Ernst Ravenstein

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Ethnographic map of the Balkans by Ernst Ravenstein (1880)

Ernst Georg Ravenstein , also Ernest George Ravenstein (born December 30, 1834 in Frankfurt am Main , † March 13, 1913 in Hofheim am Taunus ) was a German cartographer and demographer.

He gave a lecture on the "Laws of Migration" to the Royal Statistical Society . This lecture is considered to be the beginning of migration research and was published in two episodes in a journal. Its typologies give a systematic insight into the course and flow of migration in the heyday of British industrialization and urbanization. In the laws of migration, Ravenstein summarized theses how the demand for labor in one part of the country is met by other parts with an abundance of population.

Ravenstein attended the Städelsche Institut in Frankfurt and went to August Petermann in London in 1852 . From 1855 to 1875 he was employed in the topographical-statistical office of the British War Department.

He examined the migrations according to: a) the motives of the migrants, b) the distances that the migrants put between themselves and their place of birth, c) according to the redistributions that occur between the individual regions and d) according to the differences in Migration behavior of men and women

and classified groups of people according to:

a) local hikers (same city or county), b) local hikers (main group of hikers; only over short distances; to the next county), c) long-distance hikers, d) long-distance hikers (e.g. migration from England to the USA; max. ¼ the hikers) and e) temporary hikers (seasonal workers, students, vacationers, prison inmates).

His research results were: a) migration flows step by step, from province to province, b) migration takes place over a short distance, c) migration flows create countercurrents, but of a lesser extent, the losses caused by migration are not completely offset. d) The cities grow at the expense of the rural regions: 50% of the inhabitants of the big cities were not born in them. e) More women than men hike over short distances. f) Migration will increase with industrialization. "Migration is life and progress - sedentariness is stagnation".

Works

  • The Russians on the Amur, its discovery, conquest, and colonization, with a description of the country, its inhabitants, productions and commercial capabilities, and personal accounts of Russian travelers , 1861 digitized
  • Census of the British Isles , 1871
  • Birthplace and Migration , in: Geographical Magazine 3, pp. 173-177, 1876.
  • The laws of migration , in: Journal of the Statistical Society 48, pp. 167-227, 1885.
  • The laws of migration: Second Paper , in: Journal of the Statistical Society 52, pp. 214-301, 1889.
  • Geography and Statistics of the British Empire (in Johann Eduard Wappäus ' Handbuch der Geographie , Leipzig 1862).
  • Map series A map of Eastern Equatorial Africa in 25 sheets, 1883.
  • Maps of Africa (3 sheets) and America (7 sheets) for Meyers Handatlas .
  • Martin Behaim . His Life and his Globe , London 1908 Fully digitized copy of the Freiburg University Library .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Grigg, DB (1977): EG Ravenstein and the "laws of migration", in: Journal of Historical Geography 3, p. 41.
personal data
SURNAME Ravenstein, Ernst
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ravenstein, Ernst Georg (full name); Ravenstein, Ernest George
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German cartographer and demographer
DATE OF BIRTH December 30, 1834
PLACE OF BIRTH Frankfurt am Main
DATE OF DEATH March 13, 1913
Place of death Hofheim am Taunus