Foundling
Foundling (partly Fund child or foundling ) is a term for a aufgefundenes child (usually the mother) ago by parents exposed was. These infancy children are often left hoping that someone will find and host them. Since the Age of Enlightenment , those children who are given by their parents to an institution ( foundling house ) whose purpose is to take in abandoned children have also been referred to as foundlings .
history
Foundling houses for infants and toddlers , later replaced by orphanages , were mostly church institutions and have been occupied in Central and Western Europe since around the 9th century. They spread particularly in the Romance countries and some have existed until very recently. Pope Innocent III decreed at the end of the 12th century to install rotating shutters at the gates of the foundling homes, these baby flaps enable the foundlings to be stored secretly. The spread of the surname Esposito (Italian for suspended ) in southern Italy still testifies to the high proportion of such children in the population. Foundlings often had no rights, were sold into slavery , kept as servants on farms or given to monasteries.
An early example of an orphanage that took in orphans and foundlings is the Ospedale degli esposti for boys, which was founded in Venice in 1340 by the Franciscan Pietro d'Assisi. The Ospedale della Pietà for girls , founded on the initiative of female members of the Venetian patriciate , followed in 1346 . The children were trained there in various professions, the boys mainly as craftsmen for the arsenal or as sailors, the girls as silk washers or musicians who were able to save a dowry through their work . In the early modern period, many such poor and orphanages were built from 1700 onwards, where orphans and foundlings were taken in and found support. In some cases wealthy merchants and merchants also looked after the children by running charitable foundations .
The Civil Code regulates in paragraphs 345–388 the legal status of minors and issues relating to the adoption of foundlings or foster children. As a result, legislation in some European countries was based on Napoleon's formulations .
Todays situation
Foundling children are now admitted to children's homes or given preference to foster parents , as the constantly changing care of children by different people is problematic in children's homes. This means that the children's basic trust cannot develop properly or it is destroyed again at an early stage. Such children have hardly any hearing or eye contact, neither with other children nor with adults, and learn to walk and speak much later. Continued psychological neglect can lead to psychological hospitalism ( deprivation ).
Legal (Germany)
Findling children must be reported by the finder to the local authority (usually via the youth welfare office ) no later than the following day ( Section 24 of the Personal Status Act (PStG) ). There the entry in the registry of registry, the determination of the birthday and the name will be ordered.
From a legal perspective is a foundling, a child whose marital status can not be determined and therefore a guardian is required (§ 1773 para. 2 German Civil Code (BGB) ). The guardianship is regulated according to §§ 1773 ff BGB , similar to the provisions for orphans. The guardian, in practice usually the youth welfare office as official guardian ( § 1791b BGB), has the right to give the child a name and, among other things, the duty to identify the parents.
If not successful, one is usually quick adoption of the child. Even if parents are found, an adoption is possible against the will of the parents because of the abandonment of the child (see Section 221 of the Criminal Code (StGB) as well as violation of the duty of care and upbringing according to Section 171 of the StGB) (replacement of parental consent by the family court in accordance with § 1748 BGB).
A foundling found in Germany is considered to be a child of a German until proven otherwise ( Section 4, Paragraph 2 of the Nationality Act (StAG)) and thus receives German nationality .
Known foundlings
- Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783), mathematician and encyclopedist
- Johannes Seluner (1828–1898), Swiss wolf child
- Kaspar Hauser , controversial because not "found" (around 1812–1833)
- Moses , prophet
- Jacqueline Cochran (1906–1980), American aviator
- Hans-Jürgen Hufeisen (* 1954), musician
- Padmasambhava , founder of Buddhism in Tibet
- Philipp Rösler (* 1973), German politician
- Romulus and Remus , according to Roman mythology, the founders of the city of Rome in 753 BC. Chr.
literature
- Johann Gottfried Gruber: Foundling houses . In: Johann Samuelersch , Johann Gottfried Gruber (Hrsg.): General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts in alphabetical order. Section 1 Part 44.Brockhaus, Leipzig 1846, p. 233-245 ( GDZ ; GDZ ).
- Joachim Stahnke: Sketches on the history of the Russian foundling system. Explained at the St. Petersburg House of Education. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1983 (Würzburg medical historical research. 28).
- Markus Meumann: foundlings, orphanages, infanticide. Unserved children in the early modern age . Munich: Oldenburg 1995.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Verena Pawlowsky: The "abandonment of troublesome and harmful children". The Vienna Findelanstalt 1784–1910 . In: Austrian Society for Historical Sciences, Vienna (ed.): Die Kinder des Staates / Children of the State. Austrian journal for historical sciences . tape 25/2014/1 + 2 . StudienVerlag Ges.mbH, 2014, ISBN 978-3-7065-5334-6 , ISSN 1016-765X , p. 18-19 ( online (PDF)). online ( Memento from March 9, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Antonio Manno: Venice . Hamburg: Nat. Geographic 2004. p. 204.
- ↑ Ugo Stefanutti: Gli ospedali di Venezia nella storia e nell'arte. In: Atti del Primo Congresso Italiana Storia Ospitaliera 1957.
- ↑ legifrance.gouv , accessed June 25, 2020