNA, secY, and ribosomal protein genes. In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 63 (2), February 2013, pp. 766-776; doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.041202-0
  36. ^ C. Marcone, B. Jarausch, W. Jarausch: Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum, the causal agend of European Stone Fruit Yellows: an overview. In: Journal of Plant Pathology. 92 (1), 2010, pp. 19-34.
  37. ↑ L. Giunchedi, C. Poggi Pollini, R. Bissani, AR Babini, V. Vicchi: Etiology of a pear decline disease in Italy and susceptibility of pear variety and rootstock to phytoplasma-associated pear decline. In: Acta Horticulturae. 386, 1995, pp. 489-495.
  38. ↑ Jelena Jovic, Oliver Krstic, Ivo Tosevski, Andre Gassmann: The occurrence of 'Candidatus phytoplasma rhamni' in Rhamnus cathartica L. without symptoms. In: Bulletin of Insectology. 64 (Supplement), 2011, pp. 227-228.
  39. ↑ Sylvie Malembic-Maher, Pascal Salar, Luisa Filippin, Patricia Carle, Elisa Angelini, Xavier Foissac: Genetic diversity of European phytoplasmas of the 16SrV taxonomic group and proposal of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma rubi'. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61, 2011, pp. 2129-2134.
  40. ↑ F. Quaglino, Y. Zhao, P. Casati, D. Bulgari, PA Bianco, W. Wei, RE Davis: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', a novel taxon associated with stolbur- and bois noir-related diseases of plants. In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 63 (Pt 8), August 2013, pp. 2879-2894; doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.044750-0
  41. ^ Y. Zhao, Q. Sun, W. Wei, RE Davis, W. Wu, Q. Liu: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma tamaricis', a novel taxon discovered in witches'-broom-diseased salt cedar (Tamarix chinensis Lour.). In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 59 (10), Oct. 2009, pp. 2496-2504; doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.010413-0
  42. ↑ C. Hiruki, K. Wang: Clover proliferation phytoplasma: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii'. In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 54 (Pt 4), July 2004, pp. 1349-1353.
  43. ↑ NL Arismendi, R. Riegel, R. Carrillo: In vivo transmission of 'candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi' by Amplicephalus curtulus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and its effect on ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. Tama). In: J Econ Entomol. 107 (1), February 2014, pp. 83-91.
  44. ^ RR Wang, HQ Mou, XX Gao, L. Chen, MF Li, QC Wang: Cryopreservation for eradication of Jujube witches' broom phytoplasma from Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba). In: Annals of Applied Biology. 166 (2), March 2015, pp. 218-228.
  45. ^ IM Lee, DE Gundersen-Rindal, RE Davis, KD Bottner, C. Marcone, E. Seemüller: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris', a novel phytoplasma taxon associated with aster yellows and related diseases. In: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 54 (Pt 4), July 2004, pp. 1037-1048.
  46. ↑ AF Omar, AA Emeran, JM Abass: Detection of Phytoplasma Associated with Periwinkle Virescence in Egypt. In: Plant Pathology Journal. 7 (1), January 2008, pp. 92-97.