Florentine jewel beetle

Florentine jewel beetle
Florentine jewel beetle ( Coraebus florentinus )
Systematics
Order : Beetle (Coleoptera) Subordination : Polyphaga Family : Jewel beetle (Buprestidae) Subfamily : Buprestinae Genre : Coraebus Type : Florentine jewel beetle
Scientific name
Coraebus florentinus
( Autumn , 1801)

The two-cohesive oak borer or Florentine jewel beetle ( Coraebus florentinus or Coroebus fasciatus ) is a beetle from the family of jewel beetles (Buprestidae). The animal, shimmering metallic in different shades of green, is found as a heat-loving species mainly in southern Europe. Due to its way of life, however, the species is rarely seen. The larval ducts have an unusual course, which leads to the death of the affected branch shortly before pupation.

Like most jewel beetles, the species is specially protected by law in accordance with the Federal Species Protection Ordinance. In the Red List of Threatened Species in Germany, the species is listed under Category 1 (threatened with extinction).

Comments on names, synonyms and systematics

The species is traditionally named Buprestis florentina after the description of autumn 1801 . The description includes the comment The fatherland is Florence . This explains the species name florentīna (occurring in Florence, Floréntia). The distribution area is much larger. There are older descriptions of this species, but their species names are now used for other species. Olivier described the species as Buprestis bifasciata in 1790 , a year earlier it was described by Villers as Buprestis fasciata . In the latest catalog of the Palearctic beetles, the species is again called Coraebus fasciatus (Villers 1789) . The description of the beetle by Villers contains the characteristic ... elytris tribus fasciis viridi-violaceis ... (Latin with three green-violet bands on the wing covers ). This explains the specific epithet fasciatus (lat. Banded)

The following synonyms exist as a type epithet

• florentinus autumn 1801
• fasciatus Villers 1789
• bifasciatus Olivier 1790
• trifasciatus Regimbeau 1876
• aethiops Obenberger 1924
• mequignoni Obenberger 1934
• obscuricollis Pic 1894
• obscuricolor pic 1893
• obscurior pic 1933
• semiviolaceus pic 1894

No subspecies or local breeds are known. Many of the names listed under the synonyms stand for sporadic color variants, for example golden wing hair (mequignoni), wing coverts blue (nitraensis) or violet (pici).

The early descriptions assign the species all to the genus Buprestis . When the genus Buprestis was split up by Eschscholtz in 1829, the species remained in the remaining genus Buprestis . The genus Caraebus was first established by Laporte & Gory in 1836. The generic name Corāēbus is from Altgr. Κόροιβος Kóroibos, a winner in the Olympic Games, and should be Coroebus according to Schenkling .

The generic name of the species is found next to

• Coraebus Laporte & Gory 1836
• Coroebus Cast. for example in the standard work Freude-Harde-Lohse and on the Internet almost twice as often as Coraebus. In addition, the genus is synonymous with
• Coaegrilus Fairmaire 1889 and
• Negreia Cobus 1962

The genus Coraebus is represented by five species in Europe, and there are 225 species worldwide.

Fig. 1: underside	Fig. 4: side view
Fig. 2: Front view
Fig. 3: Claw link	Fig. 5: Tip of the wing cover

features

Characteristics of the beetle

The body of the Florentine jewel beetle is elongated oval and at 13 to 16 millimeters in length almost three times as long as it is wide. The upper side of the body is metallic green with coppery shades, the underside metallic green with a tendency to blue-green. The wing covers have three wavy to zigzag-shaped dark transverse bands in the rear half, which are separated by three lighter and hairy transverse bands in front of them. The foremost hairy transverse band is only indicated or may be missing entirely (Fig. 5). That is why the beetle bears the German name two-banded oak splendor beetle, in contrast to Coraebus undatus , which also lives on oaks , which has several hairy bands. The hair is also pronounced on the forehead (Fig. 2 in higher resolution), as well as on the underside of the body (Fig. 6 in higher resolution). Otherwise the beetle is very sparse, short and yellowish, with insignificant hairs on the disc of the pronotum . Antennae and legs are hardly hairy, only on the thigh rings (trochanters), especially on the second and third pair of legs, are the hairs dense (Fig. 6 in higher resolution). The body is only slightly arched both length and width, its highest point lies only a little behind the base of the wing-coverts (Fig. 4).

When viewed from above, the head is much wider than it is long and is drawn back into the pronotum. The large eyes largely cover the sides of the head, their rear edge runs at a small distance parallel to the front edge of the pronotum (Fig. 2, Fig. 4). The mouthparts point downwards. The upper lip is rectangular. The upper jaws are strong, curved, pointed, cut out on the inner side with a blunt tooth. The first jaw probe is very small, the second long, the third smaller and triangular and the fourth thicker and egg-shaped. The lip button end link is large and club-shaped. The eleven-part feelers are pivoted in above the mouthparts, which are widened (sawn) inwards from the fourth part (Fig. 2). No groove can be seen on the head in which the sensors can be inserted.

The pronotum is much wider than it is long, in front hardly wider than the head, then it widens to the width of the elytra. Its base is clearly bulged to the front on the side of the middle (double-booked). Its side edge is grooved (Fig. 2 at high resolution) and not double as in the similar species of the genus Agrilus . At the base the pronotum has no visible indentations, and at the rear corners there is no keel. It is dotted and not wrinkled.

The elytra are long, mostly parallel and taper evenly towards the tip. They are rounded at the rear end. They are irregularly dotted. The edges are finely sawn at the tip (Fig. 5). The label is triangular, sharply pointed towards the rear and has no transverse keel, like the otherwise similar species of the genus Agrilus .

The hind wings are veined according to the Cantharid type. Costa and Subcosta have grown together. Of the three radial veins, the first is only separated from the other veins at the base; on the outside it grows together with Costa and Subcosta. There are also two cubital, three anal and two jugal arteries, all of which are very weak. The existence of a second Jugalader distinguishes C. florentinus from the closely related species C. undatus .

On the underside of the body, important features for species identification are visible (Fig. 6). The front chest is towards the head without a raised extension (chin band). This distinguishes the genus from the other two Central European genera of the Coraebini tribe . The front hip cavities, into which the front hips are turned, are open to the rear. The front hips (Fig. 6, right orange) are spherical and are widely separated from each other by an extension of the fore chest (Prosternal process, Fig. 6, right green). This extension extends into a recess in the rear breast (Fig. 6, right yellow). The plate of the exoskeleton (episternum, Fig. 6, right red) that adjoins the rear breast is not covered by the sides of the wing covers and is clearly visible from below. The rear hips (Fig. 6, blue on the right) lie broadly against the rear breast. They are not widened inwards and widened outwards and push back the episterns of the rear breast. The rear hips are hollowed out to partially accommodate the hind legs ( thigh covers ).

All legs are relatively delicate, as they are of secondary importance for locomotion. The tarsi are five-limbed, the first four limbs lobed below. The first link in the tarsus is longer than the following, but not as long as the second and third combined. The claws are divided (Fig. 3, lobes of the 4th tarsal phalanx visible behind the claws).

The differences between males and females ( sexual dimorphism ) are not noticeable. In the males, the antennae are slightly longer than in the females, in which they do not reach the rear edge of the pronotum. In the males, the black bands of the elytra are wider, the last abdominal sternite less rounded, and the entire body more squat than in the females.

Fig. 6: Chest section of Coraebus florentinus from below, right side partially tolerated green: Prosternal process orange / gray / blue: fore / middle / rear hip yellow: middle chest, red: episternum of the rear chest

Characteristics of the larva

Since beetle larvae have significantly fewer characteristics that are relevant to species identification than adult beetles, it is necessary to describe the few sclerotized and therefore dimensionally stable parts precisely. These are often just the mouthparts. The last larval stage is described.

The larva is strongly adapted to the way of life that digs in the wood. It is flattened, cylindrical, blind, footless and, except for the ends of the body, soft-skinned and without color pigments. The last abdominal segment (anal segment) has two severely sclerotized short appendages that sit next to each other and point backwards. Together they form a pair of forceps, the halves of which have five teeth on the inside in the last larval stage. In earlier stages these teeth are well defined at the beginning of each larval stage, but wear out until the next moult.

The front chest is wider than the middle and rear chest, but not significantly wider than the segments of the abdomen, as is the case with many jewel beetle larvae. The front chest is 1.4 times as wide as it is long and strongly rounded. On the back and abdomen, the skin is thickened into a plate. The back plate has two parallel longitudinal grooves that almost reach the rear edge of the plate and whose brown color is faded at the front end. The abdominal plate of the front chest has only one groove, which is colorless and open to the rear. The mid-breast is significantly narrower than the front breast and two to three times as wide as it is long. It is the only breast segment with breath openings ( stigmas ). In the middle of the sides of this segment there is a stigma slightly shifted towards the abdomen. The rear breast is the narrowest of the three breast segments, but larger than the mid-breast. It is less than twice as wide as it is long and has no morphological peculiarities.

The first seven abdominal segments are quite large, the first smaller than the first breast segment but larger than the second, and the following abdominal segments become increasingly larger. When viewed from above, they become increasingly trapezoidal from front to back, from rounded to rectangular. The eighth abdominal segment has roughly the shape of the rear breast, the ninth widens towards the rear and has a fold there into which the anal segment can be partially inserted. The anal segment narrows towards the base of the forceps.

The first eight abdominal segments each carry a pair of stigmas in an oval recess lengthways on each side of the back. Such depressions can also be found on the ventral side, but without spirals. They are grainy and slightly darker in color than the rest of the segment.

The upper jaw, the area around the mouth (peristome) and the forceps at the end of the body are dark brown, the appendages of the mouthparts, the respiratory openings and the region at the base of the forceps are light brown, the rest of the body is white to yellowish. The body is sparsely hairy. This hair is thicker and longer in the last two thirds of the anal segment. The antennae are tripartite and point forward and down. The basal phalanx is largest, rounded, and has a series of small hairs on the front end above the base of the second antennae. The second antenna element is much smaller than the first, short and cylindrical. On its outside, next to the deflection of the third antenna element, there is a mighty, slightly upwardly curved single bristle, next to it two strongly branched small sensory bristles. The third sensor element is again much smaller and tooth-shaped.

The mouthparts are directed forward, the region of the body above the mouth is called the epistome, the hypostome below, the pleurostome located on the side. The epistome is severely sclerotized, curved, and five to six times as wide as it is long. In the middle there are two punctiform depressions. In front of it rises a wide chitin plate (head shield, clypeus) to which the upper lip connects to the front. In front of the lateral end, the epistome is bulging at the front. The upper jaws are deflected there. The rear edge is slightly corrugated in the middle, at the side it is incised at the deflections of the feelers. The head shield is membranous and semi-transparent, rectangular with rounded corners to semicircular and 3.5 to four times wider than it is long. The upper lip is also membranous, with rounded edges and 2.5 to 4 times as wide as it is long. It has a bristle on each side that protrudes beyond the front edge and a shorter bristle on the top side.

The hypostoma consists of two parts that are in line with the submentum behind the chin (mentum). A small bristle rises in a recess at the base of the side of each of the parts.

The lateral border of the mouth (epistome) is a triangular chitin plate with a greatly expanded central area. It has grown together with the hypostome. In its center there is a slightly chitinized raised area in the shape of an ellipse, near which a small bristle rises.

The area above the throat (epipharynx) has a number of bristles. Four bristles each with a blunt tip are located on the outside of the front edge, two more pointed bristles on each side, the front larger than the blunt, the rear smaller. In addition, the epipharynx has two inward-facing bristles on the inside front. The front edge of the epipharynx is very hairy and slightly indented inward. The side edges are parallel to each other. The throat plates are severely sclerotized and elongated far back. The thickly hairy central area is the organ of taste.

The area under the throat (hypopharynx) is membranous and very hairy. In its center is the taste organ of the sub-throat. It is characterized by hairiness in the form of a broad V open at the bottom.

The upper jaws are short and strong, with two teeth at the tip, the one on top being smaller. A group of sensory hair forms a sensory field that is located on the inside of the base. The joint head is distinctive and rounded, above it on the upper side there is a small pit in which a bristle emerges.

The chin is characterized by slight impressions. Laterally it is partially fused with the lower jaw. The basal phalanx of the lower jaw (cardo) is membranous and translucent. It has two vertically protruding bristles, the inner one of which is slightly smaller. The following limb (trunk, stipes) is flattened at the bottom, rounded at the top and has a thick, long bristle at the front end, which protrudes above the mandibular palpus (maxillary palpus). This is two-part, the first rounded part has a hairline on the outer front edge, and a strong bristle is located halfway up the outer edge. The second segment of the maxillary palpus is conical and granular in front, coarser on the inside. The membranous inner drawer has eight bristles, three pointed and five shorter blunt ones, which run down the lateral inner edge. The maxilla appears tightly lined with long hair on the inner edge.

The lip is membranous and very hairy on the front edge. On the side it has two long bristles that protrude beyond the front edge. On the side of the base of this hair there are irregular structures that can be interpreted as the remains of lip sensors.

The differences between the larval stages are not as pronounced as in the case of Coraebus undatus , for example , but relate exclusively to the average biometric sizes and the number of teeth on the forceps of the anal segment. In the first larval stage, the pincers of the anal segment have only two teeth. In the second larval stage, the two teeth are more pronounced and a third can be hinted at. In the third larval stage, the forceps show four teeth, with the fourth being quite small. In the fourth larval stage, the forceps already show five teeth, which, however, are only equally strong in the last larval stage. The most striking feature of biometric data is the average length of the larvae. It increases from 9.7 mm in the first larval stage to 16.75, 21.33 30.00 and also 36.78 mm in the last larval stage. The other body measurements also increase, but not analogously. This clearly shows the ratio of the width of the front chest to the width of the anal segment. It decreases from 1.48 in the first larval instar to 1.36 in the second and third instar to 1.28 in the fourth and fifth instar. The width of the narrower anal segment therefore increasingly approaches the width of the front breast.

Characteristics of the doll

The doll is white, soft and naked. The shape of the finished beetle is already clearly visible. Of the three breast segments, the middle one is the weakest. The top of the fore chest is wrinkled. The prosternal process is clearly developed. The label connects to the middle breast and separates it from the rear breast. Seven back plates ( tergites ) and five belly plates ( sternites ) can be distinguished on the abdomen . All tergites except the last one have a breathing opening in the front outer corner. The first two abdominal tergites have grown together and show a clearly straight suture line. At the end of the abdomen, two tergites and three sternites are pushed into one another. They will form the future reproductive organ.

The antennae are stretched outwards at an angle on the abdomen. In the females they do not reach the joint between the thigh and splint of the first pair of legs, in the males they just barely. The forewing systems are more pronounced than the systems of the hind wings and cover the latter almost completely. The legs lie against the body, but apart from the base they are not attached to it, but are free.

Features of the egg

The egg is roughly the shape of an ellipsoid, but the side on which it sticks to the substrate is clearly flattened. It is an average of two millimeters long and 1.7 mm wide at the widest point. The surface is quite smooth, the areas where it touches the substrate or possibly other eggs are very smooth. When it is put down, it is white, but soon takes on a brownish tinge.

biology

Life cycle

Fig. 7: Life cycle of a generation Time intervals in which the stages I, II, III occur first, second, third calendar year J, F, M,… .. January, February, March… .. green O: egg, yellow L1: first larval stage, brown L2: second and ocher L3: third larval stage, red L4: fourth and purple L5: fifth larval stage, blue PP: prepupa, turquoise P: pupa, black A: adult

Two to three years are specified as the duration of the life cycle. The times given here apply to the Gargano region in central Italy.

The beetles leave the doll's cradle in a short time frame in the second half of July. They are mainly active in the warmest hours of the day and in the blazing sun. They prefer to stay in the treetop area of ​​the breeding trees. There they gnaw the leaves irregularly and to an insignificant extent. Even with minor disturbances, they usually pull their legs close to the body and roll to the floor, where they lie motionless and are difficult to find, or they fly away at astonishingly high speed. As a result, there is no more specific information on mating-related behavior.

Males hatched in captivity live an average of ten to eleven days, females one day longer. It can therefore be assumed that copulation and oviposition occur quickly. By the end of August the beetles have almost disappeared.

Oviposition takes place from the end of July with the maximum in the first ten days of August. Embryonic development occurs more slowly in eggs laid later. Most of the larvae hatched from the eggs in mid-September. But you can still find eggs until the end of October from which the larvae have not yet hatched. (Fig. 7, green, O)

Embryonic development only takes about two weeks in eggs laid early. The first larvae hatch in mid-August. The larvae hatched very late from later-laid eggs take the longest to develop, so that you can find animals of the generation that are in the first larval stage in the breeding trees until mid-March of the following year. (Fig. 7, yellow, L1)

The moults between the individual larval stages continue to scatter. Animals of the generation that are in the second larval stage occur between the first third of September and late March of the following year (Fig. 7, orange, L2). Animals of the same generation that are in the third larval stage, i.e. between the second and third molt, are found from the first third of January to the first third of October of the same year. (Fig. 7, ocher, L3) For example, in February of the second year, animals can be found in the first, second and third larval stage that belong to the same generation. The fourth larval stage extends from the last third of April in the year following the oviposition to the end of the following February. (Fig. 7, light red, L4). The fifth and final larval stage is found between the last third of November and the end of April. (Fig. 7, purple, L5).

	Fig. 8: Partial view of the crown of a holm oak , in the center and on the left a branch with brown leaves that has died due to an attack by Coraebus florentinus
Fig. 9: Dead branch with "strangulation duct", bark removed. 1: descending section, 2,3: horizontal section, 4: ascending section, which 5: bends inward and then ends in the doll's cradle.

In order to lay eggs, the female looks for branches exposed to the sun, preferably on the south to south-west side of the breeding trees (Fig. 8). There it circles the young acorns , which at this time of the year are about the size of a pea and still completely surrounded by the fruit cup. After an inspection, which can take several minutes, the female only lays an egg in a protected place on the fruit. Then it moves away to a nearby leaf and starts feeding. Usually the female lays only one egg per acorn, but up to four eggs can be found on an acorn. In exceptional cases, eggs are laid on the tip of the terminal buds of smaller branches. Towards the end of the embryonic stage, the larva is curled up in the form of a ring in the egg, its head towards the part of the egg that is attached to the substrate. When hatching from the egg, the larva penetrates directly into the fruit cup of the acorn. Before that, she consumes the remaining yolk material, which is trapped inside the egg shell and carefully pushed together with the forceps on the anal segment. Then it gnaws its way through the fruit cups and pericardium to the seed. Then it eats its way through the fruit stalk. If there is another acorn on the stem, it may be gnawing that too. Then it penetrates the branch. If the egg has been placed on the tip of a leaf bud, it gnaws through it and fills it with its excrement while it bores a passage descending into the branch.

The majority of the primary larvae did not leave the eggs until mid-September. After the first molt, the larvae continue to eat their way forward, leaving passages that always descend in the direction of the trunk. The corridors, however, are not straight, but sometimes penetrate deeper into the wood, sometimes on the periphery of the branch. The larvae penetrate increasingly thick branches and move 20 to 50 cm away from the place where the egg was laid. Then there is a sudden change in the course of the corridor. The larvae bore themselves perpendicular to the branch axis into the outer area of ​​the branch and from there upwards. After a short distance, the direction is changed again and the gears run downwards again. During this time the larva moults twice. Larvae from early laid eggs begin the spiral ducts in the second half of March and complete them about a month later. The third molt occurs in the majority of the larvae in the first third of May, nine months after the peak of oviposition. In late larvae, however, it can postpone until mid-October. After moulting, the larva digs itself back into the outer layers of the branch and descends there again. So it penetrates into ever thicker branches and can penetrate into the trunk of younger plants. It can move up to a meter away from where the eggs are laid. Now watch the last change in direction. The larva, which is now in the fifth and final instar, has reached its greatest length. In a total of one and a half turns, it eats in the outer branch layers, gently descending (Fig. 9, 1). The feeding tunnel continues in an approximately ring-shaped manner perpendicular to the branch axis (Fig. 9, 2,3). The now uphill passage (Fig. 9, 4) crosses with the downhill section. In this way, the vascular layer is completely interrupted and the death of the branch is initiated by "strangulation". Then the passage turns into the center of the branch. The last section of the corridor is designed as a doll's cradle. It is widened, rounded in cross-section, hinted at crescent-shaped (semilunar) in longitudinal section. It leads upwards from the long axis of the branch and curves towards the bark. However, one often finds doll's cradles that run downwards (Fig. 10, C). The loophole is gnawed and plugged with drill dust. Then the metamorphosis into the beetle takes place in the doll's cradle.

Fig. 10: A: Hatch hole before hatching, blocked with drill dust B: Hatch hole after hatching (doll's cradle down) C: Branch split in the plane of the doll's cradle (doll's cradle down)

The first larvae, which begin to create the “strangulation gait”, are found in the first third of March, the maximum is in the second half of March and the first half of April, around 20 months after oviposition. In the middle of May you can almost only find pre-dolls and a few dolls. Pre-pupae are found in the cradle from the end of April to the end of May (Fig. 7, blue, PP), pupae from the second third of May to the end of June (Fig. 7, turquoise, P).

The doll's cradle is set up from mid-March, usually at the end of March and in the first half of April, i.e. 20 months after the eggs are laid. There the larva develops into a prepupa and soon thereafter sheds its skin into a pupa. From the second half of May there are no more larvae, only prepupa and a few pupae. The pupa already resembles the finished beetle (Pupa libera), the legs, wings and mouthparts are clearly recognizable. The pigmentation begins in the eyes, followed by the back plates of the abdomen (tergite), the head, the chest section, the stomach plates of the abdomen and finally the body appendages. Little by little the pupa takes on the color of the Imago. After about two weeks, the doll is fully developed and largely colored. The shell of the doll breaks open along a dorsal line and the adult hatches. A few hours later the beetle is colored.

The pupa needs just under three weeks to develop, so beetles can be expected from mid-June. However, the majority of the pupae hatch in late June or early July. The beetles then remain in the pupa cradle and usually leave it in groups at the end of July. In the first half of July, all the affected branches show the escape holes. They show a characteristic shape that lies between a semicircle and an obtuse isosceles triangle. The vertex of the triangle is on the side facing the doll's cradle (Fig. 8A, 8B). By the beginning of August, the dolls' cradles are largely empty or inhabited by parasitoids . When the eggs are laid, the beetles disappear again (Fig. 7, black, A).

Host plants

Host plants are out of the economically interesting oak holm oak ( Quercus ilex ) and cork oak ( Quercus Suber ), the English oak ( Quercus robur ), downy oak ( Quercus pubescens ), Turkey oak ( Quercus cerris ), Kermes oak ( Quercus coccifera ) and sessile oak ( Quercus petraea ) and probably all other oak species. The larva was also found in the sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa ).

Natural enemies

Little research has been done on the natural enemies of the Florentine jewel beetle. They are mainly found among fungi and endoparasites. These mainly take their toll on the insect's early developmental stages. The hymenoptera form an important group among the endoparasites . This includes the first known endoparasite of Coraebus florentinus , Cryptus maculipennis . In addition to this endoparasite, which Perraudiere recognized as early as 1902 , Xylophrurus coroebi , Echtrus reluctator and Cerceris bupresticida are mentioned. The brackish wasps Spathius rabjabii and Bracon maculifer are also mentioned. However, it is not certain whether the latter actually parasitizes the larvae of Coraebus florentinus . The best researched is Cryptus maculipennis . The adult flies in March – April and lays its eggs in the fifth larval stage of Coraebus florentinus . The larvae develop while the beetle is in the pupa cradle and feed on it.

Fig. 11: Habitat of the Florentine jewel beetle: oak forests

Harmful effect and protection

The damage caused by Coraebus florentinus is usually minor. The damage caused by eating the adult beetles on the leaves is insignificant. The branches that are caused to die by the larvae are less than six centimeters in diameter. The initial larval feeding leads to the partial yellowing of the leaves, which is noticeable two to three weeks after the attack. In April and May of the year of pupation, the affected branches dry out completely, as the feeding tunnels cut off the water supply. In young trees, the majority of the treetop can be affected if the infestation is severe; in older trees, some of the branches of the treetop can die, the leaves turn yellow and fall off. As a result, the growth in wood, the production of acorns and especially in cork oaks of cork are reduced.

The host plant reacts to the infestation, the damaged tissue scarred and, to a small extent, the affected branches recover and do not die. The beetle also preferentially attacks trees that are already weakened. In near-natural tree stands there is a biological balance, the beetle rarely occurs and does not damage the host plants significantly. If, however, the host plants are exposed to particular stress due to human cultivation methods, the beetle can lead to the death of the host plants as a further stress factor, especially in cooperation with other pests.

The most effective means of combating the infestation is recommended to tear off the dying branches, which break easily along the strangulation ducts. More far-sighted countermeasures consist of several steps. At the beginning there is a precise analysis of which factors have led to the mass increase in the specific case. Then it must be considered which of these factors can be changed with what effort. The specific countermeasures are then carried out. These usually include removing the trees that are most infested and planting other tree species to increase biodiversity.

Outside of the southern European areas in which the cork oak is used economically, the focus is more on the need for protection of the beetle. For example, the species is classified in category 1 (critically endangered) in Germany's red list of endangered species .

swell

literature

• Heinz Joy, Karl Wilhelm Harde, Gustav Adolf Lohse: The beetles of Central Europe . tape 6 : Diversicornia . Spectrum, Heidelberg 1979, ISBN 3-87263-027-X .
• Carl Gustav Calwer and Gustav Jäger (eds.): CG Calwer's Käferbuch . K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1876, 3rd edition
• D. Francisco Xavier Soria Iglesias: "Estudios Biologicos sobre Coroebus undatus (Fabricius) y Coroebus florentinus (Autumn) en Alconorcales en Andalucia Occidental" Seville, 1990 Doctoral thesis, Spanish
• Fritz Brechtel, Hans Kostenbader (ed.): The splendor and stag beetles of Baden-Württemberg . Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3526-4 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Fauna Europaea: Taxonomy and Distribution (English)
2. ↑ Fritz Brechtel, Hans Kostenbader (ed.): The splendor and stag beetles of Baden-Württemberg , Eugen Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3526-4
3. ↑ Red lists at BioNetworkX
4. ^ Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst: Natural system of all known domestic and foreign insects, ... the beetle ninth part Berlin 1801 Description of Buprestis florentina in the Google book search
5. ^ ^{A b} Sigmund Schenkling: Nomenclator coleopterologus 2nd edition Jena 1922 Explanation of the scientific beetle names (species) in short form
6. ↑ Carolo de Villers: Caroli Linnaei Entomologia - Faunae Suecicae descriptionibus aucta Tom.I Lugduni (Lyon) 1789 Buprestis fasciata
7. ↑ Friedrich Eschscholtz: Zoological Atlas…. 1st issue. Berlin 1829 Division of Buprestis p. 8
8. ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Nomenclator coleopterologus 2nd edition Jena 1922 Explanation of the scientific beetle names (genus) in short form
9. ^ Coraebus at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved March 26, 2013
10. ↑ Species of the genus Coraebus at BioLib

Web links

Commons : Florentine Jewel Beetle  album with pictures, videos and audio files

• Art at Forestpests (English)
• Art at Common Forest Pests and Diseases in SW-Europe (Spanish)