Etelköz

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Hungarian Prehistory and Early History: Stations on the Hungarian Migration

Etelköz (also Atelkuzu , Hungarian for "land between the rivers") refers to the last homeland of the Magyars (Hungarians) shortly before and probably also after their immigration to the Carpathian Basin , from about the middle of the 9th century to around 895 the Magyars were driven out by the Bulgarians under Tsar Simeon I - allied with the Pechenegs .

The name apparently goes back to the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII , who in 950 referred to this residential area of ​​the Magyars as the "land between the currents". The exact location of Etelköz is still controversial. Since the settlement of Etelköz marks the penultimate stage in the western migration of the Magyars, the area in question is likely to have been northwest of the Black Sea and east of the Carpathian Mountains.

The nomadic way of life of the Magyars as horse-rearing people with large cattle also suggests that the localization of Etelköz should focus on the steppe area. Taken together with the name itself, it follows that Etelköz can be delimited to the east at least by the Volga ( Old Turkish Etil ), but more in the sense of Hungarian tradition by the lower reaches of the Don , and to the west at least by the lower reaches of the Danube . It can therefore be roughly stated that Etelköz is to be located in the area of ​​southern Ukraine , the Republic of Moldova or possibly also in north-eastern Romania .

Various information from Hungarian historians on the localization of Etelköz:
Ármin Vámbéry (1895) between Volga and Dnepr
Bálint Hóman (1908) between Dnieper and Danube
Antal Bartha (1968) between Danube and Dnepr
István Dienes (1972) Plain from the lower Danube to the Don
András Gergely (1994) Between the Dnieper and the Dniester
György Győrffy (1996) in the Dnepr
András Róna-Tas (1996) between Danube and Dnepr

Appeal to Etelköz

In Hungarian literature , Etelköz was sometimes romantically exaggerated as the “land of happiness”.

Hungarian nationalism also referred repeatedly to Etelköz, for example with the name of the romanticizing secret society " Bund von Etelköz " (EKSZ = Etelközi Szövetség ), which was established in 1920, and in 1920 in connection with the "Hungarian Armed Forces Association " (MOVE = Magyar) led by Gyula Gömbös Országos Véderö Egyesülete ) was created.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ András Gergely: History of Hungary . In: The Hungarians. Your history and culture. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1994, pp. 85–202, here p. 89 - Gergely only refers to this localization.
  2. ^ Margit Szöllösi-Janze : The Arrow Cross Movement in Hungary. Historical context, development and rule. Munich 1989 ISBN 3-486-54711-9 , p. 84 - According to Szöllösi-Janze, the Association of Etelköz is founded by MOVE. The assessment "romanticizing" taken from Helmut Kuzmics / Sabine A. Haring: Emotion, Habitus and First World War. Sociological studies on the fall of the Habsburg monarchy. Göttingen 2013 ISBN 978-3-8471-0118-5 , p. 34

literature

  • István Erdélyi : Őseink nyomában - A magyar őstörténet kutatása a 20. században. Budapest 2004, ISBN 963-9454-46-X .
  • Gyula Pauler, Sándor Szilágyi (ed.): A magyar honfoglalás kútfői. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, Budapest 1900.