Baumsteiger (genus of frogs)
| Tree climber | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dyer's frog ( Dendrobates tinctorius ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Dendrobates | ||||||||||||
| Wagler , 1830 |
The tree climbers ( Dendrobates , from δένδρος déndros "tree" and βαινω baínō "climb") represent a genus within the family of the tree diver frogs (Dendrobatidae). Another genus in this family are among others the leaf climbers ( Phyllobates ). The term tree climber is also used synonymously for the whole family of Dendrobatidae.
features
The tree climbers are brightly colored and secrete poisonous excretions through their skin. In contrast to other genera, they have no back stripes or lateral longitudinal stripes. The skin on the back is smooth. The species of the genus have no webbed feet, but adhesive discs. The first finger is shorter than the second, in the males the third finger is not thickened.
The set of chromosomes in this genus Baumsteiger in diploid cells consists of 18 chromosomes (2n = 18). Other species of the poison dart frog family have up to 30 chromosomes.
Occurrence
The frogs are native to the humid Latin American tropics and subtropics from Nicaragua to southeastern Brazil and Bolivia .
Way of life
Toxic alkaloids are stored in the surface of the skin . As with the related poison dart frogs , these are not formed by the tree climbers themselves, but are based on their food. They are originally synthesized by insects, millipedes, or mites that are eaten by the frogs. Exactly which prey animals are involved is not yet clear. It is also unclear to what extent the ingested alkaloids can be transformed in the frogs' metabolism. In the terrarium keeping with the usual feeding with fruit flies or house crickets , the poisons of the tree climbers do not occur.
The males of the tree climbers carry the tadpoles to the waters, where they develop further. The species Dendrobates leucomelas brings the larvae into small surface waters. The species Dendrobates auratus and Dendrobates truncatus use either surface water or Phytotelmata , which are created by rainwater within the bromeliad funnel , depending on availability . The tadpoles of the other species can only be found in the plant funnels.
Taxonomy
The genus Dendrobates was described by Johann Georg Wagler in his work Natural System of Amphibians in 1830 .
species
After the systematics of the poison dart frogs have been revised, only five species of the formerly diverse genus Dendrobates are listed under this taxon, the others have been assigned to numerous new genera:
As of October 23, 2017
- Dendrobates auratus (Girard, 1855) - Goldbaumsteiger
- Dendrobates leucomelas Steindachner, 1864 - Yellow-banded tree climber
- Dendrobates nubeculosus Jungfer & Böhme, 2004
- Dendrobates tinctorius (Cuvier, 1797) - Dyer's frog (type species)
- Dendrobates truncatus (Cope, 1861)
The previous species Dendrobates azureus Hoogmoed, 1969 ( Blauer Baumsteiger ) is now only regarded as a color variant of the dye frog ( see above ).
Most of the earlier Dendrobates species are now sorted taxonomically differently. Different genera have been spun off, these now form the subfamily Dendrobatinae within the tree dart frog family:
- Adelphobates Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
- Andinobates Twomey, Brown, Amézquita & Mejía-Vargas, 2011
- Dendrobates Wagler, 1830
- Excidobates Twomey & Brown, 2008
- Minyobates Myers, 1987
- Oophaga Bauer, 1994
- Phyllobates Duméril & Bibron, 1841
- Ranitomeya Bauer, 1986
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c T. D. Grant, DR Frost, JP Caldwell, R. Gagliardo, CFB Haddad, PJR Kok, BD Means, BP Noonan, W. Schargel & WC Wheeler: Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura : Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 299, p. 173, 2006 PDF, online
- ↑ TD Grant, DR Frost, JP Caldwell, R. Gagliardo, CFB Haddad, PJR Kok, BD Means, BP Noonan, W. Schargel & WC Wheeler: Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae) . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 299, pp. 111-114, 2006 PDF, online
- ↑ TD Grant, DR Frost, JP Caldwell, R. Gagliardo, CFB Haddad, PJR Kok, BD Means, BP Noonan, W. Schargel & WC Wheeler: Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae) . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 299, p. 178, 2006 PDF, online
- ^ Johann Georg Wagler: Natural system of amphibians: with preceding classification of mammals and birds: a contribution to comparative zoology. Munich 1830, p. 202 (first description) Facsimile at Internet Archive
- ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Dendrobates . Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Electronic Database accessible at American Museum of Natural History , Version 5.5, January 31, 2011, New York 1998–2011
literature
- Johann Georg Wagler: Natural system of the amphibians: with preceding classification of the mammals and birds: a contribution to comparative zoology. Munich 1830, p. 202 (first description) Facsimile at Internet Archive
- R. Symula, R. Schulte & K. Summers: Molecular systematics and phylogeography of Amazonian poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26, pp. 452-475, 2003
- TD Grant, DR Frost, JP Caldwell, R. Gagliardo, CFB Haddad, PJR Kok, BD Means, BP Noonan, W. Schargel & WC Wheeler: Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 299, 2006 ( PDF, online )
Web links
- Genus Dendrobates at dendrobates.org
- Darrel R. Frost: Dendrobates . Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Electronic Database accessible at American Museum of Natural History , Version 5.5, January 31, 2011, New York 1998–2011 (accessed July 23, 2012)