Window repairs

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Window repair is the term for measures that serve to preserve or repair a window or a window stock, to restore its original condition and utility value with authentic materials or to renew an original appearance. The benchmark for window repairs is the high design and craftsmanship quality of the fittings or the material of the window frames, the sashes and the glass of historical windows.

Historical window with wrong color treatment.JPG
Window from 1906 with peeling renovation paint. From the middle of the 20th century, windows were no longer maintained with linseed oil paint, but painted over with film-forming alkyd resin varnishes.
Restored historical window.JPG
Repaired window. The restored color version with pure linseed oil paint without solvents can be maintained again with boiled linseed oil according to the historical model .


Definition of terms

Today's linguistic usage distinguishes between window repairs and window renovation . The term window renovation , which was still frequently used in the specialist literature on the preservation of monuments before the year 2000, is used less and less today in relation to the preservation of monuments and buildings that are worth preserving. The term window repair and its most common practical implementation, window restoration , has taken its place .

As a window renovation is today in connection with the renovation of old buildings to replace the entire window stock or the modernization of the windows usually a building called, not under monument stands. Irreversible interventions in the historical substance, which serve the so-called "energetic upgrading", the functional improvement or a modern usage requirement, are now also commonly referred to as window renovation. According to this shift in meaning , the measure of window renovation is no longer in the sense of today's monument preservation. Functional improvements to window locks while maintaining the historical windows are described below.

Window repairs for buildings that are worth preserving and in monument preservation

Removal of the old window putty and outer layers of paint with infrared radiation.
New cementing of original panes.

Care or maintenance that is appropriate to the work and material is the most effective protection against the decay of historically valuable building fabric, but cannot always be achieved in practice. If maintenance is no longer possible, the next steps to preserve the substance must be taken with regard to monument preservation. Measures to preserve historical window stocks that are under monument protection must be carried out in accordance with the principles of monument preservation :

  • The historical stock should be repaired as much as possible, not renewed.
  • The repair must be done with traditional materials. Modern techniques may only be used if they do not leave any irreversible traces.
  • After a thorough examination, each measure should be restricted to what is really necessary.
  • Historical material must not be destroyed or removed during an intervention.
  • If there are several options for a permanent repair, one should choose the one that is most likely to be reversible . These principles of window repair correspond to the repair method of the window craftsman . Today, the preservation of monuments differentiates between various measures in window repair, which cannot always be clearly separated from one another and which in practice interlock:
This inn window with historical representations was only carefully cleaned on the inside and preserved with boiled linseed oil.
  • window preservation,
  • the window restoration and
  • the window renovation.

Window preservation

Window preservation is a measure in which the original substance of a window is secured and preventive measures to preserve it are reduced to a minimum. These measures always have absolute priority, as they do not cause any loss of substance. Under conservation measures are primarily cleaning - and maintenance work meant. The aim of conservation is to preserve the original condition and appearance of the window at the time of the measure. In practice, this measure can only be used in rare cases on historical windows, as the original wood protection with linseed oil and linseed oil paint usually has to be completely renewed, at least in the outside area .

Restoration of a removed window frame in the restoration workshop.
Window renovation using linseed oil paint

Window restoration

The window restoration goes beyond the safeguarding measure. From the point of view of monument preservation, it is necessary if a historical window has lost its function and usability due to damage or if it is acutely endangered. The aim of restoration (not to be confused with restoration ) is to restore the original usability and “maintainability” of the historical window while damaging or removing the original substance as little as possible. A restoration does not mean that traces of age and wear should be removed. Changes, repairs and other interventions that have been made in the course of history should be taken into account during a restoration. In the practice of monument preservation, window restoration is the manual measure that most likely takes into account the requirement for the preservation of the substance and at the same time a modern usage requirement. In this respect, it is the most common measure used to repair historical windows in the context of monument preservation.

Window renovation

Window renovation means the renewal of the appearance of a window. It can only be considered if the conservation and restoration options are insufficient to reverse interventions in the substance of the original, or if damage to the window that could endanger the substance cannot be reversed with other measures. A renovation is always based on historical findings. No original substance should be reduced when renovating a window. Replacing parts of the original is limited to what is absolutely necessary during a renovation.

Window repair materials and techniques

The valuable repair and maintenance of historical windows is based on the materials from which the windows are made. Traditional materials and craft techniques must be used for maintenance and repair measures. From the middle of the 15th century until the middle of the 20th century, linseed oil paint was used exclusively as window paint. For this reason, linseed oil paint is generally required for the repair of historic windows in the context of monument preservation. When historical windows are mentioned, they are from the time before the Second World War.

Linseed oil paint

Pure linseed oil paint is made from cold-pressed, degummed, sterilized and “boiled” linseed oil, which is rubbed with dried and ground earth colors or pigments.

After historical windows were soaked in linseed oil in the carpenter's workshop, they were given several coats of linseed oil paint. Linseed oil paint has been made from "boiled" linseed oil, pigments and drying agents for several centuries. An important principle in the production of linseed oil paint is the "union of the colorant with the binder". In practice, this means that the well-dried pigments must be mixed and rubbed with the pre-oxidized and siccative linseed oil. When using this linseed oil paint, historical windows can “easily become a hundred years old or even older.” After the Second World War, modern paint systems came onto the market and replaced the traditional linseed oil paint. This development was part of a fundamental change in the construction and wood protection of windows. It should be noted that wooden windows made after World War II do not last as long as those that are older. In the mid-1950s, the change in the treatment of wooden windows and other wooden components took place: the deep preservation with linseed oil and linseed oil paint, tried and tested in traditional craftsmanship, was replaced by the industrially produced and advertised surface coating . Shorter drying times seemed to the consumer to be an advantage. However, it was ignored that a long exposure time also results in a longer shelf life. This break in traditional craftsmanship led to a revitalization of handcrafted pure linseed oil paints in Sweden in the 1980s. The criticism of layer-forming colors on wooden windows is not only voiced by the official monument preservation authorities. Representatives of a treatment of wooden windows appropriate to the type of work and material state: “It is an undisputed fact that with the introduction of synthetic resin paints, wooden windows got the bad reputation of lacking durability. However, it was the synthetic resin paints, which were used to create a dense seal, to blame. " Layer-forming paints are held responsible for the destruction of wooden windows: " Only the modern wood-destroying window paints damaged the reputation of the wooden window. Their brittle sealing layers are not weather-resistant on wooden substrates and often already defective after a year. ” With the resumption of the production of traditional pure linseed oil paint according to traditional recipes, traditional craft techniques in window crafting were also revived. The profession of window craftsman , which originated in Sweden, emerged from this development and spreads from Scandinavia to Central Europe. A feature of the work of window craftsmen is the exclusive use of pure linseed oil paint.

linseed oil

The quality and effectiveness of linseed oil and linseed oil paint is solely dependent on the purity and quality of the starting material as well as on the professional processing. To protect and preserve historical windows, both raw and boiled linseed oil that has been cold-pressed is required. This process for the production of pure linseed oil ensures the highest possible effectiveness of the linseed oil as a preservative. The viscosity of high quality linseed oil is lower than any other drying oil. In order to penetrate deep into wood pores and fill them, no thinning is required. Lower grades, which have a higher viscosity, require a diluent that is less viscous. A basic distinction must be made here between linseed oil and the so-called " linseed oil varnish ". In Johann Georg Krünitz you can read that "not all compositions that are labeled with the name varnish really deserve such". Even today there is no uniform name for what is contained in “linseed oil varnish”. Pure linseed oil paint was used for exterior windows around 1800 according to David Gilly without thinners such as turpentine. The linseed oil is supposed to fill all pores in the wood and to expand through the absorption of oxygen, so that there is no more space for water to penetrate. This principle is the basis for the use of pure linseed oil paints on historical windows. As part of the preservation of historical monuments, the use of traditional linseed oil paints is intended for windows.

Pigments

In addition to the earth colors and pigments , which are the main coloring , metal oxides have been added to accelerate the solidification of the linseed oil into linoxin . The reactive acids in linseed oil bind the oxygen from the air and from the added metal oxides. For this oxidation process and for a simultaneous highly effective coloring, white lead had proven itself since ancient times. Although its toxicity was known, it was used almost exclusively as a white pigment until the 19th century . Today the use of white lead is banned. Titanium dioxide and, under special circumstances, zinc oxide are now used as a substitute . Traditional linseed oil paints and traditionally used pigments and earth colors have made a not insignificant contribution to the color culture. Ferrous clays led z. B. in connection with linseed oil to the characteristic red framework. Window colors were not always pure white, but were broken by the addition of ocher or umber, giving them a sand tone.

The building physics function and property of historical windows

Classic modern windows retrofitted with multilayer glass in integral light guide measurement technology (against glass breakage and overheating)

The windows of a building are components of a complex system with diverse functions and dependencies that cannot be viewed in isolation. Before changing the function of historical windows, the physical consequences of each intervention must be checked and their benefits assessed; this is particularly true in the preservation of historical monuments. Changes to the installation situation of windows have a lasting effect on the climate and moisture balance of a building. For this reason, the construction- related joint ventilation on historical windows should guarantee a 0.3-fold air exchange "which must not be interrupted temporarily" so that mold damage in older buildings can be prevented. This building physics function of traditional window constructions in older buildings as a target condensation point with constant basic ventilation is neglected or deliberately switched off compared to an increasing emphasis on CO 2 reduction and energy saving. The intervention in the traditionally proven and health-beneficial building physics of historical buildings, justified by global warming , not only gives landlords and tenants of energy-efficient houses and apartments cause for legal disputes. Organized trades also deal critically with the consequences of interfering with the structural conditions of historical buildings: “ If historical buildings are upgraded airtight in accordance with the requirements of the EnEV, e.g. B. through the installation of modern double glazed windows and inner cladding in front of the outer walls, it can lead to critical relative room humidity of over 50 percent in the cold winter months. In the case of external component surfaces with low thermal resistance, i.e. poor thermal insulation properties, mold infestation is the consequence of this supposed energy-saving measure. (...) The dilemma of the Energy Saving Ordinance with regard to architectural monuments and building fabric worth preserving is that it confronts old buildings with the philosophy of contemporary, environmentally friendly new buildings. For the monument, however, the unrestricted application of modern insulation strategies means risks and damage up to and including the total loss of individual components. "( Central Association of German Crafts : Much Potential for Conflict: Preservation of Monuments against Climate Protection .)

The comfort diagram according to Bedford and Liese (PDF; 219 kB) shows the relationship between electromagnetic radiation (from tiled stoves or radiant panels) and thermodynamic room air heating (from convectors). The warmer the walls of the room, the cooler the air in the room can be without affecting comfort .

Historic windows and the indoor climate

The physical properties of historical windows cannot be assessed without including the heating system . The building physics interrelationships always change when the heating system or the window construction are changed. Historic buildings were heated almost exclusively with radiant heat until around 1900 . From the 50s of the 20th century these were increasingly replaced by convection heating. In terms of both the energy balance and the CO 2 balance, radiant heating is a sensible alternative to convection heating. The economic, ecological and health benefits of radiant heat in connection with single windows in old buildings and historic buildings have been proven by comparative studies, but are proven by the EnEv " not or not sufficiently considered ”.

Historic windows and radiant heating

Radiant heating , such as decentralized stoves, central tiled stoves or modern radiant panels, emit thermal radiation that only warms bodies (or liquids) and isperceivedas comfortable . While the room air remains pleasantly cool, all the bodies in the room are heated, including those of the people. The room air stays cooler than the walls. This means that no humidity can condense on the walls. This means that the formation of mold with radiant heating is practically impossible. Single glass allows more sunlight to pass through than insulating glass panes. When it hits bodies, the short-wave solar radiation is converted into long-wave thermal radiation . This cannot leave the room because it is reflected by the glass. As a result, historical panes in a single window act as an energetic asset for free energy generation ( greenhouse effect).

The simple historical window represents the coldest surface of the room if there is radiant heating. If the room is too humid, the windows mist up, the condensation runs into the condensation channel in the window and is discharged outside through a metal tube or into a collecting container under the window sill. Thus, the historical window had fulfilled the useful task of a “target capacitor” and in many cases still does it today.

Taking into account the building physics, single windows during the construction period in connection with radiant heating have proven to be an ideal combination.

The subsequent installation of a deep window sill prevents the air heated by the radiator from rising in front of the window panes and circulating freely in the room. Cold air falls down in front of the panes. An energetic assessment of the existing window should be preceded by dismantling the energetically unfavorable window sill.

Historic windows and convection heating

A convection heater acts mainly in that it heats the room air. The rising warm air causes a circulation and distribution of the heat in the whole room. The warm air transports the heating energy and releases it to the walls, in contrast to radiant heating, which heats the walls directly.

As a result, the circulating room air is warmer than the walls. Warm air can absorb more moisture , which condenses more easily on the colder walls. Convection heating can therefore create conditions in old buildings with uninsulated walls that allow mold to grow.

This is especially true when single windows are replaced by insulating glass windows without insulating the walls at the same time. As a result, the window no longer forms the coldest surface of the room, but the outer wall, on which the air humidity first precipitates. The principle applies that the U-value of windows must not be better than the U-value of the exterior walls. A certain joint permeability must also be guaranteed.

Condensation is strongest where the circulating warm air cannot reach enough to heat the surfaces. This is often the case behind furniture that is placed close to the outside wall and, under certain circumstances, in the corners of the room.

Functional changes to historical windows

The historical window outside and the new inner front window with single glass form a double window.

Functional improvements can be useful in the course of window restoration. In the context of monument protection, the preservation of historical substance and the reversibility of the intervention are a prerequisite for any change in the appearance of historical windows. The measures must also represent an effective improvement.

Inner front window

One way of improving heat and sound insulation in accordance with the principles of the Venice Charter is to build an inner window. This creates an energetically high-quality double window. If the separate windows are connected to one another by a lining frame, the historical single window is expanded into a box window . This reversible change in historical window openings is a measure favored by monument protection authorities, as historical substance is preserved and at the same time better heat and noise protection can be achieved.

Inner cover plate

So that historic single windows can be adapted to the expectations of today's users or to today's living standards and standards, the glass industry offers what is known as an inner attachment pane that is movably attached to existing window sashes. The panes can also be provided with the thermal protection coatings customary today. However, this coating also reduces passive solar gains. Historic window sashes must be able to bear the additional weight of 10 kg / m² for 4 mm float glass. Inner cover panes without a frame are made of toughened safety glass (ESG). A hose seal glued all the way around each wing ensures a relatively tight seal between the front panel and the room. To prevent condensation from forming in the space in between, holes must be drilled in the casement for ventilation to the outside. However, this measure only improves the heat transfer coefficient of the historical panes ( U g value). In order to upgrade the entire historical window according to today's standards, a rubber seal is often also inserted into the rebates of the window frame. The seal is either glued in or a groove is milled into the frame and partially into the sash, into which the seal is pressed. The rubber seals create leverage on the side of the belts and can loosen them over time. Milling a groove weakens the cross-section of the timber frame of historical window constructions and represents an irreversible intervention in the historical substance. These interventions contradict the principles of monument protection and may not be carried out in the context of monument preservation.

In summary, it can be stated that the intervention in the historical substance of the single windows (replacement by modern insulating glass windows, replacement of single glass with insulating glass, sealing of the window rebates) can lead to unfavorable changes in the building climate.

Box window after restoration.

Soundproofing historical box windows

Historic box windows have excellent acoustical values, as the best sound insulation is achieved by a distance between two panes between 8 and 12 cm. If glass panes of different thicknesses are used in the inner and outer windows, excellent sound insulation values ​​of 50 to 60 dB can be achieved. An "upgrading" of historical box windows is therefore not only superfluous with regard to the building physics and should be rejected in the context of monument protection, but also usually economically unprofitable.

Window repairs and the energy saving ordinance

According to Section 24 of the Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV), an exception rule (exceptions) can be used for monuments and for “building fabric that is particularly worth preserving”: “(1) Insofar as for monuments or other building fabric that is particularly worthy of preservation, the substance or the Impair the appearance or other measures lead to a disproportionately high effort, the requirements of this ordinance can be deviated from. " According to § 25 EnEV (exemptions), exemptions from the EnEV are possible in the renovation of old buildings due to the inefficiency of the measures: " (1) The State law competent authorities at the request to free themselves from the requirements of this Regulation where the requirements in individual cases due to special circumstances by an unreasonable effort or in any other way to undue hardship lead. Unreasonable hardship exists in particular if the required expenditures cannot be generated within the usual useful life, in the case of requirements for existing buildings within a reasonable period of time through the resulting savings. "

Cost and value

The repair of the increasingly rare historical windows is time-consuming and costly. The methods presented above show, however, that the preservation of historical windows does not run counter to an energetic retrofitting of the house, but can be achieved with solid craftsmanship and can even achieve functional values ​​that exceed the legal requirements. Far too often, renewal is seen as unavoidable, and not just by manufacturers of industrially manufactured windows. The renunciation of authentic constructions and materials, of special features such as wing division, bars or fittings can destroy a harmonious facade appearance. This also applies to doors. Above all, the intangible value of preserved historical windows is inestimable because it is precisely the small but essential details that define the character of historical houses and preserve knowledge of the development of a cultural landscape, territorial affiliations or social structures. If you were to give it up, part of the story would be lost: Windows are also contemporary witnesses. In order to save and maintain the originals in houses, churches and castles, which have become far too rare, the German Foundation for Monument Protection has set up a joint foundation for historic windows, doors and gates , which works nationwide to preserve the individually manufactured components for future generations.

Examples of historical windows worth preserving:

  • Maison Kammerzell, fenêtres.jpg
  • 2010-05-11 Vlotho 234.jpg
  • OrtaSGiulioChiesaAssuntaPart3.jpg
  • Brittany Finistere Locronan 2005 029a.jpg
  • WindowTiler.png
  • Bovenlicht met botertonnetje - Unknown - 20520866 - RCE.jpg
  • Dekorace dveřních skel (001) .JPG
  • Interior, glass-in-lood-bovenlichten in Art Nouveau, in de serre van de krimpenboerderij - Zuidlaren - 20413002 - RCE.jpg
  • Lattice window in Reiningen.jpg
  • Frets x1x 004.jpg

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Wolf Schmidt: Repair of historical wooden windows. In: Monument preservation information. Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, Munich 2004, ISSN  1617-3147 , p. 21.
  2. ^ Advice center for craft and monument preservation: Principles for the preservation of historical windows , "Johannesberger Arbeitsblätter", Fulda 2012.
  3. ^ Manfred Gerner, Dieter Gärtner: Historical windows. Development, technology, monument preservation. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-421-03104-5 .
  4. ↑ a b Tobias Huckfeldt, Hans-Joachim Wenk: wooden windows - construction, damage, renovation, maintenance. Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-481-02504-5 , p. 260.
  5. ↑ a b c Association of State Monument Preservators in the Federal Republic of Germany. Worksheet 8, Instructions for the treatment of historical windows in architectural monuments. Wiesbaden 1991.
  6. ^ Wolf Schmidt: Repair of historical wooden windows. In: Monument preservation information. Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, Munich 2004, ISSN  1617-3147
  7. ↑ Michael Petzet: Principles of the preservation of monuments. In: Monument preservation information. Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation. Munich 1987.
  8. ^ State Office for the Preservation of Monuments Hesse: Building consultant window in Hesse. Worksheet I maintenance and completion. Wiesbaden 2001/2005.
  9. ↑ Tobias Huckfeldt, Hans-Joachim Wenk: wooden windows - construction, damage, renovation, maintenance. Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-481-02504-5 , p. 257 ff.
  10. ↑ Tobias Huckfeldt, Hans-Joachim Wenk: wooden windows - construction, damage, renovation, maintenance. Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-481-02504-5 , p. 259.
  11. ^ German National Committee for Monument Protection. A future for our past. Recommendation for the preservation of the substance of environmentally endangered monuments. Frankfurt am Main 1985.
  12. ↑ Johannes Mosler, Martim Saar, Gerwin Stein: Principles for the preservation of historical windows. In: Johannesberger worksheets. Advice center for craft and monument preservation, Probstei Johannesberg, Fulda 2012, p. 8.
  13. ^ Leon Battista Alberti: De re aedificatoria , Rome 1452, architectural theoretical treatise, first publication 1485; German: Ten books on architecture, Darmstadt: Wiss. Buchges., 1991 (unchanged reprographic reprint of the 1st edition Vienna, Leipzig, Heller 1912), p. 324.
  14. ↑ Richard Bermpohl, Hans Winkelmann: Das Tischlerbuch. Gütersloh 1952, p. 403.
  15. ↑ State Monument Preservation of Rhineland-Palatinate
  16. ↑ Werner Schorlemer - LVR Office for the Preservation of Monuments in the Rhineland: Historical windows and their safeguarding and preservation in the inventory In: Working aids of the restoration workshops. - Information sheet 5, Cologne 2010.
  17. ↑ LINEN OIL IN THE CRAFT EV
  18. ↑ Tobias Huckfeldt, Hans-Joachim Wenk: wooden windows - construction, damage, renovation, maintenance. Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-481-02504-5 , p. 363.
  19. ↑ Christoph Gerlach: Windows from Westphalia - On the construction and development of the window in half-timbered construction. Westfälisches Freilichtmuseum, Detmold 1987, ISBN 3-926160-01-2 , p. 74.
  20. ^ Johann Georg Krünitz: Economic Encyclopedia or general system of the state, city, house and agriculture. Berlin 1773 to 1858, p. 587
  21. ^ Georg Zerr: Handbook of color production. Berlin 1922, p. 820.
  22. ↑ Gerd Ziesemann, Martin Krampfer, Heinz Knieriemen: Natural colors. Aarau (Switzerland) 1996, ISBN 3-85502-523-1 , p. 107.
  23. ^ Sonja Allbäck, Bertil Fredlund: Windowcraft - Part One. In: Journal of Architectural Conservation. Volume 10, Number 2, July 2004, p. 58.
  24. ↑ David Pearson: Natural Architecture - In Search of a Natural Architecture. Foreword by Victor Papanek. Wiese Verlag, Basel 1995, ISBN 3-909164-36-6 , p. 146.
  25. ↑ Gerd Ziesemann, Martin Krampfer, Heinz Knieriemen: Natural colors. Aarau (Switzerland) 1996, ISBN 3-85502-523-1 , p. 107.
  26. ^ Claus Meier: building physics of the historical window. In: Praxis Ratgeber. Deutsche Burgenvereinigung eV, Braubach 2001, p. 2.
  27. ↑ die-fensterhandwerker.de
  28. ↑ Kurt Wehlte: Materials and Techniques of Painting , Ravensburg 1985, ISBN 3-473-48350-8 , p. 237.
  29. ↑ Johannes Mosler, Martim Saar, Gerwin Stein: Principles for the preservation of historical windows. In: Johannesberger worksheets. Advice center for craft and monument preservation, Probstei Johannesberg, Fulda 2012, p. 8.
  30. ↑ Kurt Wehlte: Materials and Techniques of Painting , Ravensburg 1985, ISBN 3-473-48350-8 , p. 386.
  31. ^ Johann Georg Krünitz: Economic Encyclopedia or general system of the state, city, house and agriculture. Berlin 1773 to 1858.
  32. ^ David Gilly: Handbook of Land-Bau-Kunst , Braunschweig 1800–1811.
  33. ^ State Office for the Preservation of Monuments Hesse: Building consultant leaflet "Windows in Hesse - Preservation and Supplementation" Worksheet 1, Wiesbaden 2005.
  34. ↑ Werner Schorlemer - LVR Office for the Preservation of Monuments in the Rhineland: Historical windows and their safeguarding and preservation in the inventory In: Working aids of the restoration workshops. - Information sheet 5, Cologne 2010.
  35. ↑ kremer-pigmente.de ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / kremer-pigmente.de
  36. ↑ Christoph Gerlach: Windows from Westphalia - On the construction and development of the window in half-timbered construction. Westfälisches Freilichtmuseum, Detmold 1987, ISBN 3-926160-01-2 , p. 72.
  37. ↑ Urte Falk, Helmut Aschenbrenner: Moisture and mold damage. Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-448-09169-4 , p. 119.
  38. ↑ Hans-Rudolf Neumann (Ed.): Windows in the inventory. Fundamentals of rehabilitation in theory and practice. Renningen 2003, ISBN 3-8169-2203-1 , p. 30.
  39. ↑ Urte Falk, Helmut Aschenbrenner: Moisture and mold damage. Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-448-09169-4 , p. 119.
  40. ↑ Urte Falk, Helmut Aschenbrenner: Moisture and mold damage. Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-448-09169-4 , p. 121.
  41. ↑ schimmelpilz-sanieren.de ( Memento of the original from October 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schimmelpilz-sanieren.de
  42. ↑ baustoffchemie.de
  43. ↑ Urte Falk, Helmut Aschenbrenner: Moisture and mold damage. Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-448-09169-4 , p. 90.
  44. ^ Dieter J. Martin, Michael Krautzberger: Handbook of monument protection and preservation of monuments. Munich 2006, p. 471.
  45. ↑ rechtsindex.de
  46. ↑ Claus Meier: Heating like the sun. In: space and time. 2006, p. 62.
  47. ↑ www-user.rhrk.uni-kl.de
  48. ↑ www-user.rhrk.uni-kl.de
  49. ↑ oeko-treff.at
  50. ↑ Konrad Fischer: Building temperature control and thermal radiation. In: de - Fachzeitschrift für Elektrohandwerk, 1–2, 2002, p. 37.
  51. ↑ Urte Falk, Helmut Aschenbrenner: Moisture and mold damage. Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-448-09169-4 , p. 90.
  52. ↑ Claus Meier: Heating like the sun. In: space and time. 2006, p. 57.
  53. ↑ Tobias Huckfeldt, Hans-Joachim Wenk: wooden windows - construction, damage, renovation, maintenance. Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-481-02504-5 , p. 132.
  54. ↑ Hermann Klos, Günther Seitz: The historical window. In: Klaus Könner, Joachim Wagenblast (Hrsg.): Stand firm my house in the world brew. Monument preservation - conception and implementation. State Monuments Office Baden-Württemberg and City of Aalen, Aalen 2001, p. 215.
  55. ↑ Hermann Klos, Günther Seitz: The historical window. In: Klaus Könner, Joachim Wagenblast (Hrsg.): Stand firm my house in the world brew. Monument preservation - conception and implementation. State Monument Authority of Baden-Württemberg and City of Aalen, Aalen 2001, p. 213.
  56. ↑ Tobias Huckfeldt, Hans-Joachim Wenk: wooden windows - construction, damage, renovation, maintenance. Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-481-02504-5 , p. 288, p. 291.
  57. ↑ Tobias Huckfeldt, Hans-Joachim Wenk: wooden windows - construction, damage, renovation, maintenance. Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-481-02504-5 , p. 264.
  58. ↑ a b Tobias Huckfeldt, Hans-Joachim Wenk: wooden windows - construction, damage, renovation, maintenance. Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-481-02504-5 , p. 286.
  59. ^ State Office for the Preservation of Monuments Hesse: Building consultant leaflet "Windows in Hesse - Preservation and Supplementation" Worksheet 1, Wiesbaden 2005.
  60. ^ Claus Meier: building physics of the historical window. In: Praxis Ratgeber. Deutsche Burgenvereinigung eV, Braubach 2001, p. 3.
  61. ↑ die-fensterhandwerker.de
  62. ↑ F. Schleicher: Pocket book for civil engineers. Vol. 1, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1955.
  63. ↑ K. Gösele, B. Lakatos: Sound insulation of windows and glazing. In: Deutsches Architektenblatt. 1979, no. 11, p. 1387.
  64. ↑ Tobias Huckfeldt, Hans-Joachim Wenk: wooden windows - construction, damage, renovation, maintenance. Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-481-02504-5 , p. 261.
  65. ↑ denkmalpflege-forum.de
  66. ↑ gesetze-im-internet.de
  67. ↑ gesetze-im-internet.de
  68. ^ German National Committee: Appeal of the window craftsmen
  69. ↑ Dieter Wieland: Build and preserve in the country. German National Committee for Monument Protection, Bonn 1984/2003, ISBN 3-922153-05-4 , p. 18.
  70. ^ Federal Commission for the Preservation of Monuments: Windows on Historic Buildings - Policy Paper
  71. ↑ See contemporary witnesses with a perspective, the community foundation for historic windows, doors and gates. In: Monuments. Magazine for Monument Culture in Germany, No. 6/2013, p. 55 ff.

literature

Web links