The arachnids
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The arachnids. A sixteen-volume work on German and exotic arachnids, founded by the German zoologist Carl Wilhelm Hahn in 1831 and continued by Carl Ludwig Koch between 1836 and 1847 , is reproduced and described true to nature . The detailed descriptions and the elaborate color tables made The Arachniden one of the most important scientific printed works of its time. To this day it is an important reference for arachnology because of the numerous initial descriptions it contains .
content
The arachnids are a series of short descriptions of arachnids from around the world, each accompanied by a colored representation. The entire work does not show that the order of the species follows a system. Hahn was apparently trying to include all groups of arachnids in his work. He spent much less effort on the mites than on spiders , harvestmen and scorpions . The superficial representation of only a few species of mites aroused criticism even before the last delivery of the first volume was published. From the third volume onwards, mites were no longer taken into account; instead, Carl Ludwig Koch included the German mites in his work Germany's Crustaceans, Myriapods and Arachnids , which was published from 1835 to 1844 .
The descriptions of the animals depicted were kept short in the first two volumes and comprise half to three pages. From the third volume on, the information on the way of life of the species described became much more extensive and often contained information on the construction of the net or the cocoons . In addition, Carl Ludwig Koch tried to structure the work in such a way that he tried to summarize the descriptions of species of a genus in one delivery or at least in one volume. The lack of reference to the systematics of the arachnids, which had already been introduced into the work by Hahn, was helped by Koch with the overview of the arachnid system , published in five deliveries from 1837 to 1850, independently of The Arachnids .
The descriptions have a uniform structure. After the numbers of the table and the drawing are given in the heading, the second line is the scientific name and, in the first two volumes, the third is a German name, which is mostly just a translation of the Latin. This is followed by the descriptive text, which in the first two volumes is often limited to an indication of dimensions such as length and width of the body and a description of the drawing. If the species was already described, information from the author and other publications are included. The "fatherland" is almost always given, sometimes with extremely detailed information about the sites. For native and European species, the description often also includes a description of the way of life.
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Hahn dedicated the first volume "out of true admiration and respect" to the Austrian natural scientist and "excellent observer and connoisseur of the arachnids" Karl von Schreiber . In the foreword to the first volume, dated March 1831, Hahn also referred to the constantly delayed appearance of the deliveries of his monograph on the spiders and the resulting disputes with the publisher. He assured the readership of the exclusive use of new drawings.
In December 1833, in the foreword to the second volume, Hahn responded to a review of the first five deliveries published two months earlier. Without going into the criticism of the content, he responded almost desperately to the complaint about the bimonthly publication frequency not being adhered to: a magazine is published every two months without interruption, and it is not to be feared that this, like my other works, will ever stall, unless death itself ends . Hahn's foreword was followed by the promise of the publisher: The above assurance that a booklet will appear every two months and therefore at least one volume (six books) every year is confirmed by the CH Zeh'sche Buchhandlung .
In his only foreword to the third volume, Carl Ludwig Koch confirmed his predecessor's assurances that the drawings were original in January 1836. He announced that the characteristics of the genera will no longer be listed, as was previously the case with the first presentation of one of their species, but only after the completion of the entire work. To this end, he planned a systematic overview with an overall index of the species depicted or described in the work. A major innovation by Koch was that he attached great importance to the depiction of both sexes of the species.
Koch could not do the final work on his work himself, a protracted eye disease prevented him from continuing to work. The Regensburg entomologist Gottlieb August Herrich-Schäffer had received all of the manuscripts and drawings from Koch in 1845 and supervised the engraving and printing of the last volumes. Herrich-Schäffer also created the overall index, but without the announced systematic overview.
structure
The Arachniden was published in sixteen volumes in octave format , the first two volumes were written by Carl Wilhelm Hahn, who also drew the templates for the color plates. From the third volume onwards, Carl Ludwig Koch was the author and illustrator. The first fifteen volumes appeared in six deliveries each, the last in four deliveries. The first twelve volumes appeared in the CH Zeh'schen Buchhandlung in Nuremberg, the 13th and the following volumes in the Nuremberg publishing house by JL Lotzbeck .
The individual deliveries each contained six colored copper etchings , for which the authors had made the drawings themselves. All animals depicted were drawn from living or well-preserved collection copies, and the authors indicated the collection from which the templates came.
The color tables are always in the immediate vicinity of the descriptions. They each represent a few species, often only a single one, which in many cases are accompanied by monochrome drawings of anatomical details. Throughout the entire work, the tablets are numbered in Roman numerals. In addition, the individual images ("figures") are also numbered consecutively throughout the work with Arabic numerals. The Latin names of the species depicted are given at the bottom of each panel.
At the end of each volume there is a list of the scientific names of the species contained with the indication of the page numbers, tables and drawings. The 62-page index of the complete works, which was only published in 1849, lists only scientific names with the numbers of the volume, pages and drawings.
reception
In 1833, an anonymous reviewer praised the high quality of the color tables in the Berlin yearbooks for scientific criticism , which had significantly improved compared to those from Hahn's monograph on the spiders and also from the first to the fourth delivery of the arachnids . However, it was criticized that anatomical features such as the number and position of the eyes or the features of the jaws were often not shown. This would make the mite images "quite useless". In addition, in the opinion of the reviewer, it would be desirable if the depictions of the way of life took up more space in the descriptions. In conclusion, the reviewer commented critically that he only had five deliveries, i.e. fewer than the announced six issues a year.
Release dates
The individual deliveries were tied in the customer order after a tape had been completely delivered. They were given a title page , the year of publication of which often did not match the date of delivery. This is generally sufficient for title recording and bibliographic purposes. In biological nomenclature , however, it is absolutely necessary to know the actual date of publication of a publication in order to apply the priority rule. For Die Arachniden and numerous other works, the dates of publication of the individual deliveries were unknown for a long time and in some cases until today. As a result, in the large arachnological catalogs of Pierre Bonnet and Carl Friedrich Roewer , who took over the information from the title pages, numerous incorrect information about the first descriptions was published.
The research of the Italian arachnologist Paolo Marcello Brignoli , who was able to fall back on a largely neglected preliminary work of the British zoologist and bibliographer Charles Davies Sherborn from 1914, led to the correction of the publication dates for the first descriptions of more than one hundred still valid taxa : 98 spiders , 17 scorpions , three roller spiders and five harvestmen .
Volumes and supplies
tape | publishing company | title | 1. ran. | year | 2. Ran. | year | 3. ran. | year | 4. Ran. | year | 5. ran. | year | 6. Ran. | year | Digitized | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I. | toe | 1831 | Pp. 1-24, I-VI | 1831 | Pp. 25-48, VII-XII | 1832 | Pp. 49-76, XIII-XVIII | 1832 | Pp. 77-99, XIX-XIV | 1833 | Pp. 101-116, XXV-XXX | 1833 | Pp. 117-124, XXXI-XXXVI | 1833 | Digitized | |
II | toe | 1834 | Pp. 1-16, XXXVII-XLII | 1833 | Pp. 17-32, XLIII-XLVIII | 1834 | Pp. 33-40, XLIV-LIV | 1834 | Pp. 41-53, LV-LX | 1834 | Pp. 54-64, LXI-LXVI | 1835 | Pp. 65-72, LXVII-LXXII | 1835 | Digitized | |
III | toe | 1836 | Pp. 1-16, LXXIII-LXXVIII | 1836 | Pp. 17-32, LXXIX-LXXXIV | 1836 | Pp. 33-50, LXXXV-XC | 1836 | Pp. 51-72, XCI-XCVI | 1836 | Pp. 73-88, XCVII-CII | 1836 | Pp. 89-112, CIII-CVIII | 1837 | Digitized | |
IV | toe | 1838 | Pp. 1-24, CIX-CXIV | 1837 | Pp. 25-44, CXV-CXX | 1837 | Pp. 45-68, CXXI-CXXVI | 1837 | Pp. 69-88, CXXVII-CXXXII | 1837 | Pp. 89-108, CXXXIII-CXXXVIII | 1837 | Pp. 109-140, CXXXIX-CXLIV | 1838 | Digitized | |
V | toe | 1839 | Pp. 1-24, CXLV-CL | 1838 | Pp. 25-44, CLI-CLVI | 1838 | Pp. 45-68, CLVII-CLXII | 1838 | Pp. 69-92, CLXIII-CLXVIII | 1838 | Pp. 93-124, CLXIX-CLXXIV | 1838 | Pp. 125-154, CLXXV-CLXXX | 1839 | Digitized | |
VI | toe | 1839 | Pp. 1-24, CLXXXI-CLXXXVI | 1839 | Pp. 25-50, CLXXXVII-CXCII | 1839 | Pp. 51-74, CXCIII-CXCVIII | 1839 | Pp. 75-102, CIC-CCIV | 1839 | Pp. 103-132, CCV-CCX | 1839 | Pp. 133-152, CCXI-CCXVI | 1839 | Digitized | |
VII | toe | 1839 | Pp. 1-32, CCXVII-CCXXII | 1839 | Pp. 33-56, CCXXIII-CCXXVIII | 1839 | Pp. 57-70, CCXXIX-CCXXXIV | 1839 | Pp. 71-86, CCXXXV-CCXL | 1839 | Pp. 87-106, CCXLI-CCXLVI | 1839 | Pp. 107-126, CCXLVII-CCLII | 1840 | Digitized | |
VIII | toe | 1841 | Pp. 1-20, CCLIII-CCLVIII | 1840 | Pp. 21-40, CCLIX-CCLXIV | 1840 | Pp. 41-64, CCLXV-CCLXX | 1841 | Pp. 65-86, CCLXXI-CCLXXVI | 1841 | Pp. 87-110, CCLXVII-CCLXXXII | 1841 | Pp. 111-126, CCLXXXIII-CCLXXXVIII | 1841 | Digitized | |
IX | toe | 1842 | Pp. 1-24, CCLXXXIX-CCXCIV | 1841 | Pp. 25-40, CCXCV-CCC | 1841 | Pp. 41-56, CCCI-CCCVI | 1841 | Pp. 57-72, CCCVII-CCCXII | 1842 | Pp. 73-88, CCCXIII-CCCXVIII | 1842 | Pp. 89-104, CCCXIX-CCCXXIV | 1842 | Digitized | |
X | toe | 1843 | Pp. 1-20, CCXXV-CCCXXX | 1842 | Pp. 21-36, CCCXXXI-CCCXXXVI | ? | Pp. 37-60, CCCXXXVII-CCCXLII | 1843 | Pp. 61-84, CCCXLIII-CCCXLVIII | 1843 | Pp. 85-112, CCCIL-CCCLIV | 1843 | Pp. 113-138, CCCLV-CCCLX | ? | Digitized | |
XI | toe | 1845 | Pp. 1-24, CCCLXI-CCCLXVI | 1844 | Pp. 25-48, CCCLXVII-CCCLXXII | 1844 | Pp. 49-76, CCCLXXIII-CCCLXXVIII | 1844 | Pp. 77-108, CCCLXXIX-CCCLXXXIV | 1844 | Pp. 109-136, CCCLXXXV-CCCXC | 1844 | Pp. 137-168, CCCXCI-CCCXCVI | 1844 | Digitized | |
XII | toe | 1845 | Pp. 1-24, CCCXCVII-CCCCII | 1845 | Pp. 25-52, CCCCIII-CCCCVIII | 1845 | Pp. 53-80, CCCCIX-CCCCXIV | 1845 | Pp. 81-108, CCCCXV-CCCCXX | 1845 | Pp. 109-132, CCCCXXI-CCCCXXVI | 1845 | Pp. 133-160, CCCCXXVII-CCCCXXXII | 1845 | Digitized | |
XIII | Lotzbeck | 1846 | Pp. 1-36, CCCCXXXIII-CCCCXXXVIII | 1846 | Pp. 37-76, CCCCXXXIX-CCCCXLIV | 1846 | Pp. 77-106, CCCCXLV-CCCCL | 1846 | Pp. 107-148, CCCCLI-CCCCLVI | 1846 | Pp. 149-188, CCCCLVII-CCCCLXII | 1846 | Pp. 189-228, CCCCLXIII-CCCCLXVIII | 1846 | Digitized | |
XIV | Lotzbeck | 1848 | Pp. 1-48, CCCCLXIX-CCCCLXXIV | 1846 | Pp. 49-88, CCCCLXXV-CCCCLXXX | 1846 | Pp. 89-128 CCCCLXXXI-CCCCLXXXVI | 1847 | Pp. 129-144, CCCCLXXXVII-CCCCXCII | 1847 | Pp. 145-172, CCCCXCIII-CCCCXCVIII | 1847 | Pp. 173-204 CCCCXCIX-DIV | 1847 | Digitized | |
XV | Lotzbeck | 1848 | Pp. 1-24, DV-DX | 1847 | Pp. 25-50, DXI-DXVI | 1847 | Pp. 51-66, DXVII-DXXII | 1847 | Pp. 67-86, DXXIII-DXXVIII | 1847 | Pp. 87-110, DXXIX-DXXXIV | 1847 | Pp. 111-130, DXXXV-DXL | 1847 | Digitized | |
XVI | Lotzbeck | 1848 | Pp. 1-20, DXLI-DXLVI | 1847 | Pp. 21-40, DXLVII-DLII | 1847 | Pp. 41-60, DLIII-DLVIII | 1847 | Pp. 61-76, DLIX-DLXIII | 1847 | Digitized | |||||
index | Lotzbeck | 1848 | Pp. 1–64, | 1849 | in Volume XVI | |||||||||||
Notes: publication years that differ from the information on the title pages are highlighted in bold. Title = year of printing according to title page; In the case of deliveries, the page numbers are noted in Arabic and the numbers of the tables in Roman; Year = actual year of publication |
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Anonymous: Yearbooks for Scientific Criticism , October 1833, pp. 510–512, digitized .
- ^ A b Carl Ludwig Koch: Overview of the Arachnid System , Book 1, Foreword. CH Zeh´sche Buchhandlung, Nuremberg 1837, digitized .
- ↑ Anonymous: The Arachnids. Third volume . In: Naumannia. Journal für die Ornithologie 1858, pp. 90-95, digitized .
- ^ Carl Wilhelm Hahn: The arachnids. First volume , dedication.
- ^ A b Carl Wilhelm Hahn: The arachnids. First volume , foreword.
- ^ Carl Wilhelm Hahn: The arachnids. Second volume , foreword.
- ↑ Carl Ludwig Koch: The arachnids. Third volume , foreword.
- ↑ Gottlieb August Herrich-Schäffer: Closing Word . In: Carl Ludwig Koch: The arachnids. Sixteenth volume .
- ↑ a b c Paolo Marcello Brignoli: On the correct dates of publication of the arachnid taxa described in some works by CW Hahn and CL Koch (Arachnida) . In: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 1985, Volume 6, No. 9, pp. 414-416, Online PDF , 204 kB.
- ^ Peter Sacher: Carl Wilhelm Hahn (1786-1835) and his arachnological works . In: Entomological News and Reports 1988, Volume 32, No. 4, PDF (487 kB) on ZOBODAT
- ^ Charles Davies Sherborn: On the Dates of Publication of CW Hahn and CL Koch, 'Die Arachniden,' 1831-1849 . In: Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1914, Series 8, Volume 14, pp. 143-144, digitized .