Daptus vittatus

Daptus vittatus
Daptus vittatus
Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta) Order : Beetle (Coleoptera) Family : Ground beetle (Carabidae) Subfamily : Harpalinae Genre : Daptus Type : Daptus vittatus
Scientific name
Daptus vittatus
Fischer von Waldheim , 1824

Daptus vittatus is a beetle from the family of ground beetles and the subfamily of harpalinae . The genus Daptus isrepresentedby three species in Europe. Besides southern Europe and North Africa, the beetle is alsowidespreadin the eastern Palearctic .

Note on names and synonyms

The first description of the beetle is the description from 1824 by Fischer von Waldheim from Russia. Fischer von Waldheim also establishes the genus Daptus and describes the beetle under the name Daptus vittatus . However, the beetle was known before that. Fischer himself does not state himself as the author, but Gebler . However, older names do not meet the nomenclature rules . Because of the unusual variance in size and color and the huge range of the beetle, it or certain color variants have been described several times as a species. Almost at the same time as Fischer, Germar described the beetle under the name Diptomus vittiger . In 1849 , Motschulski described the beetle as a separate species under the name Daptus labiatus from Spain because of differences in degree . The black variant kominekii was described by Bielz as a new species.

The species names vittatus and vittiger both refer to the blackish longitudinal spot (Latin: vitta) on the wing covers of the beetle (vittatus = longitudinally spotted and vittiger = carrying a longitudinal spot).

Fischer von Waldheim himself states that the genus name Daptus from Altgr. δάπτω dápto, 'devour' is derived.

Properties of the beetle

Fig. 1: side view	Fig. 2: underside
Fig. 3: Front view	Fig. 4: Width of the head / breast shield
	Fig. 5: Front leg
Fig. 6: Left half of the head, green arrowhead on the angle of the cheek , yellow arrowhead on the supraorbital bristle
	Fig. 7: Sensor from above
	Fig. 8: Detail from the top, right wing cover removed black arrow on bristle blue arrow on the edge of the front of the wing cover A back B folded skin C wing cover

The brightly colored beetle is moderately arched. Its size varies considerably. It varies between six and ten millimeters. The coloring is also not uniform. Gebler describes six color variants from the Altai alone . The name is derived from the two large black longitudinal spots that extend on the wing covers with a basic color from pale yellow-brown to strong red-brown and do not touch. The color of the head and pronotum is usually more reddish, but can be partly or completely very dark to black. The underside is usually at least partially black, with the variant flaviventris (Latin: yellow-bellied) yellow.

head

The head is large and mostly smooth. In contrast to other species of the genus, it is wider than the pronotum when measured above the eyes (Fig. 4, the green dashed parallels run at a distance from the eyes outside). The protrusion in front of the eyes above the antennae (cheek angles, green arrowhead in Fig. 6, also recognizable in Fig. 7) is characteristic of the genus. In Daptus vittatus the cheek angle is sharply rectangular and clearly bordered to the front and to the side.

The eleven-part antennae (Fig. 7) are hardly longer than the breastplate wide. The 1st link is by far the thickest and longest, the third link is longer than the second and almost as long as the following two together, from the 4th link the antennae are string-shaped. The distal phalanx is thicker than the penultimate phalanx and pointed ovoid. The antennae are hairy, the first segments only sporadically at the tip, the third in the outer half, from the fourth the hair extends over the entire antennae segment.

The medium-sized eyes protrude laterally. Above the eyes there is only one pore point (Fig. 6, yellow arrowhead) from which a long (supraorbital) bristle arises.

The clypeus is wavy lengthways in front. It wears a pair of long bristles (moderately easy to see in Fig. 1).

The upper lip is square, slightly wider than it is long. It ends with two lobes, the two lobes each have three long and numerous short bristles (clearly visible in Fig. 6 at full resolution). The upper jaws are strongly curved inwards. They are not exactly symmetrical, but one upper jaw protrudes over the other and has a particularly pointed end. The buttons are long and slender, the end links of the buttons are spindle-shaped and truncated at the front (clearly visible in Fig. 2 at full resolution). On the penultimate link of the lip button there are several (not just 2) bristles. The lower lip is three-toothed with a very small central tooth. The chin is edged, and in the middle of the edging there is at most a hint of a tooth.

Pronotum

The pronotum is briefly heart-shaped and clearly raised. On each side a bristle rises a little before the middle (black arrowhead in Fig. 8). The pronotum is over one and a half times as wide as it is long. The front edge is very weakly edged, the front corners a little protruding and rounded. The pronotum tapers sharply towards the rear, but only slightly concave in front of the base. The rear angles are rounded and slightly obtuse to almost right-angled. The rear edge is straight. The top is smooth or slightly wrinkled across. It is arched with a weak central line abbreviated in front. In the rear half of the pronotum, both sides of the pronotum are slightly indented, sunk across in front of the base and provided with a transverse bulge in front of the shield.

The label is triangular.

Deck wing

The elytra are slightly wider at the base than the pronotum at the base. They are about one and a half times as long as they are wide together. The sides run almost parallel to each other, at the widest point they are about as wide as the pronotum. At the apex, the elytra are abruptly bluntly rounded, with the exception of an obsolete tooth cut almost straight at the seam . The elytra are flat. At the base they are only bordered on the side (blue arrowhead in Fig. 8). The elytra are striped with raised spaces. They are indistinctly dotted in the stripes.

On each wing-cover there is an elongated, dark, poorly delimited spot. It varies greatly in size and color intensity. As a rule, however, it is significantly smaller than the wing cover and is not placed in the middle of the wing cover, but rather behind it. In front of the two longitudinal spots, another dark area is visible on the base of the wing cover, but this is not due to the coloring of the wing cover. It extends almost over the entire width of the body and is relatively sharply triangular to the rear. This area is due to the fact that the dark back (Fig. 8, A) shines through the transparent wing covers (Fig. 8, C) at the front, but is covered to the rear by the folded skin wings (Fig. 8 B).

The wing covers are almost bare, only a few inconspicuous hairs sit in the outer stripes towards the end.

legs

The legs are short and strong. In both sexes the splints of the front and middle pair of legs are densely thorny, in the males these thorns are particularly strong. The front rails (Fig. 5) have a cleaning notch on the inside between the two end pins, which is used to clean the sensors. The tarsi are all five-part. In contrast to many other species of ground beetle, the first four limbs of the tarsi of the forelegs of the males are hardly more enlarged than in the females. The first link of the hind tarsi is long, almost as long as the second and third together. The process of the front breast (Prosternal process), which separates the front hips from one another, is unusually narrow between the front hips, but thickens behind it like a head. The middle hips are also very close together and the rear hips are touching (Fig. 2).

larva

There are three larval stages. The larvae are characterized by groups of bristles on the first to fifth abdomen sterngit. These are an adaptation to the way of life in the sand and mud. A description of the larval stages in Russian can be found on the Internet.

biology

Fig. 9: Daptus vittatus habitat

The beetle not only tolerates salty soils, they need them. In addition, its habitat must also have a high level of humidity. Accordingly, the species is found near water in places with a high salt content, for example on salt pans and salt marshes , in mud holes on the coast or in lagoons with a significantly higher salt content (Fig. 9). The beetle can be found not only near the coast, but also far inland in zones that are subject to salinization, for example on drying lakes without drainage or on watercourses in salt plains . They dig deep vertical tunnels there, the opening of which is usually under a stone. A travel report reports the beetle as often on sand under cow dung .

The nocturnal beetles appear from early spring to early summer and can then be found on damp sand under stones or detritus . They swarm at night and are attracted by light sources.

The beetles eat vegetable and animal food, which is also reflected in the structure of the upper jaw. The legs are built so that the beetle can walk, dig, and climb well. The beetles live in the ground, but can also climb on plants to eat seeds. Accordingly, they are classified as granivor . The beetle was also seen eating a flea shrimp together with another beetle .

The larvae also develop in moist salty soil. They also feed both predatory and on plants.

distribution

The species has an unusually large range. The beetle can be found in almost all of southern Europe and North Africa. To the east, the area extends over the Caucasus and the Altai Mountains to eastern and western Siberia, China and Korea. The distribution area is not contiguous. Merkl reported in 1897 about the only occurrence in Hungary that is narrowly limited and where the beetle is currently becoming extinct because the area is used as a military training area. Today the beetle is no longer found in Hungary, and it is missing in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Albania , North Macedonia , Serbia , Slovenia , Montenegro, Turkey and most of the Mediterranean islands.

literature

Gustav Jäger (Ed.): CG Calwer’s Käferbuch. 3. Edition. K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1876, p. 57.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Daptus vittatus from Fauna Europaea , accessed on November 3, 2019
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Gotthelf Fischer: Entomographia Imperii Russici Vol. 2 Moscow 1823 genus Daptus p. 35 in the Google book search, Daptus vittatus p. 38
3. ↑ Germar : Insectorum species - novae aut minus cognitae - descriptonibus illustratae Halle 1824 p. 2, No. 4 Diptomus vittiger in the Google book search
4. ↑ Victor de Motchoulsky: Coléoptères reçu d'un voyage de M. Handschuh dans le Midi de l'Éspagne ... in Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou Volume XXII Moscow 1849 p. 52 ff p. 69 Daptus labiatus
5. ↑ EA Bielz: The Schloßberg near Déva in entomological relation in negotiations and notifications of the Transylvanian Society for Natural Sciences Herrmannstadt 1851 p. 146 p. 150 No. 3 Daptus Kominekii
6. ↑ Friedrich August von Gebler: Remarks on the insects of Siberia - especially the Altai in Carl Friedrich von Ledebour's journey through the Altai mountains and the Soongorian Kyrgyz steppe Berlin 1837 part III p. 34 six color variants
7. ↑ Cuvier (Ed.): The Animal Kingdom - Class Insecta 1. Volume, Londen 1832 p. 208 Daptus
8. ↑ Andreas Semenov: Species Carabidarum generis Daptus fish. in Horae Societatis entomologicae Rossicae Volume 27, Petersburg 1892-1893 p. 434 Daptus , p. 435: Key to the species
9. ↑ Daptus at coleonet , accessed on November 3, 2019
10. ↑ G. Kraatz: The Beetles of Europe 29th issue, Nuremberg 1873 p. 1 Daptus vittiger
11. ↑ Thos. L. Casey: A Revision of the Nearctic Harpalinae in Memoirs on the Coleoptera Lancaster PA. 1914 p. 52 Daptus
12. ↑ Georges Cuvier: Le Règne animal d'après son organization ... Paris 1849 p. 131 Daptus
13. ^ Ludwig Redtenbacher: Fauna austriaca - Die Käfer extended edition, 1st volume, Vienna 1874 p. 69 Daptus and Daptus vittiger
14. ↑ Edmund Reitter: Determination table of the European Coleoptera in negotiations of the natural research association in Brno Volume 38 (1900) p. 34 ff p. 34 key for genus, p. 39 key for species
15. ↑ ^{a b} Ik Je Choi, Jongok Lim, Jinyoung Park, Ji Hwan Park, Jong Kyun Park: Study on the genus Daptus ground-beetles (Coleoptera - Carabidae) from Korea in Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol. 9, Issue 1, March 2016, pp. 34 - 38 PDF
16. ^ ^{A b} K. V. Makarov, VG Shilenkov: Larval stages of ground-beetles Daptus vittatus Fischer (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalini) in Russian entomological Journal 10 (3) , 2001, pp. 289-296 at Researchgate
17. ^ E. Vives et al .. Coleópteros halófilos de Los Monegros in Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología Salamanca 1978 pp. 205-214 [1]
18. ↑ J. Serrano, AS Ortiz, J. Galián: Los Carabidae de lagunas y ríos de la Submeseta Sur, España (Coleoptera, Adephaga) in Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología Salamanca 1990 pp. 199 - 210 PDF
19. ^ L Bedel: Catalog Raisonné des coléoptères du Nord de l'Afrique 1st part Paris 1895 p. 121
20. ↑ Excerpts translation of a travelogue of Waltl: Des insectes d'Andalousie in Revue Entomologique Volume IV, Strasbourg 1836 S. 137 S. 141
21. ↑ Vittoria Aliquo, Vito Davide Castelli: Nuovi dati sui colleoteri Cicindelide e Carabidi del Trapanese p. 49 No. 120
22. ^ Enrico Ratti: Le casse di colmata della laguna media, a sud di Venezia - X: I coleotteri dele casse A e B p. 9/41 No. 36
23. ↑ Kirill V. Makarov, Andrey V. Matalin: Ground-beetle communities in the Lake Elton region, southern Russia: a case study of a local fauna (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in Festschrift towards the 75th Anniversary and a Laudatio in Honor of Academician Yuri Chernov January 2009 list p. 374
24. ↑ Nutritional types of ground beetles with corresponding tree characteristics at zin (Russian page)
25. ↑ Iradati Tamadouni, Mohamed Aradou: Settlement of Beetles of the Wetland of Sidi Moussa-Oualidia in Journal of Entomology 14 (1): 33-43, December 2016  pp. 9/39
26. ↑ Annales de l'institute Oceonographique Monaco 1950, p. 73 Goggle book search for Daptus vittatus
27. ↑ I.Kh. Sharova, KV Makarov: Life forms and adaptive radiation of ground beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of the World fauna in Russian entomological Journal Volume 21, 3 2012, pp. 229-256 p. 244 Larvae group IV, 3
28. ↑ Ede Merkl: Két kihaló bogárfaj (Two extinct species of beetle) in Rovartani lapok 4th volume, 6, issue, Budapest 1897 p. 128

Web links

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