D-81
| D-81 | |
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| General Information | |
| Military designation: | D-81T |
| Manufacturer country: | Soviet Union |
| Start of production: | 1969 |
| Model variants: | 2A26, 2A46, 2A46M |
| Weapon Category: | cannon |
| Technical specifications | |
| Pipe length: | 6000 mm |
| Caliber : |
125 mm |
| Caliber length : | L / 48 |
| Number of trains : | 0 |
| Twist : | 0 |
| Weight ready for use: | 2350 kg |
| Cadence : | 4-8 rounds / min |
| Elevation range: | -5 - +15 degrees |
| Side straightening area: | 360 ° |
The D-81T is a Soviet tank gun in 125 mm caliber. It is the main weapon of the T-64 , T-72 , T-80 and T-90 main battle tanks . The GRAU index is 2A46 .
development
The D-81T was developed in the early 1960s in Design Bureau No. 9 as armament for future main battle tanks. The original designation was 2A26, the weapon is mass-produced in Yekaterinburg . High pipe wear during troop trials led to the further development of the 2A26M in 1969. a. installed in the T-72 (2A26M-2). In 1970 the construction was completely modernized and received the GRAU index 2A46. For use in the various battle tanks, the cannon was modified so that it interacts with the respective loading machines; these variants are distinguished by the suffix -1 or -2. In 1984 the cannon was further developed into the 2A46M. This has a longer service life and less variation than the 2A46. Instead of the recovery device that was previously installed asymmetrically on the left, the 2A46M received a two-part, symmetrical recovery device, which made it possible to reduce the initial error when shooting. The tube is now manufactured using the autofrettage process and can be changed without dismantling the tower.
description
The D-81 is a semi-automatic cannon in 125 mm caliber. It is fully stabilized and consists of the assemblies tube with ejector , base piece with closure as well as tube cradle, return device and firing device. The smooth tube has a length of 48 calibers and is screwed to the bottom piece. The cannon is stored in a cradle and equipped with a flat wedge lock.
Lock assembly and cradle correspond to the assemblies of the D-10T 2S. The pipe return device installed under the pipe cradle is identical to that of the D-10T, and an expansion tank was also installed to compensate for the heating of the hydraulic fluid. In contrast to the previous models such as the D-10T, the D-81 weapon system has an automatic loading device. The term "semi-automatic cannon" here simply refers to the fact that no continuous fire mode is available, while otherwise in artillery this term is usually used for guns that automatically eject the cartridge / case after firing and cock the firing device during the next shot must be loaded manually.
If the loading machine fails in battle, it can be loaded by hand. This reduces the rate of fire. The manually achievable rate of fire varies depending on the carrier vehicle and the loading machine used with it. On the T-72, the case cannot be swiveled away, which means that even trained crews can hardly fire more than one shot per minute.
The firing device of the D-81 is designed redundantly, parallel to the electrical ignition and independently of this, a mechanical firing pin strikes the primer of the cartridge.
From the beginning, the cannon had a smoke evacuator, which had been standard in Soviet tank construction since the D-10T. In order to keep the ballistic performance within narrow parameters even with temperature differences, a protective pipe sleeve was used.
The cannon barrel of the versions before the 2A46M was not hard-chrome-plated on the inside and only has a service life of 80 to 100 rounds when the APFSDS ammunition is used, before the precision drops significantly. With the 2A46M-5 version, around 500 APFSDS projectiles can be fired before the precision drops significantly.
The cannon is used in various main battle tanks with different fire control systems. It is true that the fire control systems of the T-64 and T-80 are superior to those of the T-72. In the T-72, the electrohydraulic stabilizer 2E28M Syren ( Russian Сирень , German “lilac”) was used. The straightening drives are also electro-hydraulic.
Technical specifications
| caliber | 125 mm |
| Length of tube with base piece | 6350 mm |
| Length of tube without base piece | 6000 mm (L / 48) |
| Shooting range | 5000/9400 m (direct / indirect) |
| Internal pipe pressure (APFSDS, max.) | 5100 kgf / cm² |
| Weight with lock | 1820 kg |
| Return pipe | normal 270-325 mm, (max. 340 mm) |
| Rate of fire | 4-8 / min |
variants
| designation | GRAY index | year | use | comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D-81 | 2A26 | 1969 | T-64A (Object 434, pre-series) | |
| D-81T | 2A46-1 | 1969 | T-64A (Object 434, series), T-80, T-80U | D-81 with caliber length 51 (L / 51) |
| D-81K | 1975 | T-64A (Object 447, pre-series T-64B) | with guided missile complex "Kobra" | |
| D-81K | 2A46-2 | 1976 | T-64B (Object 447A, series), T-80 | |
| D-81K | 2A46M | 1985 | T-64BW, T-90S | with guided weapon complex "Swir" |
| D-81T | 1970/71 | Object 172, Object 172M (T-72 prototypes), T-72 (export) | ||
| D-81TM | 2A46 | 1973 | T-72 (Object 172M), T-72M (Object 172M1), T-72K, T-72A, T-72M (Export), T-72M1 (Export), | Version of the D-81T with caliber length 48 (L / 48) |
| 2А46М-4 | 2005 | T-80 | closer tolerances, dynamically balanced, increased torsional rigidity | |
| 2А46М-5 | 2005 | T-90MS, T-90AM, T-90S | like 2A46M-4 |
ammunition
The ammunition of the D-81 is in two parts. It consists of the projectile and the partial burn-off cartridge, which are stored separately in the loading carousel. During the loading process, the loading machine first feeds the bullet and then the cartridge to the loading cradle, whereupon both are pushed into the barrel together. After the shot, only the cartridge base remains, which is caught by the case catcher and ejected into the open through a small hatch on the rear wall of the tower. The tubular rockets use a special cartridge that only contains an ejection charge.
Due to the long service life of the D-81T, there is an almost unmanageable variety of ammunition. In particular, the armor-piercing types of ammunition such as momentum and shaped charge projectiles were repeatedly revised and modernized or supplemented or replaced by newer designs. Basically, the ammunition types available for the D-81 cannon are projectiles, hollow charges, fragmentation explosions and tubular rockets.
| designation | Caliber (penetrator for APFDS-DS) |
year | Initial speed (in m / s) |
Penetration power 90 ° / distance (in mm RHA ) |
comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3OF-19 (fragmentation explosive device, wing stabilized; HE-FRAG-FS) | 125 | 850 | n / A | TNT | |
| 3OF-26 (fragmentation explosive device, wing stabilized; HE-FRAG-FS) | 125 | 850 | n / A | Hexogen filling with aluminum powder | |
| 3BK-12 (shaped charge, wing stabilized; HEAT-FS) | 125 | 1962 | 905 | 420 / independent | Shaped charge, steel insert |
| 3BK-14 (shaped charge, wing stabilized; HEAT-FS) | 125 | 905 | 450 / independent | Shaped charge, steel insert | |
| 3BK-14M (shaped charge, wing stabilized; HEAT-FS) | 125 | 905 | 480 / independent | Shaped charge, copper inlay | |
| 3BK-18 (shaped charge, wing stabilized; HEAT-FS) | 125 | 905 | 500 / independent | Shaped charge, aluminum insert | |
| 3BK-18M (shaped charge, wing stabilized; HEAT-FS) | 125 | 905 | 550 / independent | Shaped charge, aluminum insert | |
| 3BK-21 (shaped charge, wing stabilized; HEAT-FS) | 125 | 1980 | n / A | 550 / independent | Shaped charge, copper inlay |
| 3BK-21B (shaped charge, wing stabilized; HEAT-FS) | 125 | 1982 | n / A | 650 / independent | Shaped charge, uranium deposit |
| 3BK-29 (shaped charge, wing stabilized; HEAT-FS) | 125 | 915 | 820 / independent | Tandem shaped charge , brass insert | |
| 3BK-29M (shaped charge, wing stabilized; HEAT-FS) | 125 | 915 | n / A | Tandem shaped charge , copper insert | |
| 3BK-31 (shaped charge, wing stabilized; HEAT-FS) | 125 | prototype | n / A | 800 / independent | triple shaped charge, copper insert |
| 3BM9 (balancing bullet, wing stabilized; APDS-FS) | 44 | 1962 | 1800 | 400/2200 m | Full storey made of steel |
| 3BM12 (balancing bullet, wing stabilized; APDS-FS) | 44 | 1968 | 1800 | 400/2200 m | Steel body with 80 mm tungsten carbide tip |
| 3BM15 (balancing bullet, wing stabilized; APDS-FS) | 36 | 1972 | 1780 | 310/2200 m | Steel body with 71 mm tungsten carbide tip |
| 3BM17 (balancing bullet, wing stabilized; APDS-FS) | 36 | 1972 | 1780 | 290/2200 m | Steel body with tungsten carbide tip |
| 3BM-22 (balancing bullet, wing stabilized; APDS-FS) | 44 | 1976 | 1760 | 430/2200 m | Steel body with 71 mm tungsten carbide tip |
| 3BM26 (balancing bullet, wing stabilized; APDS-FS) | 36 | 1983 | 1720 | 410/2200 m | Steel body with 71 mm tungsten carbide tip |
| 3BM-29 (balancing bullet, wing stabilized; APDS-FS) | 36 | 1983 | 1700 | n / A | Depleted uranium penetrator |
| 3BM-32 (balancing bullet, wing stabilized; APDS-FS) | 36 | 1984 | 1700 | 500/2000 m | Depleted uranium penetrator |
| 3BM-42 (balancing bullet, wing stabilized; APDS-FS) | 31 | 1988 | 1700 | 450 | Tungsten trator |
| 3BM-46 (balancing bullet, wing stabilized; APDS-FS) | ≈25 | 1990 | 1650 | n / A | Depleted uranium monoblock penetrator |
| 3BM-48 (balancing bullet, wing stabilized; APDS-FS) | 25th | 1991 | 1700 | 650/2000 m | Depleted uranium monoblock penetrator |
| TAPNA (Slovak balancing bullet, wing stabilized; APFSDS-T) | n / A | ≈1996 | 1690 | 540/2000 m | |
| 9M112 ( shaped charge tubular rocket) | 125 | 1981 | 370 (average) | 600/4000 m | |
| 9M112-1 Kobra-U (tandem hollow charge tubular rocket) | 125 | 1993 | 370 (average) | 750/5500 m | |
| 9M119M1 (tandem hollow charge tubular rocket) | 125 | 2005 | 370 (average) | 850/6000 m | |
| Kombat (Ukrainian tandem hollow charge tube rocket) | 125 | 2006 | n / A | 750/5000 m |
Web links
- Stefan Kotsch: 125 mm 2A46. The Russian 125 mm tank cannon 2A46 (cannon D-81TM). In: Main battle tanks in detail. Retrieved December 21, 2014 (Part 1).
- Stefan Kotsch: 125 mm 2A46M. The Russian 125 mm tank cannon 2A46M. In: Main battle tanks in detail. Retrieved December 21, 2014 (Part 2).
- Stefan Kotsch: 125 mm D-81. The ammunition of the Russian D-81 tank cannon (cannons 2A26, 2A46, 2A46M to 2A46M-5, 2A75). In: Main battle tanks in detail. Retrieved December 21, 2014 .
- Wassilij Fofanow: 120mm and 125mm main guns. In: Modern russian armor. 2008, accessed December 21, 2014 .
- Stefan Liess: D-81. In: kampfpanzer.de. Retrieved January 22, 2015 .
literature
- AW Karpenko: Soviet-Russian tanks . 1905-2003. Elbe-Dnjepr, Klitzschen 2004, ISBN 3-933395-44-5 , p. 328–393 (Russian: Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905–1995 гг.) . Translated by R. Meier).
- Jörg Siegert , Helmut Hanske: Main battle tanks of the NVA . Motorbuch, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-613-03294-1 , p. 154-201 .
- Robert Jankovych, Stanislav Beer: Wear of cannon 2A46 barrel bore . In: Recent Researches in Mechanics . proceedings of the 2nd International conference on theoretical and applied mechanics 2011 TAM '11 proceedings of the 4th WSEAS International conference on urban planning and transportation UPT '11 proceedings of the 4th WSEAS International conference on cultural heritage and tourism CUHT '11. Corfu 2011, ISBN 978-1-61804-020-6 , pp. 72–76 ( wseas.us [PDF; 1.5 MB ; accessed on April 1, 2015]).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g Орудия для танков и САУ. 125 мм. In: zavod9.com. ОАО "Завод №9", accessed June 16, 2015 (Russian).
- ^ Stefan Kotsch: T-72. T-72 automatic loading machine. In: Main battle tanks in detail. Retrieved December 21, 2014 .
- ^ Jörg Siegert, Helmut Hanske: Main battle tanks of the NVA . Motorbuch, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-613-03294-1 , p. 189 (1-2 rounds / min).
- ↑ Stefan Kotsch: 125 mm 2A46M. The Russian 125 mm tank cannon 2A46M. In: Main battle tanks in detail. Retrieved December 21, 2014 (Part 2).
- ↑ Steven Zaloga: M1 Abrams vs. T-72 Ural - Operation Desert Storm 1991. p. 28.
- ^ Rolf Hilmes: Main battle tanks today and tomorrow: Concepts - Systems - Technologies. P. 143.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n T-72. In: thesovietarmourblog.blogspot.ch. Military Tankograd 2014 - 2017, accessed July 24, 2017 .
- ↑ a b Танк Т-90С. (No longer available online.) In: uvz.ru. Ural Wagonsavod, archived from the original on July 2, 2015 ; Retrieved June 16, 2015 (Russian). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Танк Т-90C модернизированный Т-90МС. (No longer available online.) In: uvz.ru. Ural Wagonsavod, archived from the original on July 2, 2015 ; Retrieved June 16, 2015 (Russian). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e Andrew W. Hull; David R. Markov; Steven J. Zaloga : Soviet / Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945 to Present , Darlington Productions, Darlington.
- ↑ a b Wassilij Fofanow Modern russian Armor Page - russianarmor.info , accessed April 28, 2015.
- ↑ 3БМ48 «Свинец». In: soviet-ammo.ucoz.ru. Боеприпасы к вооружению Сухопутных войск, accessed September 25, 2018 (Russian).
- ↑ Podkaliberný náboj 125 mm EPpSv. (Pdf, 1.47 MB) In: kotadef.sk. KONŠTRUKTA-Defense, as, accessed April 1, 2015 (Slovak).
- ↑ Rocket Artillery Weapons to the Munitions Product Catalog 2017–2018. In: ukroboronprom.com.ua. Ukroboronprom, accessed September 10, 2018 .
