Madeira adder head
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Madeira adder's head ( Echium candicans ) |
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| L. f. |
The Madeira adder's head ( Echium candicans ), also known as the pride of Madeira , is a species of the genus of the adder's heads ( Echium ) in the predatory family (Boraginaceae). It occurs indigenously only in Madeira .
description
Echium candicans can be distinguished from the other two shrub -like species of adder's head endemic to Madeira by the longer and denser inflorescences, the long, protruding (not lying) hairs and the tapered leaves.
Vegetative characteristics
The Madeira adder head grows as a 1 to 2 meter high shrub , usually with a candelabra- like habit. The inflorescences are not located on the terminal shoot, but terminal on the side shoots. The bark is whitish and comes off the shoots like paper. The short-stalked leaves are lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate and pointed long at the end, they reach a maximum length of about 25 centimeters and a width of 2 to 4 centimeters. The lower leaves are more than five times as long as the upper ones. The adaxial (facing the shoot) side of the leaf blade is dark green, the abaxial slightly lighter green with prominently protruding leaf veins , all parts are protruding, dense and soft, relatively long, with velvety hairs.
Generative characteristics
Many flowers and bracts are located in a dense, narrow, elongated inflorescence. This reaches 10 to 25, a maximum of 47 centimeters in length. The hermaphrodite, sessile flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope and, in contrast to the flowers of most of the other genera of Boraginaceae, weakly zygomorphic . They are colored blue or purple. The calyx is 4 to 5 millimeters long, green in color without darker veins and hairy, with lanceolate, pointed calyx tips. The corolla is blue to purple, often with a white stripe on each tip, the tube is 9 to 11 millimeters long, the tips rounded or truncated at the end. The stamens are pink in color, the anthers whitish.
Distribution, ecology and location
The species occurs autochthonously only on Madeira and is absent from the other islands in the archipelago . It grows here relatively often at an altitude of around 800 to 1200 meters in the central part of the island, at the upper end of the altitude distribution of the laurel forest and in open, heather-like vegetation.
Today, the Madeira adder head has become feral in other regions with a similar climate around the world and is sometimes viewed as an "invasive" neophyte , for example in California.
Taxonomy
Echium candicans was first published in 1782 by Carl von Linnaeus the Younger . A homonym is Echium candicans Lam. , published 1792. Synonyms for Echium candicans L. f. are: Argyrexias candicans Raf. , Echium brachyanthum Hornem. , Echium cynoglossoides Desf. , Echium densiflorum DC. , Echium macrophyllum clay. , Echium maderense Steud. , Echium marianum Boiss. , Echium pallidum Salisb. , Echium pavonianum Boiss. , Echium truncatum auct.
Within the genus, the species belongs to the Virescentia section , which includes shrub-like species of Macaronesia .
According to phylogenomic data (investigation of the relationship based on the comparison of homologous DNA sequences) the species is closely related to the other shrub-like Echium species of the Macaronesian islands, which together form a clade . There are contradicting information about the sister group relationship, in particular it is unclear whether the species is more closely related to Echium nervosum, which also grows on Madeira , than to some of the Canarian species.
use
The Madeira adder head is used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens in areas with a Mediterranean climate .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Echium candicans in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
- ↑ a b Echium candicans in the IUCN 2015-3 Red List of Threatened Species . Posted by: JA Carvalho, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
- ↑ a b c d José Augusto Carvalho, Tânia Pontes, Maria Isabel Batista-Marques, Roberto Jardim (2010): A new species of Echium (Boraginaceae) from the island of Porto Santo (Madeira Archipelago). Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 67 (2): 87-96. doi : 10.3989 / ajbm.2239
- ↑ a b c D.Bramwell (1972): A revision of the genus Echium in Macaronesia. Lagascalia 2 (1): 37-115. online ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b data sheet of The Royal Horticultural Society = RHS.
- ↑ Erich Oberdorfer (1975): Comments on Madeira's vegetation. Anales del Instituto Botánico AJ Cavanilles 32 (1): 287-326.
- ↑ Rod Randall (2001): Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16 (4): 138-171.
- ↑ Joseph M. DiTomaso: Weeds of California and Other Western States (Vol.1). University of California Agriculture & Natural Resources 3488. UCANR Publications, 2007. p. 434.
- ↑ Echium candicans at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 8, 2015.
- ↑ Uta-Regina Böhle, Hartmut H. Hilger, William F. Martin (1996): Island colonization and evolution of the insular woody habit in Echium L. (Boraginaceae). PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93 (21): 11740-11745.
- ↑ Federico García-Maroto, Aurora Mañas-Fernández, José A. Garrido-Cárdenas, Diego López Alonso, José L. Guil-Guerrero, Beatriz Guzmán, Pablo Vargas (2009): delta6-Desaturase sequence evidence for explosive Pliocene radiations within the adaptive radiation of Macaronesian Echium (Boraginaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52: 563-574. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2009.04.009
