Drug prevention

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Drug prevention (also addiction prevention ) refers to measures to prevent or reduce consumption on the one hand, and measures to prevent damage to health through the consumption of legal (often alcohol , nicotine , caffeine and some drugs ) and illegal drugs on the other .

Levels of prevention

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The distinction between the prevention of legal and illegal drugs is based on Caplan (1964) and the definitions of the World Health Organization (WHO). It is essentially divided into three areas according to the different points in time at which the prevention begins and the target direction: primary, secondary and tertiary addiction prevention. However, it is not possible to clearly delimit these three types and, especially in practical use, cannot be clearly separated from one another. Secondary and tertiary prevention in particular overlap in the area of ​​therapeutic / rehabilitative measures. When working with adolescents, primary prevention is the area that is given the most importance.

Primary prevention

  • Primary prevention includes interventions with people who have not yet used drugs. These are often primarily aimed at avoiding consumption .

enlightenment

While campaigns primarily want to convey feelings, (factual) clarification is aimed at the mind of the target group.

Premise: Anyone who knows about the use and dangers of drugs can avoid certain risks through “ safer use ” or completely dispense with particularly risky drugs or forms of consumption.

Implementation:

  • Brochures and websites ( drugcom.de ) of the Federal Center for Health Education or individual federal states, for example drogerie-projekt.de from Thuringia ,
  • Drug education within particularly endangered age and population groups (“selective prevention”). This includes scene-based drug counseling in subcultures (scenes). Example: the drugstore music scene project for the “ techno / hardcore scene ”.

Preventive value: Opinions are divided. Some experts believe that education alone does not do much - on the grounds that cigarette consumption is still very widespread, although education about the harmful effects of smoking has risen sharply. On the other hand, it seems questionable whether prevention that only deals with the consequences of smoking instead of the mechanisms of smoking itself makes sense.

regulation

Premise: Individuals are not necessarily capable of dealing sensibly with drugs on their own initiative. It is the responsibility of the state to intervene in a regulatory manner through legal requirements. In particular, the protection of minors should be guaranteed.

State intervention options:

  • taxation
  • Age ratings
  • Warning notices, package insert
  • The seller's duty to advise
  • Place of sale (supermarket, drug store, pharmacy)
  • Advertising bans
  • local consumption bans (school)
  • Create alternatives (see, for example, " Syrup articles " in the area of ​​alcohol )

In the case of illegal drugs, these options are partially not available.

Causal prevention

Premise: People who are mentally and socially in balance are less prone to developing addiction.

Goals: a stable and humane social environment, self-confidence, security

Intervention options:

  • Jobs
  • School psychologists
  • School lessons in social interaction ( anti-violence training )
  • Training of social skills
  • Social work
  • Family support
  • Integration of immigrants

Secondary prevention

  • Secondary prevention includes measures with people who have already consumed. These are relapse prevention and rehabilitation measures for people who have overcome an addiction. They primarily aim at:
  1. Reduction / prevention of damage to health, instructions for " Safer Use "
  2. Avoiding the development of abuse and addiction , preventing the recurrence of addictive behaviors

Mostly, attempts are also made to prevent possible negative social consequences of consumption (family disputes, loss of driving license, impoverishment, social ostracism ...).

Tertiary prevention

Tertiary prevention includes all therapy and drug support offers for addicts:

Relapse prophylaxis is also known as tertiary prevention B or quaternary prevention.

Prevention in Germany

Prevention of illicit drug use

The federal government's drug policy is based on four pillars:

  1. Prevention
  2. Treatment of addictions
  3. Survival aids (e.g. drug consumption rooms, emergency aid) for severely dependent people
  4. Supply reduction and repressive measures

Campaigns and Programs

Objective: The rejection of drug use and drug users is to be increased within the population.

Effectiveness: The preventive value of anti-drug campaigns is unknown, as there is only a few scientific evaluations in drug prevention . As a stopgap for this article, more or less subjective criticisms are listed in the individual campaigns, which may allow conclusions to be drawn about how the campaign is received by the mostly young target group.

QIDS - Q ualifizierungs i NITIATIVE D rogen- and S uchtprävention

QiDS is a cross-border joint research, development and evaluation project.

QiDS is a further training measure for drug and addiction prevention, based on a holistic methodical-didactic concept that combines a high level of practical relevance with well-founded, interdisciplinary factual knowledge. The participants are to be made aware of the drug and addiction problem - with the aim of acquiring skills in dealing with adolescents and young adults at risk of addiction.

The target group are: parents, teachers and trainers as well as volunteers in clubs and associations.

The results of a survey on the “risk of adolescents and young adults from addiction and drugs” within the framework of QiDS showed that eight out of ten respondents know at least one adolescent who is affected by addiction; six out of ten even know more than one affected young person. 53% of those questioned see alcohol as the most dangerous drug for young people - and two thirds believe that “adults with responsibility for upbringing” cannot encourage young people to use drugs appropriately.

" No power to drugs "

Characteristics:

  • Athletes advertise the use of illegal substances

"Smoke-free!"

Characteristics:

  • A joint campaign by the federal government and the cigarette industry against smoking.

Criticisms:

  • a requirement of the cigarette industry, which funds this campaign: "The measures must not discriminate against the cigarette industry, its products or the cigarette trade or denigrate the adult smoker."
  • It is doubtful whether these are actually anti-smoking posters.

Be Smart Don't Start

This program is a competition that aims to make the topic of “no smoking” more attractive for students.

"Don't drink too much - Stay Gold"

The campaign started on December 5, 2008 as a collaboration between the police and drug officers. The aim is to draw attention to the binge drinking of young people. The campaign includes beer coasters with images that appear to be a deterrent from excessive drinking, as well as advertisements on the SchülerVZ network platform and videos on YouTube.

Criticisms:

  • The campaign becomes the “dumbest campaign of the year” for the linguistic community. She is completely incomprehensible. Even for people who have English as their mother tongue, it is not immediately obvious and often not at all comprehensible.
  • It is misleading: Is it an advertisement for “gold brands” beer? The translation “stay good” is also very questionable in the prevention context.

Step by step program

Step by step is a computer-aided program for early detection and intervention in the event of behavioral problems in the run-up to addiction problems. It is intended to support teachers in recognizing problematic tendencies in the development of young people, such as impairments to physical, mental and emotional well-being as well as in social behavior, as early as possible and to react in a targeted manner. It consists of several modules:

  • online: Web pages with information on technical terms, advice centers, legal principles and a training section on early detection.
  • CD-ROM and manual STEP BY STEP, supplementary secondary prevention in schools
  • Training for teachers as a basis for using the early detection part

The program was developed in 1992 as part of a cooperation project between addiction prevention centers from Switzerland, Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein and was later also adopted in Germany.

Prevention in Iceland

In Iceland, as part of the nationwide Youth in Iceland plan, the age limits for tobacco distribution have been raised to 18 and alcohol distribution to 20, and advertising has been banned. In addition, it was stipulated that young people between the ages of 13 and 16 are not allowed to be outside after 10 p.m. in winter and after midnight in summer. Parents were encouraged to spend as much time as possible with their children through parent organizations in schools and through parent participation in school councils. The state subsidies for sports, music, art, dance and other clubs were increased. Using questionnaires regularly sent to teenagers, it was found that between 1997 and 2012 the number of 15- and 16-year-olds who spend time with their parents frequently or almost every day of the week doubled from 23% to 46% who exercise at least four times a week had increased from 24% to 42% and at the same time the number of those who smoke, drink or use cannabis had fallen. This development, even if it cannot be seen as evidence of a causal relationship, is seen as an increase in protective factors and a reduction in risk factors and drug abuse, which are more evident than in any other European country. According to the media, nowhere in Europe has "alcohol and drug abuse among adolescents decreased as dramatically as in Iceland over the past 20 years".

See also

literature

  • Helmut Arnold, Hans Joachim Schille (eds.) And a .: Practical Guide to Drugs and Drug Prevention. Fields of action - concepts of action - practical steps. Juventa Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-7799-0783-6 .
  • Ju- Ill Kim: Adolescent drug use and addiction prevention work. Accepting drug education as an alternative. IKO publishing house for intercultural communication, Frankfurt am Main 2003, ISBN 3-88939-702-6 .
  • Lina Rhan, Ulla Rhan: Better high than normal - a book about drugs. 3. Edition. Kösel-Verlag, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-466-30563-2 .
  • Johannes Regnitz: Cool without Alk. GD-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-941045-04-0 .
  • Heinz Kaufmann: Addiction prevention in schools and youth work. A workbook with 111 exercises and suggestions Beltz-Verlag, Weinheim / Basel 2001, ISBN 3-407-22099-5 .
  • Irene Heise: If only you would have had time. Lack of care as a source of addictive behavior, criminalization and failure in marriage. Practical example of an empathic problem analysis. 2nd Edition. 2005, ISBN 3-9500649-3-1 .
  • Gundula Barsch : Textbook Addiction Prevention: From drug naivety to drug maturity . Verlag Neuland, 2008, ISBN 978-3-87581-267-1 .
  • Barbara Weißbach, Kerstin Jüngling, Anke Schmidt u. a .: Design addiction prevention and counseling to be gender and diversity fair. Recommendations for action. Ed. Department for Addiction Prevention in the State of Berlin. Dortmund 2012, ISBN 978-3-924100-42-1 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Drug Commissioner of the Federal Government: Drug and Addiction Report 2014, Prevention, p. 55 (PDF) ( Memento of the original from August 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.drogenbeauftragte.de
  2. ↑ Bettina Schmidt: Addiction prevention in the Federal Republic of Germany , Volume 24, p. 10, BZgA, 2004, ISBN 3-933191-98-X , online ( Memento of the original from October 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bzga.de
  3. ↑ Prevention approaches and theories ( memento of the original from December 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Wiener Zeitschrift für Suchtforschung, Vol. 28 2005, No. 3/4, pp. 39–45 (PDF file; 130 kB)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.api.or.at
  4. ^ Arnold, Helmut / Schille, Hans Joachim (eds.) And a. (2002): Practical Handbook Drugs and Drug Prevention. Fields of action - action concepts - practical steps , Juventa Verlag, Munich
  5. ↑ Kim, Ju-Ill (2003): Drug use by adolescents and addiction prevention work. Accepting drug education as an alternative , IKO publishing house for intercultural communication, Frankfurt a. M.
  6. ↑ Article »Rauchfrei« on heise.de
  7. ↑ Stay Gold - the stupidest campaign of the year , Eve & Rave Berlin, December 24, 2008.
  8. ↑ Step by step , accessed on August 19, 2014
  9. ↑ Emma Young: Addiction Prevention: How to Keep Teenagers Away from Alcohol and Drugs. In: www.spektrum.de. November 8, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2019 .
  10. ↑ AL Kristjansson, ID Sigfusdottir, T. Thorlindsson, MJ Mann, J. Sigfusson, JP Allegrante: Population trends in smoking, alcohol use and primary prevention variables among adolescents in Iceland, 1997-2014. In: Addiction. Volume 111, number 4, April 2016, pp. 645-652, doi : 10.1111 / add.13248 , PMID 26614684 .