Engystomops

Engystomops
	Tungara frog ( Engystomops pustulosus )
Systematics
without rank:	Amphibians (Lissamphibia)
Order :	Frog (anura)
Subordination :	Neobatrachia
Family :	Whistling Frogs (Leptodactylidae)
Subfamily :	Leiuperinae
Genre :	Engystomops
Scientific name
	Engystomops
	Jiménez de la Espada , 1872

Engystomops pustulosus when mating

Engystomops is a genus of frogs that was re-established in 2006. It has been separated from the genus Physalaemus and includes a number of South and Central American species, including the common and widespread Tungara frog ( Engystomops pustulosus ).

features

The frogs of the genus Engystomops are 15 to 38.6 millimeters long. The skin on the back is warty. The frogs are inconspicuously brown in color. The tympanum is visible above the auditory organ .

distribution

The distribution area of this genus of frogs extends from southern Mexico across Central America to the northern states of South America including Peru and Ecuador . The genus comprises two clades that are biogeographically separated from each other by the Andes . The two clades were grouped into two irrelevant species groups. The clade Edentulus consists of Engystomops petersi and Engystomops pustulosus as well as Engystomops freibergi and occurs east of the Andes in northern South America and in the Amazon basin . The Duovox clade consists of the species Engystomops coloradorum , Engystomops montubio , Engystomops pustulatus , Engystomops puyango , Engystomops randi and Engystomops guayaco and lives northwest of the Andean ridge.

Way of life

The species of the genus Engystomops live mainly in the lowlands. They can be found in moist forests as well as in dry savannas of the tropical and subtropical zones. A foam nest that can be created by all species of the genus ensures the survival of their brood in occasional drought. The nest is placed in the water and picks up the eggs until the tadpoles hatch . Various proteins protect the eggs from parasite infestation.

The advertising behavior of some species and the reactions of the females to the calls of the males during the mating season were examined in detail. The males call out from the water at night, but the sounds can also be classified by predators such as the fringed-lipped bat ( Trachops cirrhosus ) in the prey scheme and used to track down the frogs.

Systematics and taxonomy

The species of the genus Engystomops belonged for a long time to the genus Physalaemus , which in 2006, at the time of their splitting, comprised 49 species. Phylogenetic studies indicated that the Tungara frog ( Physalaemus pustulosus ) was closely related to Physalaemus petersi , as were the species Physalaemus pustulatus and Physalaemus coloradorum, which are widespread west of the Andes . The four species were initially combined to form the Physalaemus pustulosus group, which was then expanded to include three newly described species in 2004 and 2005. In 2006 this group was separated from the genus Physalaemus . As a genus name, Engystomops was re-established after this monotypical genus with the only species Engystomops petersi had been integrated into the genus Physalaemus in 1970 under the name Physalaemus petersi .

During the systematic reorganization of the southern frogs (family Leptodactylidae in the broader sense), Engystomops was first placed in the newly established family Leiuperidae together with Physalaemus , Pleurodema , Pseudopaludicola and some less species-rich genera., But then as a subfamily Leiuperinae again in the family Leptodactenylidae (in the closer Sense) incorporated.

species

The genus Engystomops currently comprises nine species:

As of December 12, 2017

Engystomops petersi Jiménez-de-la-Espada , 1872 (type species)
Engystomops coloradorum ( Cannatella & Duellman , 1984)
Engystomops freibergi ( Donoso-Barros , 1969)
Engystomops guayaco ( Ron, Coloma & Cannatella , 2005)
Engystomops montubio ( Ron, Cannatella & Coloma , 2004)
Engystomops pustulatus ( Shreve , 1941)
Engystomops pustulosus ( Cope , 1864)
Engystomops puyango Ron, Toral, Rivera & Terán-Valdez 2010
Engystomops randi ( Ron, Cannatella & Coloma , 2004)

Individual evidence

↑ Santiago R. Ron, JC Santos and DC Catanella: Phylogeny of the túngara frog genus Engystomops (= Physalaemus pustulosus species group; Anura: Leptodactylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 39, 2, pp. 392-403, 2006

↑ Rachel I. Fleming, Cameron D. Mackenzie, Alan Cooper and Malcolm W. Kennedy: Foam nest components of the túngara frog: a cocktail of proteins conferring physical and biological resilience. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276, 2009, p. 1787, doi : 10.1098 / rspb.2008.1939 .

↑ M. Ryan: The Túngara Frog: A Study in Sexual Selection and Communication. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992

↑ Viola Melchers: The spontaneous categorization of social sounds by the Indian false vampire, Megaderma lyra. Dissertation at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Zoology, 2008, pp. 19-20 Text (PDF, German; 10.3 MB)

↑ LB Nascimento, U. Caramaschi, CAG Cruz: Taxonomic review of the species groups of the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 with revalidation of the genera Engystomops Jiménez-de-la-Espada, 1872 and Eupemphix Steindachner, 1863 (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae ). Arquivos do Museu Nacional Rio de Janeiro, 63, 2, pp. 297–320, 2005 full text ( memento of the original from September 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 797 kB) @1@ 2

↑ JD Lynch: Systematic status of the American leptodactylid frog genera Engystomops, Eupemphix, and Physalaemus. Copeia, 1970, 3, pp. 488-496, 1970

↑ TD Grant, DR Frost, JP Caldwell, R. Gagliardo, CFB Haddad, PJR Kok, BD Means, BP Noonan, W. Schargel and WC Wheeler .: Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Anura: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae ). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 299, pp. 1-262, 2006

↑ Darrel R. Frost: Engystomops . In: Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2017, accessed December 12, 2017

↑ Santiago R. Ron, Eduardo Toral, Myrian Rivera & Andrea Terán-Valdez: A new species of Engystomops (Anura: Leiuperidae) from southwestern Ecuador . Zootaxa 2606, pp. 25-49, 2010

literature

DM Jiménez-de-la-Espada: Nuevos batracios americanos. Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid, 1, pp. 85–88, 1872, p. 86 (first description) Facsimile in the Internet Archive

Web links

Commons : Engystomops - collection of images, videos and audio files

Darrel R. Frost: Engystomops . In: Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2017, accessed December 12, 2017

[Ron_2006-1] Santiago R. Ron, JC Santos and DC Catanella: Phylogeny of the túngara frog genus Engystomops (= Physalaemus pustulosus species group; Anura: Leptodactylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 39, 2, pp. 392-403, 2006

[Fleming-2] Rachel I. Fleming, Cameron D. Mackenzie, Alan Cooper and Malcolm W. Kennedy: Foam nest components of the túngara frog: a cocktail of proteins conferring physical and biological resilience. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276, 2009, p. 1787, doi : 10.1098 / rspb.2008.1939 .

[Ryan-3] M. Ryan: The Túngara Frog: A Study in Sexual Selection and Communication. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992

[Melchers-4] Viola Melchers: The spontaneous categorization of social sounds by the Indian false vampire, Megaderma lyra. Dissertation at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Zoology, 2008, pp. 19-20 Text (PDF, German; 10.3 MB)