Croton tiglium

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Croton tiglium
Croton tiglium

Croton tiglium

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae)
Subfamily : Crotonoideae
Genre : Croton
Type : Croton tiglium
Scientific name
Croton tiglium
( L. )
Croton tiglium in Koehler's medicinal plants

Croton tiglium or the croton oil tree , Purgierbaum is a species of the genus Croton within the milkweed family(Euphorbiaceae). The nickname "tiglium" is said to come from a Moluccan island. In particular, the croton oil obtained from the seedswas used medicinally.

Description and occurrence

Gerhard Madaus describes them as follows: They are small trees 4–6 m high, or shrubs. The leaves on thin, approx. 10 cm long stems are ovate, 8–12 cm long and 3–7 cm wide, with small saw teeth and, especially on the underside, small star hairs. The small, white flowers form terminal, upright racemes with the male flowers above and the more numerous female flowers below. The egg-shaped to ellipsoid capsule fruits are blunt three-sided and yellowish. The poisonous seeds are flattened on one side, convex and brownish-blackish on the other, about 8-12 mm long and 7-9 mm wide.

Croton tiglium occurs along the Indian Ocean . It is said to be a widespread hedge plant and a popular shade provider in India, while seeds and wood are used as fish anesthetics.

Secondary metabolites and their pharmacological effectiveness

The seeds of the croton oil tree are very toxic. They irritate the mucous membranes and have a laxative effect, and skin contact with their oil usually causes a rash. Ingredients are u. a. Tiglic acid , phorbol and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate .

The phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (also called phorbol-12-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate) contained in croton oil has a tumor-promoting effect. Tumor promoters are substances that, without being carcinogenic themselves , increase the incidence of cancer after exposure to carcinogenic (initiating) substances.

Studies have also shown evidence of the potential effectiveness of some of the phorbol esters it contains against leukemia , combating mycobacterial infections and even treating HIV .

The croton oil tree has also been shown to produce isoguanosine , a ribonucleoside analog that can be obtained from the seeds of the plant. Because of this connection, it is also commercially available under the name crotonoside . Investigations of the transcriptome of Croton tiglium indicate that the biosynthesis takes place via an isoform of GMP synthase . In contrast to the tumor-promoting properties of some phorbol esters, studies in the mouse model and on tumor cell lines indicate an anti-carcinogenic effect of isoguanosine.

Medical use

Croton tiglium was first mentioned in the medical literature over 2,200 years ago as an active plant in traditional Chinese medicine . The medical relevance is presumably due to the large variety of secondary metabolites .

Traditionally, the croton oil obtained from the seeds was used as a laxative and to treat disorders of the intestinal and gastrointestinal tract , as an abortion and as a counter-stimulus . Nowadays, the commercially available croton oil is primarily used as a homeopathic medicine and in acupuncture in addition to its use as a laxative .

The pharmacological effectiveness and the mechanism of action of the laxative properties of ethanol extracts of Croton tiglium were investigated on the intestinal mucous membranes of rats.

Unripe fruits of Croton tiglium

Botany history

The first mention of croton seeds in Europe is attributed to Cristóbal Acosta (1578). He called them "Pinones de Maluco". In his Pinax theatri botanici (1623) Caspar Bauhin named the drug “Pinus Indica nucleo purgante” and “Pinei nuclei Malucani”. The Europeans only got more detailed knowledge of the plant itself through Rheede (1678) and Rumpf (1743). According to Rumpf, Indian surgeons used the oil with wine as a laxative .

literature

  • Croton tiglium in the Flora of China, Vol. 11.
  • Cristóbal Acosta: Tractado de las drogas, y medicinas de las Indias orientales. Burgos 1578, pp. 313-315: Pinones de Maluco (digitized) .
  • Caspar Bauhin: Pinax theatri botanici. Basel 1623, p. 492: XI. Pinus Indica nucleo purgante… (digitized version ) .
  • Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede dead Draakenstein: Hortus Indicus Malabaricus: continens regni Malabarici apud Indos cereberrimi onmis generis plantas rariores, Latinas, Malabaricis, Arabicis, Brachmanum charactareibus hominibusque expressas… / adornatus per Henricum Cas Rheede, et Draemakenstein,… notis adauxit, & commentariis illustravit Arnoldus Syen… Amsterdam 1678–1703 (digitized) .
  • Georg Eberhard Rumpf: Herbarium Amboinense. Volume 4, Amsterdam 1743 (book 6, chapter 48) p. 100 (digitized version) .
  • Robert Bentley and Henry Trimen: Medicinal plants. J. & A. Churchill, London 1875, plate 239: Croton tiglium (digitized) .
  • Christian Luerssen : Handbook of systematic botany with special consideration of medicinal plants. = Medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botany, also as a manual of systematic botany for botanists, doctors and pharmacists. 2 volumes. Haessel, Leipzig 1879–1882. Volume II (1882), pp. 750-752 (digitized version ) .
  • G. Pabst (editor): Koehler's medicinal plants in lifelike illustrations with brief explanatory texts. Eugen Koehler, Gera 1887, Volume II, No. 182, (Text digitized) , (Illustration digitized) .
  • Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice. 9. Unchanged print 1920, Volume I, pp. 969-972 (digitized version ) .
  • Gerhard Madaus : textbook of biological remedies. Volume II, Olms, Hildesheim / New York 1976, ISBN 3-487-05891-X , pp. 1129–1134 (reprint of the Leipzig 1938 edition) ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Croton tiglium  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gerhard Madaus: Textbook of biological remedies. Volume II, Olms, Hildesheim / New York 1976, ISBN 3-487-05891-X , pp. 1129–1131 (reprint of the Leipzig 1938 edition) ( online ).
  2. ↑ BL VAN DUUREN, L. ORRIS, E. ARROYO: Tumour-enhancing Activity of the Active Principles of Croton tiglium L. In: Nature . tape 200 , no. 4911 , December 1963, ISSN  0028-0836 , p. 1115–1116 , doi : 10.1038 / 2001115a0 ( nature.com [accessed July 13, 2018]).
  3. ^ Rudolf Hansel, Otto Sticher and E. Steinegger: Pharmakognosie-Phytopharmazie. 6th edition, Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / NY 1999, ISBN 3-540-65262-0 , pp. 1253-1255.
  4. ↑ Gunjan Goel, Harinder PS Makkar, George Francis, Klaus Becker: Phorbol Esters: Structure, Biological Activity, and Toxicity in Animals . In: International Journal of Toxicology . tape 26 , no. 4 , July 2007, ISSN  1091-5818 , p. 279–288 , doi : 10.1080 / 10915810701464641 ( sagepub.com [accessed July 13, 2018]).
  5. ↑ Antonio Salatino, Maria L. Faria Salatino, Giuseppina Negri: Traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology of Croton species (Euphorbiaceae) . In: Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society . tape 18 , no. 1 , ISSN  0103-5053 , p. 11-33 , doi : 10.1590 / S0103-50532007000100002 .
  6. ↑ Sahar El-Mekkawy, Meselhy R. Meselhy, Norio Nakamura, Masao Hattori, Takuya Kawahata: Anti-HIV-1 phorbol esters from the seeds of Croton tiglium . In: Phytochemistry . tape 53 , no. 4 , February 2000, ISSN  0031-9422 , p. 457-464 , doi : 10.1016 / s0031-9422 (99) 00556-7 ( elsevier.com [accessed July 13, 2018]).
  7. ↑ Emile Cherbuliez, Karl Bernhard: Recherches sur la graine de croton. I. Sur le crotonoside (2-oxy-6-amino-purine-d-riboside) . In: Helvetica Chimica Acta . tape 15 , no. 1 , 1932, ISSN  0018-019X , p. 464-471 , doi : 10.1002 / hlca.19320150141 ( wiley.com [accessed July 13, 2018]).
  8. ^ Markus Haak, Svenja Vinke, Willy Keller, Julian Droste, Christian Rückert: High Quality de Novo Transcriptome Assembly of Croton tiglium . In: Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences . tape 5 , 2018, ISSN  2296-889X , doi : 10.3389 / fmolb.2018.00062 ( frontiersin.org [accessed July 13, 2018]).
  9. ↑ Jung Han Kim, Sang Jun Lee, Young Bok Han, Jung Jo Moon, Jong Bae Kim: Isolation of isoguanosine fromCroton tiglium and its antitumor activity . In: Archives of Pharmacal Research . tape 17 , no. 2 , April 1994, ISSN  0253-6269 , pp. 115–118 , doi : 10.1007 / bf02974234 ( springer.com [accessed July 13, 2018]).
  10. ^ J. Pope: On a New Preparation of Croton Tiglium . In: Medico-Chirurgical Transactions . tape 13 , Pt 1, 1827, ISSN  0959-5287 , p. 97-102 , PMID 20895509 , PMC 2116521 (free full text).
  11. ^ S. Glasses, B. Sorg, E. Hecker: A Method for Quantitative Determination of Polyfunctional Diterpene Esters of the Tigliane Type in Croton tiglium . In: Planta Medica . tape 54 , no. December 06 , 1988, ISSN  0032-0943 , p. 580-580 , doi : 10.1055 / s-2006-962595 ( thieme-connect.de [accessed on July 13, 2018]). A Method for Quantitative Determination of Polyfunctional Diterpene Esters of the Tigliane Type inCroton tiglium ( Memento of the original dated June 3, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.thieme-connect.de
  12. ↑ Jong-Chang Tsai, Shuli Tsai, Weng-Cheng Chang: Effect of Ethanol Extracts of Three Chinese Medicinal Plants with Laxative Properties on Ion Transport of the Rat Intestinal Epithelia . In: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin . tape 27 , no. 2 , 2004, ISSN  0918-6158 , p. 162–165 , doi : 10.1248 / bpb.27.162 ( jst.go.jp [accessed July 13, 2018]).