formulation
A formulation is a combination of various components in a convenient manner. It is etymologically derived from the Latin forma (= norm, measure) and is related to formula . In language, a phrase is a phrase or writing. In the technical sense, a formulation is a mixture that consists of an active substance and auxiliary substances that are produced according to a recipe (by mixing together in defined quantities). This can for example be a drug , a varnish or emulsion paint or a plastic .
Pure active ingredients are often too concentrated to be used.
Formulation of polymer dispersions
Formulation of medicines
In the pharmaceutical sense, a formulation is the provision of a medicinal substance in a form that enables good applicability and optimal bioavailability . Synonymous terms are galenic form, dosage or drug form. The optimization of the properties and bioavailability of a drug are the tasks of pharmaceutical development .
Formulation of plant protection products
| Pesticides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ready-to-use means |
Means to which water is added |
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| Pickling | Litter granules |
Stäube- medium |
Sprays | Gases | Liquid funds |
Water soluble granules |
Water soluble powder |
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| solutions | spray powder |
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| Emulsions | Pickling | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Suspensions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A formulation in the phytomedical sense is the preparation of a pesticide with auxiliary substances (formulation auxiliaries) in order to enable the easiest possible application and good distribution. This is achieved primarily through improved wetting of the leaf surfaces.
The formulation determines the toxicity, phytotoxicity , solvent power and vapor pressure of a crop protection product.
The FAO publishes a list of abbreviations for the types of formulation:
| abbreviation | Origin of abbr. | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| AF / AL | Aqueous Flowable / Liquid | aqueous liquid |
| AS | Aqueous suspension | aqueous suspension |
| D / DP | Dust / Dustable Powder | dust |
| DF | Dry flowable | American name for WG |
| EC | Emulsifiable Concentrate | emulsifiable concentrate (emulsion concentrate) |
| IT | Emulsifiable Solution | emulsifiable solution |
| EW | Emulsion, oil in water | Oil-in-water emulsion |
| FL | Flowable | liquid |
| FS | Flowable concentrate for seed treatment | Suspension concentrate for seed treatment |
| GR | Granular | granules |
| GA | gas | gas |
| GB | Granular bait | Granular bait |
| OD | Oil dispersion | Dispersion in oil (oil-containing suspension concentrate) |
| OIL | Oil-Soluble Liquid | organic liquid |
| P / PS | Pellets | Pellets |
| SC | Suspension Concentrate | Suspension concentrate |
| SE | Suspo emulsion | Suspoemulsion |
| SG | Water-Soluble Granule | water-soluble granules |
| SL | Soluble Concentrate / Liquid | soluble concentrate |
| SP | Soluble powder | soluble powder |
| Flat share | Water-Dispersible Granules | water-dispersible granules |
| WP | Wettable powder | water dispersible powder |
| WSP | Water-Soluble Packet | soluble package |
The most common formulation types in Germany are:
- Suspension concentrates (active ingredient is suspended in water , type SC )
- Water- dispersible granules (after the granules have been dispersed, a suspension forms in the spray tank, type WG )
- Emulsion concentrates (active ingredient is dissolved in an organic solvent, the emulsifiers contained in it form an emulsion in the spray tank , type EC )
- Water-soluble concentrates (if the active ingredient is sufficiently water-soluble, type SL )
Efforts are currently being made to replace solvent-based emulsion concentrates (EC) with solvent-free, water-based suspension concentrates (SC). Their stability is also not related to the water solubility of the solvent and cannot be influenced by water hardness and temperature. For suspension concentrates, the active ingredient is ground with a jet mill to a particle size of approx. 2 μm. In addition, wettable powders (WP) are increasingly being replaced by non-dusting, water-dispersible granulates (WG).
In 1993, xylenes , butyl alcohol , ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol were the most common solvents. Isophorone is often used in drug tandems.
Surfactants such as sebum amine oxyethylate are also often part of formulations.
Many crop protection product formulations contain a large proportion of inert fillers such as kaolin and attapulgite .
Shuffle order
When mixing several differently formulated pesticides, WP should be added first , then DF , SC , SL and finally EC .
Comparison of the formulations
Source:
| Formulation type | Mixing hazards | Phytotoxicity | Effects on the syringe | Agitator required | visible residue | compatible with other formulations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WP | Inhalation of dust | For sure | Abrasive | Yes | Yes | Very good |
| DF / WG | For sure | For sure | Abrasive | Yes | Yes | Well |
| SP | Inhalation of dust | Usually safe | Not abrasive | No | Few | Sufficient |
| EC | Spill and splash | part | Attacks u. U. rubber on | Yes | No | Sufficient |
| FL | Spill and splash | part | Abrasive | Yes | Yes | Sufficient |
| SL | Spill and splash | For sure | Abrasive | No | No | Sufficient |
| D. | Hazardous inhalation of dust | For sure | - | Yes | Yes | - |
| Granules and pellets | For sure | For sure | - | No | No | - |
| microencapsulated | Spill and splash | For sure | - | Yes | - | Sufficient |
See also
literature
- Hans Mollet, Arnold Grubenmann: Formulation technology emulsions, suspensions, solid forms . Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1999, ISBN 978-3-527-62571-0 .
- From active ingredient to product - it's the formulation that makes it Bayer CropScience KURIER 1/2005
Individual evidence
- ↑ formulation. In: Digital dictionary of the German language .
- ↑ Entry formulation in Duden online , accessed on December 24, 2017.
- ↑ entry formulation in oxforddictionaries.com accessed on December 24, 2017
- ↑ Entry on formulation. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on October 10, 2014.
- ↑ BVL: Formulation types of plant protection products .
- ↑ BVL: Plant protection products - carefully checked, responsibly approved p. 37.
- ↑ a b Trends in the formulation development of plant protection products ( Memento of October 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ^ G. Petrelli, G. Siepi, L. Miligi, P. Vineis: Solvents in pesticides. In: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health . tape 19 , no. 1 , February 1993, p. 63-65 , doi : 10.5271 / sjweh.1502 .
- ↑ Uta Bilow. Surfactants can optimize pesticides: clean helpers in the field. Deutschlandfunk, June 22, 2006, accessed December 28, 2014 .
- ↑ Attapulgite-pesticide interactions Residue Reviews Volume 78, 1981, pp. 69-99.
- ↑ Use and effect of pesticides in sports and golf turf ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Crop Protection Handbook 2014 . 100th edition. MeisterPro, Willoughby, Ohio 2014, pp. 75 .
