Cychrus spinicollis
| Cychrus spinicollis | ||||||||||||
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Cychrus spinicollis |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Cychrus spinicollis | ||||||||||||
| Dufour , 1857 |
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| Fig. 1: side view | Fig. 2: Front view |
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| Fig. 3: Pronotum with thorn | |
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Fig. 4: Detail of the wing cover, partially colored; red: wing cover seam; green: 1st chain stripe yellow: edge to the underlaid part of the elytron |
Fig. 5: Mouth parts, partly colored; blue: upper jaw, partly covered by green: upper lip, red: jaw button, yellow: lip button |
Cychrus spinicollis is a beetle from the family of ground beetles and the genus shovel runner . The blade runner form is an easily recognizable genus. It contains 84 species worldwide , fourteen of which are found in Europe. The species Cychrus spinicollis occurs only on the Iberian Peninsula and comprises two subspecies, in addition to the nominate form Cychrus spinicollis spinicollis , the subspecies Cychrus spinicollis ibericus .
Notes on the name
The species was first described by Dufour in 1857 . Dufour begins the French part of his description with the words: "Ce Cychrus a la forme et la grandeur du rostratus , dont on le distingue à l'instant par l'épine aigue et bien détachée des angles postérieurs du prothorax" ( French : This Cychrus has the shape and size of rostratus , from which one can immediately distinguish it by the pointed spine that protrudes from the rear corners of the pronotum). This explains the species name spinicollis from Latin spīna, thorn and cóllum, neck, pronotum. The drawing belonging to the illustration is accidentally called Cychrus acuticollis instead of Cychrus spinicollis . The name of the genus Cychrus is from Altgr. Κυχρεύς Kychréus, the mythological name of the son of Poseidon and Salamis, derived.
Description of the beetle
The beetle shows the typical shape of a shovel runner with a long head, very slender pronotum and long legs.
The slender head is wrinkled and very fine and hardly noticeably dotted . The mouthparts with the long upper jaws point forward. The upper lip is deeply cut out with two lobes (green in Fig. 5). The upper jaws (blue in Fig. 5 on the right) are long and slender and end in a claw-like point. Below there are two similarly shaped pointed teeth on the inside. The lower jaws have four-part jaw probes (red in Fig. 5) with a very small first and a very long third part. The outer compartment of the lower jaw is transformed into a two-part feeler, whereby the base link is very small, but the end link is large and knife-shaped with the cutting edge turned inwards (in Fig. 2 at full magnification on the lowest level between the jaws in the front area, translucent thinly good to recognize). The lip switch (yellow on the right in Fig. 5) is tripartite with a very small base link. The end links of the lip and jaw buttons are strikingly large and hatchet-shaped, with a scoop or spoon-shaped hollow on the underside. The eleven-limbed antennae are thread-shaped and gray haired very briefly from the fourth limb.
The narrow, heart-shaped pronotum is markedly more roughly wrinkled than the head. It has a deeply indented center line, which is usually formed over the entire length of the pronotum. The posterior corners are drawn out into a long spine that is bent upwards (Fig. 3).
The wing covers are fused together. On the outside, they are folded under along a line (in Fig. 4 right) from the shoulder to almost the end of the wing cover and thus split into a dorsal and an undercut part. The dorsal part has three rows of elongated elevations with constant distance (chain stripes, in Fig. 4, 1st row tinted green). Between the chain stripes, the wing covers show a fine structure of protrusions that run into one another, which appear wrinkled in certain lighting. Graells counts these three rows as 1st, 3rd and 5th of five rows, in which the protrusions are higher than in the 2nd and 5th rows in between (can be seen in Fig. 3). The roughly triangular area of the wing cover, which lies on the side, is slightly turned under, is structured like the intervals on the upper side.
On the underside, the breast is less coarse but clearly punctured. The abdomen is roughly dotted on the sides and smoother towards the middle.
The legs are black, the rails for the most part, and the tarsi sometimes lightened yellow-brown.
larva
The larvae of the genus Cychrus have a broad, isle-shaped body. The larvae of Cychrus spinicollis are flat, broadest around the middle of the abdomen, and the transition from breast segments to abdominal segments is fluid. They are dark brown on the top and lighter on the underside.
The head is square to rounded and not set off from the chest by a neck. In the first larval stage there are two tooth-shaped growths on the forehead that are used to burst the egg shell. The front edge of the head is raised between the deflections of the jaws on the sides and in the middle. A large pore point from which a long bristle arises is located on the outside of the side elevations. There is a group of small pores close by. Other small pores and hairs are only found sporadically. The front plate extends to the rear edge of the head capsule without a visible seam.
The long antennae are four-part. The small base link is the thickest and about twice as long as it is wide. It has two pore points and a bristle. The second antenna segment is the longest. It is equipped with numerous bristle points and hair on the back. The third link is shorter and thinner. Several pores and hairs are also distributed on it. The end link is at its thinnest and about as long as the base link. It is pointed and has a group of hairs of various lengths, two of which are long. Behind the deflection of the feelers, there are six point eyes on each side , which are arranged in two groups of three eyes each. The upper jaw is wide at the base with a serrated inwardly protruding grinding surface on the inner edge, which is drawn out into a slightly curved tooth at the front corner of the inner edge. On the surface it is equipped with numerous small short spines. The front part of the mandible is also very finely serrated on the inner edge. There is a single hair about halfway up. Next to it sits a larger pore, another large one together with a group of smaller pores lies at the base. The basal part of the lower jaw ( cardo ) is very small and has a bristle-bearing pore. The following limb (stipes) is large and well developed. It is roughly square with six large hairs on the outer edge and a field of numerous smaller hairs on the inside. The area between the row of hairs on the outside and the field of hair on the inside is wide near the base and becomes narrower towards the apical end. In this area there are small pores that become numerous with the same density towards the base. On the inside of the stipes sits the very small, lobed Lacinia , which has a single hair at the end. The two-part galea sits next to it on the outside . The larger base phalanx has two hairs with a pore in between. The spindle-shaped end link shows no noticeable structures. In addition to the galea on the outside, the jaw button is swiveled in. It is four-limbed, the limbs are getting longer and thinner outward. The density of the pores and hair also decreases towards the outside. The first and second link still have a lot of pores and hair. The third link still has two hairs and two pores, the bald last link only has two pores. The lower lip carries two two-part lip buttons. The two links are about the same size, the outer ends rounded. The first link has five hairs, the second three large pores.
The first chest section is the longest and narrowest, the third chest section is the shortest and widest. The back plates of the chest section are divided into two by a longitudinal line and finely dotted. They widen towards the rear, the front and rear corners are strongly rounded. The intersegmental membranes that connect the chest sections carry groups of bristle hairs. The three pairs of legs essentially only differ in size, with the front legs being the smallest and the rear legs being the largest. They consist of the parts hip, hip ring, thigh, splint and one-limbed foot. This one carries a pair of two identically built, simple, only slightly curved claws. The limbs are bristly hairy on the underside, with a single hair on the outer end of the thigh ring being conspicuous by its size.
The abdomen consists of ten limbs. These become a little wider from the first to the fourth link and increasingly smaller from the fifth link backwards. When viewed from above, the first seven segments differ only slightly from the third breast section, the eighth is deeply indented at the rear edge, the ninth has approximately the shape of a circular sector when viewed from above and thus fits into the cutout of the eighth segment. The tenth and last link is a small cone on the ninth segment. The back plates of the abdomen are bare and finely dotted. In addition to the last two, like the breast segments, they show a clear longitudinal center line. At the rear angles they have flat elevations and there they reach the following sternite (breast segment). The last segment of the abdomen is very small and conically pointed. There are numerous hairs of different lengths on the back, and four hairs on each side on the belly. On the underside of the abdomen in the anterior segments there are five separate plates lying side by side. From the fourth abdominal segment onwards, the three central plates are fused together, so that there are still three plates. There is only one abdominal plate in the ninth segment. In addition, the ninth segment has a short paired appendix ( urogomphi ) dorsally , which lies above the tenth abdominal segment and is significantly shorter than it.
biology
When comparing nineteen different types of vegetation, Cychrus spinicollis was found only in forests with one exception. In comparison with riparian forests, mixed forests, pine forests and eucalyptus forests, the animals were almost exclusively caught in mixed forests. In a further investigation with five forest types, the species was found exclusively in beech forests. When comparing the frequency of the beetle at the edge of the oak forest and the edge of the beech forest in northern Spain, the species was only caught in the beech forest, and when compared to the edge of the forest, 50 meters and 100 meters from the edge, the most common 100 m deep in the forest. The species is classified as an inhabitant of moist forests. They are often found there in the entrance area of caves and grottoes, mainly in autumn and winter. Specimens collected on the occasion of the description of the larvae were always found near the shore in damp deciduous forests, where holly , birch and whitebeams were the most common tree species and the bilberry appeared in the undergrowth .
Larva and imago feed on snails. The beetles 'mouthparts allow them to penetrate snail shells and scrape out the prey, while the folded sides of the wing covers prevent the stigmas from sticking together with the snails' mucus.
The beetles reproduce in autumn and are by far most common in November. The first larvae of the first larval stage are found in December, but the maximum number of larvae found is between February and April. Larvae of the third and last instar can be found from May. From this one can conclude that the dolls rest for a long time. The new generation beetles appear in late spring or summer.
literature
Ana M Campos Gómez, Francisco Iovoa Docet: Los Crabidae (Orden Coleoptera) de Galicia (NO de España) Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico Santiago de Compostela ISBN 978-84-9750-629-8 p. 70f
distribution
The species is found in the Cantabrian Mountains and in the mountains of Galicia.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Cychrus spinicollis in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved December 19, 2013
- ^ Taxon profile Cychrus Fabricius, 1749 BioLib, accessed December 19, 2013
- ↑ Cychrus at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved December 19, 2013
- ^ A b M Léon Dufour: Nouvelle éspèce de Cychrus in M. James Thomson (Ed.): Archives entomologiques, ou, Recueil contenant des illustrations d'insectes nouveaux ou rares 1st volume Paris 1857/58 p. 382 in BHL p. 382
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (species)
- ^ M. Léon Dufour: Travaux entomologique publiés par M.Léon Dufour. In: Annales de la Société entomologique de France. Series 4, Volume 5, Paris 1865, p. 216, note on No. 204 on p. 247 in BHL p.247
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (genus) .
- ↑ a b c Graells: Insectos nuevos de España in Guillermo Schulz (ed.): Memoria de los trabajos verificados en el año de 1855 Madrid 1858 preview in the Google book search
- ↑ a b Edmund Reitter : Fauna Germanica, the beetles of the German Empire, Volume I, KGLutz 'Verlag, Stuttgart 1908
- ↑ a b c d e f Cárdenas, Ana Mª; Gallardo, Patricia; León, Sandra; Ramos, Jorge Angel: Morfología larvaria de Cychrus spinicollis Dufour, 1857 (Coleoptera: Carabidae). in Elytron 2002, 16: 41-49 ISSN 0214-1353
- ↑ María del Camino Peláez, José María Salgado: Los Carabidae (Coleoptera) del Macizo del Sueve (Asturias): análisis ecológico y biogeográfico en relación con la vegetación in Boln. Asoc. Esp. Ent. 30 (3-4) 131-183, 2006 as PDF
- ↑ A. Martínez, JC Iturrondobeitia, A. Goldarazena: Effects of some ecological variables on Carabid communities in native and non native forests in the Ibaizabal basin (Basque Country: Spain) in Ann. For. Sci. 66 (2009) 304 doi : 10.1051 / forest / 2009003 as PDF
- ↑ A. Taboada, DJKotze, JESalgado: Carabid beetle occurrence at the edges of oak and beech forests in NW Spain in Eur. J. Entomol. 101: 555–563, 2004 ISSN 1210-5759 as PDF ( Memento from December 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Ana M Campos Gómez, Francisco Iovoa Docet: Los Crabidae (Orden Coleoptera) de Galicia (NO de España) Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico Santiago de Compostela ISBN 978-84-9750-629-8 p. 70f Preview in the Google Book search
- ↑ Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Seccion biologica Volume 77 Madrid 1979 p. 432
