Encyclopedias from the Chinese culture

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Encyclopedias from the Chinese culture were developed very early. Encyclopedia-like works originated in the ancient empire of China from around 500 BC. On bamboo strips and scrolls ; Encyclopedias in the narrower sense can be traced back to around 220 AD. Although these gigantic non-European encyclopedias are older than those of the European area, they have only subordinate importance for the development of what is known to us today as the encyclopedia, as they follow the European line of tradition the encyclopedia hardly or hardly influenced.

For periodization: see the history of China and the time table of China .

Western Zhou Dynasty (西周, Xizhou, 1100–770 BC)

The first encyclopedia-like works are said to come from the early Zhou dynasty; these works are cited in later works, but have not survived.

Eastern Zhou dynasty (東周, Dongzhou, 770–256 BC) and subsequent years

Lüshi chunqiu (呂氏春秋, dt. "Spring and Autumn of Lü Bu Wei") originated in China at the end of the Warring States shortly before the establishment of China's first empire Qin . Lü Buwei is considered the author or compiler.

Erya (爾雅, Eng. “Approach to Correctness”) is an encyclopedic thesaurus from the 3rd century BC. The work is divided into 19 chapters (architecture, music, astronomy, geography, mountains, mountains, rivers, grasses, trees, insects and reptiles, fish, birds, beasts, native animals, etc.) and is presented to the ruler of Zhou (周公 旦) attributed to ;.

Earlier Han Dynasty (前 漢, Qian-Han, 207 BC-6/8 AD)

Xinshu (The New Book), written by Djia I (* 198 BC; † 166 BC), a fusion of ideas, is praised for its clarity and beauty of style. It is said that yellow was declared the imperial color because of this book.

Huainanzi (Master of Huainan), written by Liu An (* 179 BC; † 122 BC), represents an overview of the knowledge of this time. The author gathered a number of philosophers around him and processed the result the conversations about a book that is strongly influenced by Daoism .

Later Han Dynasty (後 漢, Hou-Han, AD 25–220)

Shuo Wen Jie Zi (說文解字) is an encyclopedic dictionary from the late Han Dynasty. It was written by Xu Shen (許慎, 58–147). It divides the Chinese characters into 540 radicals ( bushou , 部首); Xu Xuan (徐 鉉, † 991) wrote a comment.

Tang Dynasty (唐, 618–907)

The Tong Dian (通典; also: Tong-dian or Tongdian ; Eng . "Comprehensive Handbook") by Du You (杜佑) from the 8th century is divided into nine sections:

  1. shihuo (food and money),
  2. xuanju (exams and advancement),
  3. zhiguan (offices),
  4. li (customs),
  5. yue (music),
  6. bing (military),
  7. xingfa (criminal law),
  8. zhoujun (administration),
  9. bianfang (defense of national borders)

Zheng dian (Eng. "Handbook of Politics") is an encyclopedia by Liu Zhi.

Yiwen leiju (藝文 類 聚, German: "Collection of literary texts sorted by subject group") is an encyclopedia by Ouyang Xun (歐陽詢), Linghu Defen (?), And Chen Shuda (陳 叔 達), published in 622.

Fa yuan zhu lin (法苑珠林) (Eng. "Pearl forest in the garden of the Dharma"), a Buddhist encyclopedia in 100 juan chapters, compiled by Daoshi 道 世, dated 668.

Song Dynasty (宋 960–1279)

Tong zhi (通 治, also Tongzhi ; Eng. "Comprehensive Treatise of Politics and Laws") is a political encyclopedia by Zheng Qiao.

Song si da shu (宋 四大 書; "Four great books of Song") is a collective name for four great encyclopedias from the 10th century, which during the reign of the ruler Tai-zong (976-997) under the direction of Li Fang (李 昉, † 996) were made.

  • The encyclopedia Tai Ping Yu Lan (太平 御 覽, Tai-ping yu-lan ; "Imperial Taiping Encyclopedia"), a general encyclopedia, was compiled by Li Fang (or Li Feng ) between 977 and 981 (other sources: 983) and comprises about 1000 fascicles ; it was last reissued in 1959 (according to other sources: 1812). The Tai Ping Yu Lan also contains, among other things, whole poems or short phrases such as Yu hu mou pi (“Negotiating with a tiger for its skin”).
  • Taiping guangji , a collection of ghost stories and mysterious events ( guaiji , 怪 記).
  • Ce fu yuan gui (冊 府 元 龜, also: Cefu yuangui ; "The Prime Turtle of the Record Bureau"), a political encyclopedia in the form of an anthology of political essays by Wang Qinruo (王欽若, † 1025), published in 1013.
  • Wenyuan yinghua (文苑 英華, "Flowers and Blossoms of the Garden of Literature"), a literary anthology by Li Fang (李 昉), Song Bai (宋 白) and Xu Xuan (徐 鉉).

Wen xian tong kao (文獻 通考, also: Wenxian tongkao ; "Comprehensive Studies of Literature") is an encyclopedia by Ma Duanlin (馬 端 臨), divided into 24 sections, published in 1317.

The oldest printed map is in the encyclopedia Liu Ching Thu from 1155; the woodcut map depicts western China. A copy of the map is in the Chinese National Library in Beijing.

Yu hai (玉海, also Yuhai ; Eng. "Jade Ocean") is an encyclopedia by Wang Yinglin (王 應 麟, 1223–1296), completed 1252 (Song), first published in 1337 (Yuan), divided into 19 sections.

Yuan Dynasty (元, 1271–1368)

Wen xian tong kao (文選 通考; also: Wen-hsuan-t'ung-k'ao or Wen-xian tong-kao ; German: "General investigation of important records") is an encyclopedia published in 1317 (other sources: 1319) by Ma Duanlin (1245-1322, also known as Ma Tuan-lin ), it comprises 348 volumes.

Nong shu is an agricultural encyclopedia by Wang Zhen.

Ming Dynasty (明, 1368–1644)

San cai tu hui (三才 圖 會, also Sancai tuhui ; "Collected illustrations of the three realms (Heaven, Earth and Man)") is an encyclopedia by Wang Qi (Ming), which is divided into 14 sections.

Yongle Dadian, manuscript, about 1403

Yongle Dadian (永樂大典, Yong-Le encyclopedia ) is another well-known Chinese encyclopedia from the 15th century. It is considered the most famous and technically most sophisticated encyclopedia of ancient Chinese. It was created by over 3,000 scholars and completed in 1408. The work comprises 22,877 fascicles or 11,095 volumes. The space required for the manuscripts is 40 cubic meters. The original manuscript kept at the imperial court has been mysteriously lost. There is only one copy that has been mutilated and badly damaged over the course of the six centuries of its existence. Today only about 400 volumes exist worldwide, that is only about four percent of the complete works; 223 of them are in China. The Chinese National Library has been collecting remains of the encyclopedia since 1912 and has been trying to restore the fragments since 2002.

The encyclopedia Tiangong kaiwu ( Eng . "The use of natural resources ") by Song Yingxing from 1637 ( Ming Dynasty ) documents the technical knowledge and experiences of China up to the early 17th century in 18 chapters. The areas covered include food and clothing, ceramics, boat and wagon building, metallurgy, paper, but also the manufacture of weapons, wine and jewelry.

Qing Dynasty (清, 1644–1911)

Side of the gujin tushu jicheng

The Leishu ( 類 書  /  类 书 , lèishū , encyclopedia sorted by subject area) of the imperial library of Emperor Qianlong (r. 1736–1796).

The encyclopedia Gujin tushu jicheng (古今 圖書 集成, dt. "Collection of tables and writings from ancient and modern times"; also: Qinding Gujin tushu jicheng欽 定 古今 圖書 集成, "Collection of tables and writings from ancient times compiled and edited by imperial orders and modern times ”) appeared in Beijing in 1726 in 5,020 volumes under the direction of Jiang Tingxi. It is the first systematically structured and printed as well as the most extensive Chinese encyclopedia. It is divided into six sections ( huibian彙編) with several sections ( dian典):

  1. Calendar (歷 象, lixiang ):
    • 乾 象 qianxiang sky,
    • 歲 功 suigong seasons and agriculture,
    • 歷法 lifa calendar,
    • 庶 徵 shuzheng Strange apparitions.
  2. Geography (方 輿, fangyu ):
    • 坤 輿 kunyu earth,
    • 職 方 zhifang administration,
    • 山川 shanchuan geography,
    • 邊 裔 bianyi neighboring states.
  3. Enlightenment of human relationships (明倫, minglun ):
    • 皇 極 huangji emperor,
    • 宮闈 gongwei Imperial Palace,
    • 官 常 guanchang offices,
    • 家 範 jiafan family,
    • 交誼 jiaoyi friendship,
    • 氏族 shizu clan,
    • 人事 renshi Human Relationships,
    • 閨 媛 guiyuan women.
  4. Encyclopedia (博物, bowu ):
    • 藝術 yishu arts and entertainment,
    • 神異 shenyi gods and mythical creatures,
    • 禽 蟲 qinchong animals,
    • 草木 caomu plants.
  5. School and training (理學, lixue ):
    • 經 籍 jingji canonical and non-canonical books,
    • 學 行 xuexing education and recruitment,
    • 文學 wenxue literature,
    • 字 學 zixue characters.
  6. Economy and Laws (經濟, jingji ):
    • 選舉 xuanju exams and advancement,
    • 銓 衡 quanheng weights and measures,
    • 食 貨 shihuo nutrition and commerce,
    • 禮儀 liyi rites and etiquette,
    • 樂 律 yuelü music,
    • 戎 政 rongzheng war policy,
    • 祥 刑 xiangxing criminal law,
    • 考 工 kaogong trades and crafts.

An almost complete copy is in the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz (former Prussian State Library ) (identical to the illustrated collection of the past and present , 1728 in 10,000 chapters and with 10 million characters [?]).

Republic of China (中華民國, Zhōnghuá mínguó, 1912–1949F)

Revised Encyclopedia for Daily Use, Chongbian Riyong Baike Quanshu. August 1934, Shanghai

The Cihai Lexicon was published for the first time in 1936 and then revised several times.

People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国, Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó, since 1949)

  • Between 1980 and 1993 the 73-volume Great Chinese Encyclopedia , plus an index volume , the " Encyclopaedia Sinica " ( Chinese  中國 大 百科全書  /  中国 大 百科全书 , Pinyin Zhōngguó dà bǎikē quánshū  - "Great Chinese Encyclopedia / 'Encyclopaedia Sinica'" "" appeared ) in ( Chinese  中國 大 百科全書 出版社  /  中国 大 百科全书 出版社 , Pinyin Zhōngguó dà bǎikē quánshū chūbǎnshè  - "Publisher of the Great Chinese Encyclopedia").
  • In 1995 the encyclopedia of Chinese cuisine (Zhongguo Pengren Baike Quanshu) was published by the publisher ( Chinese  中國 大 百科全書 出版社  /  中国 大 百科全书 出版社 , Pinyin Zhōngguó dà bǎikē quánshū chūbǎnshè  - "Publishing House of the Great Chinese Encyclopedia").
  • Cihai ( Chinese  辭海  / 辞海  - "Sea of ​​Words"); Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe 2002; ISBN 7-5326-0839-5 . This latest edition of the traditional standard work arranges the word stock for the first time in alphabetical order according to the Pinyin spelling .

Online encyclopedias

The Chinese online encyclopedias Baidu Baike , Haosou Baike and Baike.com are commercial and have no relevance restrictions like the Chinese-language Wikipedia.

Chinese language Wikipedia Baike.com (Hudong) Baidu Baike Haosou Baike
Chinese   中文 维基 百科 , Pinyin zhōngwén wéijī bǎikē Chinese  互动 百科 , Pinyin hùdòng bǎikē Chinese  百度 百科 , Pinyin bǎidù bǎikē Chinese  好 搜 百科 , Pinyin hǎosōu bǎikē
Item number 880,876 (May 25, 2016) 14,711,790 (May 25, 2016) 13,486,422 (May 25, 2016) 16,904,196 (May 25, 2016)
Establishment date October 2002 June 19, 2005 April 20, 2006 1st of May 2013
operator Wikimedia Foundation Hudong (commercial) Baidu (commercial) Qihoo 360 (commercial)
Url www.zh.wikipedia.org www.baike.com www.baike.baidu.com www.baike.so.com

See also

literature

  • Christoph Kaderas: The leishu of the imperial library of the Emperor Qianlong (r. 1736-1796): Studies on the Chinese encyclopedia (Asia and Africa studies of the Humboldt University of Berlin; Vol. 4; Zugl .: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ. , Diss., 1997). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998. ISBN 3-447-04059-9
  • Jacques Gernet: The Chinese World. The history of China from its beginnings to the present day [From d. Franz von Regine Kappeler; OT Le Monde chinois , 1972]. Suhrkamp, ​​1997. ISBN 3-518-38005-2

Web links

swell

  1. ↑ http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Daoists/lueshichunqiu.html
  2. ↑ http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Classics/erya.html
  3. ↑ http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Science/shuowenjiezi.html
  4. ↑ http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Science/tongdian.html
  5. ↑ http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Science/yiwenleiju.html
  6. ↑ http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Science/tongzhi.html
  7. ↑ http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Science/taipingyulan.html
  8. ↑ http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Science/cefuyuangui.html
  9. ↑ a b http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Science/wenxiantongkao.html
  10. ↑ http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Science/yuhai.html
  11. ↑ http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Science/sancaituhui.html
  12. ↑ Restoration of the "Encyclopedia Yongle" by the Chinese National Library. Retrieved June 9, 2018 .
  13. ↑ http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news12981
  14. ↑ http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Science/gujintushujicheng.html
  15. ↑ zh: Special: 统计